Role Of Air Research Articles

The Role of Aire in the selection of Regulatory T cells in Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract In autoimmune diseases like T1D, it is proposed that failure in central tolerance mechanisms towards pancreatic islet self-antigens leads to the escape of pathogenic clones and loss of critical immunosuppressive antigen-specific Tregs. The importance of Aire in maintaining central tolerance against self-reactive antigens is evidenced by the multiorgan autoimmune disease seen in individuals with mutation the Aire gene. When Aire-expression is specifically ablated in mouse mTECs, there is a dramatic increase in the number of self-reactive T cells that escape negative selection, in addition, a dramatic loss of Tregs. Utilizing novel high-throughput platforms and single-cell DNA barcoding technology has allowed us to assess several thousand CD4+ T-cell clones. The use of FoxP3-GFP reporter mice permits us to identify individual FoxP3+ Tregs that have undergone Aire-dependent selection in the thymus and compare the TCR repertoire to mice that have had Aire specifically ablated from the mTECs. Identification of unique clones and gene signatures within our large datasets has allowed us to start to qualitatively assess the functional role of the identified TCRs within the model of T1D. GLIPH2 clustering using our extensive insulin-specific TCRs have identified a number of motifs shared within our TCR dataset, as well as a unique V-gene usage that may predict TCR affinity. Our proposed study aims to expand our knowledge on TCR repertoire of Aire-dependent FoxP3+ Tregs and the antigen-specificity in T1D, improving our understanding of the respective function of thymic-derived antigen-specific Treg suppression in peripheral tissues associated with autoimmune T1D.

Target maneuver trajectory prediction based on RBF neural network optimized by hybrid algorithm

Target maneuver trajectory prediction plays an important role in air combat situation awareness and threat assessment. To solve the problem of low prediction accuracy of the traditional prediction method and model, a target maneuver trajectory prediction model based on phase space reconstruction-radial basis function (PSR-RBF) neural network is established by combining the characteristics of trajectory with time continuity. In order to further improve the prediction performance of the model, the rival penalized competitive learning (RPCL) algorithm is introduced to determine the structure of RBF, the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) and the hybrid algorithm of the improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm and the k-means are introduced to optimize the parameter of RBF, and a PSR-RBF neural network is constructed. An independent method of 3D coordinates of the target maneuver trajectory is proposed, and the target manuver trajectory sample data is constructed by using the training data selected in the air combat maneuver instrument (ACMI), and the maneuver trajectory prediction model based on the PSR-RBF neural network is established. In order to verify the precision and real-time performance of the trajectory prediction model, the simulation experiment of target maneuver trajectory is performed. The results show that the prediction performance of the independent method is better, and the accuracy of the PSR-RBF prediction model proposed is better. The prediction confirms the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method and model.

Bubble drag in electrolytically generated microbubble swarms with bubble-vortex interactions

Air bubbles entrained in ocean breaking waves play various roles in air–sea gas transfer, wave energy dissipation, and surface layer mixing. While sub-mm bubbles dominate the distribution of sizes observed in bubble plumes created by breaking waves, the dynamics of such microbubbles in a swarm are poorly understood, and most previous experimental and computational studies have focused on the behavior of homogeneous swarms of larger mm-scale bubbles for industrial applications. Here, we propose novel probabilistic empirical models of rise velocity and bubble drag for a microbubble swarm incorporating bubble–vortex interactions. These are based on image measurements of the motion of electrolytically generated microbubbles. We found that convective interactions between bubbles and vortex-induced flows, that is, Rayleigh–Taylor instability caused by density difference near the electrodes, induce counter-rotating vortices that accelerate bubbles and align them along paths in the flow induced between them, resulting in an increase in rise velocity and its variance in the statistical equilibrium state. We describe the statistical features of bubble rise in such swarms in our proposed empirical model and deduce its optimal parameters. We anticipate our findings being a starting point for understanding behaviors of oceanic bubbles possessing an analogous size distribution to the present electrolytically generated microbubbles.

The Interdecadal Reverse of the Relationship and Feedback Mechanism between Sea Surface Temperature and Evaporation over the Indian Ocean during Boreal Autumn

AbstractThe linkage between sea surface temperature (SST) and evaporation (EVP) plays an important role in air–sea interactions. In this study, the interaction mechanism of SST and EVP during boreal autumn was studied using correlation analysis, composite analysis, the EVP decomposition method, and singular value decomposition. The results showed that the correlation between SST and EVP in the Indian Ocean was reversed from positive to negative in the late 1990s. The significant positive SST–EVP relationship was attributed to the Indian Ocean basin mode forcing upon EVP during 1980–90. The decrease in wind speed–induced EVP and SST warming led to a significant negative SST–EVP relationship during 2005–15. Moreover, the negative SST–EVP correlation occurred when the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) and subtropical Indian Ocean dipole (SIOD) exhibited inverse phases. The low-level moisture–EVP–SST feedback dominated the negative SST–EVP correlation in the negative IOD and positive SIOD (nIOD–pSIOD) pattern, whereas the wind–EVP–SST feedback played the leading role in the positive IOD and negative SIOD (pIOD–nSIOD) pattern. The EVP anomalies induced by the low-level anomalous anticyclone and cyclone were the main causes of the SST anomalies with inverse phases of the IOD and SIOD. The correlation between the SST and EVP reversal from positive to negative implies that the effect of the atmosphere on the ocean is as important as the external forcing of the ocean on the atmosphere.

Testing the transport-induced environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of air and railway transport

The airline and railway industry contribute immensely to economic development, however, its role in environmental pollution requires attention. Here, this study builds on the theoretical pedigree of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis to explore the contribution of the air and railway transportation sector and urbanization to the emission-growth argument. We utilized annual time-frequency data from 1995 to 2014 for a panel of top 10 air passenger carrier countries using robust panel estimators that control for cross-section dependence. The empirical analysis shows a positive significant relationship between emissions and economic growth, thus, economic growth is emission-embedded with limited green growth. The existence of the EKC phenomenon is affirmed for the investigated blocs — where economic growth is prioritized over environmental quality. Additional, while air transportation drives pollution, railway transportation and urbanization decline emission over the sampled period. The results underscore the need for clean and environmentally friendly energy sources for air sector operations.

Observation of wave-driven air–water turbulent momentum exchange in a large but fetch-limited shallow lake

Abstract. Wind-induced waves play a key role in air–sea momentum and heat exchange. Fetch-limited shallow lakes differ significantly from open ocean circumstances since the wave field is characterized by young and growing waves that (i) are steeper and can collapse by white-capping at lower wind speeds, and (ii) travel with lower phase velocity. Consequently, momentum (and heat) flux estimation methods arising from oceanographic observations cannot be directly applied; however, few attempts have been made to describe air–water turbulent exchange in case of large, but still fetch-limited shallow lakes. Within a Croatian-Hungarian measurement campaign, turbulent flux measurements were performed in Lake Balaton. Momentum and heat fluxes were measured with eddy-covariance technique at an offshore station, while waves were simultaneously recorded with underwater acoustic surface tracking. Momentum fluxes were also recorded at two further stations closer to the shore. In this study, we analyze the measured wind stress and surface waves to reveal surface drag in case of highly fetch-limited conditions. We compare our results with relevant model formulations that attempt to estimate momentum flux using different wave state parameterizations (i.e. wave age and wave slope modified Charnock formulations) and show that derived drag and roughness length parameterizations differ significantly from oceanographic formulas.

Enhancing position of Azerbaijan in the world of petrochemicals business with innovative expansion of Industrial Parks

The article explores the current situation in the world of petrochemical business and the role of industrial parks in enhancing Azerbaijani’s position in this field. The characteristics of polymer plants investment in the Sumgait Chemical Industry Park have been identified. Future demand for petrochemicals and global market share for different polymer products have been evaluated among different regions of the world. The effect of petrochemicals sector on environment, namely its role in air and water pollution was not ignored as well. The petrochemical plants were founded based on the innovative expansion of industrial parks in Azerbaijan which will eliminate country’s dependence on imports. The statement that thousands of new employment positions will be opened by small and medium enterprises using the final products of these plants as raw materials and subsequently potential increase in export of our country was clarified. Human capital development and professional personnel preparation for petrochemical industry have been highlighted and characterized.

Wetting behavior and mechanism of glass coatings on samarium–cobalt alloys in the heating process

The wetting behavior of glass coatings on samarium-cobalt alloys with different roughness at elevated temperatures in air was investigated by a sessile drop method. The wetting properties were analyzed through several parameters, including apparent contact angle, height and diameter of a glass cylinder on the samarium-cobalt alloy, determined by using a high temperature microscope. The morphology evolution of the glass coating was observed by using a scanning electron microscope. The results show that the glass cylinder contracts initially, and then swells followed by wetting and spreading on the samarium-cobalt alloy substrate. This process is explained by the role of air and the increase of capillary number. The dependence of apparent contact angle on surface roughness is related to interface reaction. It is concluded that the surface roughness firstly increases the contact angle, but then promotes wetting due to the wetting transition changing from the Cassie−Baxter state to the Wenzel state in the non-reactive wetting range. The surface roughness hinders the spreading of the glass melt due to the interface reaction between glass and samarium-cobalt alloys in the reactive wetting range.

The Role of Aire in the selection of Regulatory T cells in Diabetes

Abstract In autoimmune diseases like T1D, it is proposed that failure in central tolerance mechanisms towards pancreatic islet self-antigens leads to the escape of pathogenic clones and loss of critical immunosuppressive antigen-specific Tregs. The importance of Aire in maintaining central tolerance against self-reactive antigens is evidenced by the multiorgan autoimmune disease seen in individuals with mutation the Aire gene. When Aire-expression is specifically ablated in mouse mTECs, there is a dramatic increase in the number of self-reactive T cells that escape negative selection, in addition, a dramatic loss of Tregs. Utilizing novel high-throughput platforms and single-cell DNA barcoding technology has allowed us to assess several thousand CD4+ T-cell clones. The use of FoxP3-GFP reporter mice permits us to identify individual Tregs that have undergone Aire-dependent selection in the thymus and compare the TCR repertoire to mice that have had Aire specifically ablated from the mTECs. Identification of unique clones and gene signatures within our large datasets has allowed us to start to qualitatively assess the functional role of the identified TCRs within the model of T1D. We have begun comparisons of our extensive datasets to insulin-specific TCRs and TCRs that we have previously identified from diabetic animals. In addition, the peptide specificities of the identified TCRs are being evaluated using Baculovirus MHC-II peptide libraries. Our proposed study aims to expand our knowledge on TCR repertoire of Aire-dependent Tregs and the antigen-specificity in T1D, improving our understanding of the respective function of thymic-derived antigen-specific Treg suppression in peripheral tissues associated with autoimmune T1D.

FAKTOR YANG BERPENGARUH TERHADAP STRESS KERJA PADA PEKERJA AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER

Air Traffic Controller is a job that plays an important role in air traffic in charge of controlling aircraft activity. So, it is required to always be ready and not to make the slightest mistake given the impact of air traffic accidents. The complexity and responsibility on the physical health of workers and the chaos of air traffic and aircraft accidents that can endanger the lives of other individuals. The purpose of this study was determine the factors that influence work stress on Air Traffic Controller workers at Juanda International Airport in 2019.This type of research is analytic observational research with a cross-sectional study design. The procedure of data collection is done by observation, interviewing, disseminating and filling out the related questionnaire, and testing the work environment. The sample in this study were 60 Air Traffic Controller workers by simple random sampling. Data were analyzed by univariate, bivariate, and multivariate with statistical test namely Logistic Regression.The results of work stress assessment showed that the work stress level of most workers experienced a mild work stress of 55%, workers who experienced moderate work stress as much as 45%, while workers who experienced severe work stress and workers who did not experience work stress did not exist. Factors that influence the work stress on Air Traffic Controller workers at Perum LPPNPI Madya Surabaya Branch Juanda International Airport in 2019 are workload, education, and work routine.It is recommended to measure lighting, temperature, and humidity regularly in the workspace, scheduling work hours for sure, checking work stress, adjusting to work, and maximizing rest time. Keywords : Air Traffic Controller, Workload, Work Stress

Another look at the role of trapped air in cell adhesion on superhydrophobic materials

Superhydrophobic materials have been widely applied in biomedical applications because of their ability to resist proteins/cells. But controversial results exist as some researches demonstrated enhanced cell adhesion on superhydrophobic materials and trapped air at the solid–liquid interface has been deemed to resist cell adhesion. However to date, the difficulty of keeping the solid–liquid interface from adsorbing air after air elimination hinders our understanding of the role of air in cell adhesion. To directly compare cell behavior on superhydrophobic materials with and without trapped air, an O-ring was fixed on the sample by metal paper clip and a certain amount of buffer was maintained on the surface after trapped air was removed by ultrasonication. The results revealed that the adsorption of BSA and serum proteins on superhydrophobic TiO2 nanopores (TNPs) only slightly increased when air was eliminated. There is no discernible difference in cell adhesion on superhydrophobic TNPs with and without trapped air, whereas cell adhesion was enhanced when basal media were utilized to replace serum-containing media. It implies that trapped air does not necessarily inhibit cell adhesion, whereas serum proteins dominate cell adhesion on superhydrophobic TNPs. The possible reason why air has no significant effect on cell adhesion is that the high adhesion force of superhydrophobic TNPs enables intimate contact of cell with the top of superhydrophobic TNPs and diminishes the effect of air inside naoporous structure.

The microstructural, melting, rheological, and sensorial properties of high-overrun frozen desserts.

Air incorporated during dynamic freezing influences the development of the microstructure and the final texture of frozen desserts. Frozen desserts were manufactured with 100-175% overrun from a constant ice cream mix formulation. Microstructural elements (fat, air, and ice phases) of the frozen desserts were then investigated and related to the melting, rheological, and sensory properties of the product. Mean ice crystal and air cell size were found to decrease with increasing overrun, and the extent of fat destabilization increased. Frozen desserts manufactured with higher overrun had slower drip-through rate and better shape retention after melting at ambient conditions, demonstrating that fat destabilization and the interplay of fat, air, and serum phases affect the melting behavior. Structural elements also influenced the rheological behavior, as measured by oscillatory thermo-rheometry. Frozen desserts had similar rheological properties at temperatures below the freezing point due to the presence of ice, and the values of G' and G″ (solid-like and viscous-like character, respectively) increased with increasing overrun above the freezing point, corresponding to a more solid-like structure. Slight differences in sensory denseness and breakdown were detected, but sensory texture was not significantly different for the frozen desserts studied. This study provided insights into the role of air in ice cream and frozen desserts, and its influence on product texture.

Preclinical quantification of air leaks in a physiologic lung model: effects of ventilation modality and staple design.

PurposeThoracic air leaks are a common complication following pulmonary resections. Limitations in clinical studies and preclinical models have hindered efforts to understand the pathophysiology of air leaks. With an emphasis on staple-line specific air leaks, we hypothesize that ventilation modality – intraoperative positive pressure vs postoperative negative pressure – and stapler design may play a role in air leaks.MethodsUsing a novel physiologic lung model, air leaks associated with graduated and uniform staple designs were evaluated under positive and negative pressure ventilation, simulating perioperative breathing in porcine lungs. Air leak incidence, air leak volume, and air leak rate were captured along with ventilation pressure and tidal volume.ResultsIn all cases, negative pressure ventilation was associated with a higher occurrence of leaks when compared to positive pressure ventilation. Lungs leaked more air and at a faster rate under negative pressure ventilation compared to positive pressure ventilation. Graduated staple designs were associated with higher occurrence of leaks as well as larger leak rates when compared to uniform staples. Tissue thickness was not associated with differences in air leaks when tested with appropriate staple heights.ConclusionUsing a novel lung model to investigate the pathophysiology of air leaks, we have identified breathing modality and staple design as two important variables that may impact air leaks. This work will help guide device design and drive future studies in human tissue, and it may help inform clinical practice to ultimately improve patient outcomes.

Carbon burial in deep-sea sediment and implications for oceanic inventories of carbon and alkalinity over the last glacial cycle

Abstract. Although it has long been assumed that the glacial–interglacial cycles of atmospheric CO2 occurred due to increased storage of CO2 in the ocean, with no change in the size of the “active” carbon inventory, there are signs that the geological CO2 supply rate to the active pool varied significantly. The resulting changes of the carbon inventory cannot be assessed without constraining the rate of carbon removal from the system, which largely occurs in marine sediments. The oceanic supply of alkalinity is also removed by the burial of calcium carbonate in marine sediments, which plays a major role in air–sea partitioning of the active carbon inventory. Here, we present the first global reconstruction of carbon and alkalinity burial in deep-sea sediments over the last glacial cycle. Although subject to large uncertainties, the reconstruction provides a first-order constraint on the effects of changes in deep-sea burial fluxes on global carbon and alkalinity inventories over the last glacial cycle. The results suggest that reduced burial of carbonate in the Atlantic Ocean was not entirely compensated by the increased burial in the Pacific basin during the last glacial period, which would have caused a gradual buildup of alkalinity in the ocean. We also consider the magnitude of possible changes in the larger but poorly constrained rates of burial on continental shelves, and show that these could have been significantly larger than the deep-sea burial changes. The burial-driven inventory variations are sufficiently large to have significantly altered the δ13C of the ocean–atmosphere carbon and changed the average dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity concentrations of the ocean by more than 100 µM, confirming that carbon burial fluxes were a dynamic, interactive component of the glacial cycles that significantly modified the size of the active carbon pool. Our results also suggest that geological sources and sinks were significantly unbalanced during the late Holocene, leading to a slow net removal flux on the order of 0.1 PgC yr−1 prior to the rapid input of carbon during the industrial period.

The role of air\u2013sea interactions in regulating the thermal effect of the Tibetan\u2013Iranian Plateau on the Asian summer monsoon

The thermal effect of the Tibetan–Iranian Plateau (TIP) on the Asian summer monsoon and the role of air–sea interactions over the Indian Ocean in regulating the effects of the TIP are explored. The results demonstrate that the direct thermal effect of the TIP produces a lower troposphere cyclonic circulation in the area surrounding the TIP and increases the continental precipitation over South and East Asia. It also decreases the precipitation over the tropical Indian Ocean and increases the sea-surface temperature (SST) of the tropical Indian Ocean with a large gradient zone located along 10°N but decreases SST of the western coast of Indonesia. In the lower troposphere, the air–sea interaction induced by the TIP thermal forcing produces an anticyclonic circulation surrounding the TIP and a stronger westerly flow to the south of the anticyclone. A circulation dipole thus forms to the south of the TIP. Together with this horizontal dipole, a meridional circulation dipole is generated to the south of the TIP, which is characterized by strong air ascent from 10 to 15°N where a strong westerly flow occurs, and the descent of air over the southern slope of the TIP and south Hemisphere. These results demonstrate that the indirect effect of the air–sea interaction over the Indian Ocean induced by the TIP thermal forcing is to counteract its direct effect on the Asian summer monsoon. The uncertainty of this indirect effect is also discussed.

Quality assessment of the Ozone_cci Climate Research Data Package (release 2017) – Part 2: Ground-based validation of nadir ozone profile data products

Abstract. Atmospheric ozone plays a key role in air quality and the radiation budget of the Earth, both directly and through its chemical influence on other trace gases. Assessments of the atmospheric ozone distribution and associated climate change therefore demand accurate vertically resolved ozone observations with both stratospheric and tropospheric sensitivity, on both global and regional scales, and both in the long term and at shorter timescales. Such observations have been acquired by two series of European nadir-viewing ozone profilers, namely the scattered-light UV–visible spectrometers of the GOME family, launched regularly since 1995 (GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI, GOME-2A/B, TROPOMI, and the upcoming Sentinel-5 series), and the thermal infrared emission sounders of the IASI type, launched regularly since 2006 (IASI on Metop platforms and the upcoming IASI-NG on Metop-SG). In particular, several Level-2 retrieved, Level-3 monthly gridded, and Level-4 assimilated nadir ozone profile data products have been improved and harmonized in the context of the ozone project of the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative (ESA Ozone_cci). To verify their fitness for purpose, these ozone datasets must undergo a comprehensive quality assessment (QA), including (a) detailed identification of their geographical, vertical, and temporal domains of validity; (b) quantification of their potential bias, noise, and drift and their dependences on major influence quantities; and (c) assessment of the mutual consistency of data from different sounders. For this purpose we have applied to the Ozone_cci Climate Research Data Package (CRDP) released in 2017 the versatile QA and validation system Multi-TASTE, which has been developed in the context of several heritage projects (ESA's Multi-TASTE, EUMETSAT's O3M-SAF, and the European Commission's FP6 GEOmon and FP7 QA4ECV). This work, as the second in a series of four Ozone_cci validation papers, reports for the first time on data content studies, information content studies and ground-based validation for both the GOME- and IASI-type climate data records combined. The ground-based reference measurements have been provided by the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC), NASA's Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesonde programme (SHADOZ), and other ozonesonde and lidar stations contributing to the World Meteorological Organisation's Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO GAW). The nadir ozone profile CRDP quality assessment reveals that all nadir ozone profile products under study fulfil the GCOS user requirements in terms of observation frequency and horizontal and vertical resolution. Yet all L2 observations also show sensitivity outliers in the UTLS and are strongly correlated vertically due to substantial averaging kernel fluctuations that extend far beyond the kernel's 15 km FWHM. The CRDP typically does not comply with the GCOS user requirements in terms of total uncertainty and decadal drift, except for the UV–visible L4 dataset. The drift values of the L2 GOME and OMI, the L3 IASI, and the L4 assimilated products are found to be overall insignificant, however, and applying appropriate altitude-dependent bias and drift corrections make the data fit for climate and atmospheric composition monitoring and modelling purposes. Dependence of the Ozone_cci data quality on major influence quantities – resulting in data screening suggestions to users – and perspectives for the Copernicus Sentinel missions are additionally discussed.

On the materialities of air

In the development of Singapore, the role of air—its materiality and commodification—remains strangely untheorised. Air is still regarded as a neutral or immaterial ether exerting little force in the shaping of urban and architectural form. This paper will argue, to the contrary, that air has long exerted an effect on Singapore. It has done so against the backdrop of a broad conceptual transformation, beginning in the late 19th century—being increasingly visualised and understood as ‘substance’ and calculated as a medium of economic externality. This process will be explored through three historical examples: Lee Kuan Yew’s belief in humidity as an obstacle to development; John Portman’s conceptualisation, at Marina Square, of thermal place-making and ‘teaser air’; and the recent crises of trans-boundary haze. The outcome, it will be proposed, has reinforced a pre-existing tendency towards the consolidation of interiorised and privatised urban blocks, at the expense of other approaches to public space in the city.

The impact of resolving the Rossby radius at mid-latitudes in the ocean: results from a high-resolution version of the Met Office GC2 coupled model

Abstract. There is mounting evidence that resolving mesoscale eddies and western boundary currents as well as topographically controlled flows can play an important role in air–sea interaction associated with vertical and lateral transports of heat and salt. Here we describe the development of the Met Office Global Coupled Model version 2 (GC2) with increased resolution relative to the standard model: the ocean resolution is increased from 1/4 to 1/12° (28 to 9 km at the Equator), the atmosphere resolution increased from 60 km (N216) to 25 km (N512) and the coupling period reduced from 3 hourly to hourly. The technical developments that were required to build a version of the model at higher resolution are described as well as results from a 20-year simulation. The results demonstrate the key role played by the enhanced resolution of the ocean model: reduced sea surface temperature (SST) biases, improved ocean heat transports, deeper and stronger overturning circulation and a stronger Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Our results suggest that the improvements seen here require high resolution in both atmosphere and ocean components as well as high-frequency coupling. These results add to the body of evidence suggesting that ocean resolution is an important consideration when developing coupled models for weather and climate applications.

Investigating sea surface temperature diurnal variation over the Tropical Warm Pool using MTSAT-1R data

Abstract Diurnal variation (DV) of sea surface temperature (SST) plays an important role in air–sea interaction. We have validated four months (January to April 2010) of the version 3 Australian Bureau of Meteorology reprocessed Multifunction Transport SATellite-1R (v3 MTSAT-1R) SST data over the Tropical Warm Pool (TWP) region (90°E to 170°E, 25°S to 15°N) against both drifting buoy and Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) SST data. Validation against collocated point measurements from drifting buoys, under conditions where the surface ocean is well-mixed, shows that overall the v3 MTSAT-1R SSTs perform well with an average bias of 0.00 °C and a 0.73 °C standard deviation (STD). The average daytime and night-time mean bias is − 0.06 °C and 0.08 °C, respectively. For all hours of the diurnal cycle, the mean biases are within ± 0.25 °C, indicating the consistency between day and night v3 MTSAT-1R data. However, on average, the v3 MTSAT-1R SSTs are overestimated at cold SSTs and underestimated at warm SSTs. Similar results are obtained from validation against the AATSR satellite SSTs but with smaller STD (0.48 °C) and smaller average daytime and night-time mean biases (− 0.04 °C and 0.06 °C, respectively). These results indicate that the v3 MTSAT-1R data set is suitable for SST DV investigations and validation of DV models. Using the validated v3 MSTAT-1R data, together with surface wind speed and solar shortwave insolation (SSI) outputs from the Australian Community Climate and Earth-System Simulator – Regional (ACCESS-R) numerical prediction model, we investigate SST DV events over the TWP region. Good correlation is found between DV events and low wind and high SSI conditions. The dominant role of wind speed in SST DV events over the SSI is also revealed.

Microglial priming through the lung-brain axis: the role of air pollution-induced circulating factors.

Air pollution is implicated in neurodegenerative disease risk and progression and in microglial activation, but the mechanisms are unknown. In this study, microglia remained activated 24 h after ozone (O3) exposure in rats, suggesting a persistent signal from lung to brain. Ex vivo analysis of serum from O3-treated rats revealed an augmented microglial proinflammatory response and β-amyloid 42 (Aβ42) neurotoxicity independent of traditional circulating cytokines, where macrophage-1 antigen-mediated microglia proinflammatory priming. Aged mice exhibited reduced pulmonary immune profiles and the most pronounced neuroinflammation and microglial activation in response to mixed vehicle emissions. Consistent with this premise, cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36)(-/-) mice exhibited impaired pulmonary immune responses concurrent with augmented neuroinflammation and microglial activation in response to O3 Further, aging glia were more sensitive to the proinflammatory effects of O3 serum. Together, these findings outline the lung-brain axis, where air pollutant exposures result in circulating, cytokine-independent signals present in serum that elevate the brain proinflammatory milieu, which is linked to the pulmonary response and is further augmented with age.-Mumaw, C. L., Levesque, S., McGraw, C., Robertson, S., Lucas, S., Stafflinger, J. E., Campen, M. J., Hall, P., Norenberg, J. P., Anderson, T., Lund, A. K., McDonald, J. D., Ottens, A. K., Block, M. L. Microglial priming through the lung-brain axis: the role of air pollution-induced circulating factors.