Role Of Women In Society Research Articles

Засоби та прийоми художнього осмислення повсякденності у текстах І. Роздобудько та М. Ґретковської

The present article shows that as a result of historical, cultural and social changes that have aroused interest in the life and work of women, the attention of literary critics was drawn to the literary everyday life in Ukrainian and Polish modern women’s prose. Everyday life in women’s prose has become a mirror of woman’s worldview, philosophy, feelings and emotions. The significance of the study is based on the lack of the clear system of means and techniques that belong to the poetics of everyday art in literature studies. The purpose of this study is to make an attempt to systematize the means and methods of literary understanding of everyday life in the texts of I. Rozdobudko and M. Gretkovska. In the process of the research it is established that the nature of literary everyday life in the texts selected for analysis is determined by attention to the inner world of the character that is typical for women’s prose. It is noted that women’s images described in the analyzed texts completely contradict patriarchal ideas about the role of women in society and family. Such components of the everyday life of the characters as woman’s life, body and actions become the key to revealing her inner world. It is noticed that the external demonstrations of everyday life (space, time, clothing, body, reactions of the characters, etc.) become a reflection of the inner world of the characters. The following methods of modeling of everyday life in the prose of I. Rozdobudko and M. Gretkovskaya are singled out: construction of own representation of time by characters; «stretching» or «stopping» of time; laconicism in space modeling; emphasis on details; focusing on sensory sensations; close intertwining of the real with the unreal; concentration on corporeality, sensuality; attraction to the naturalism of the image; increased attention to the personal, private life of the character; autobiography; reproduction of global problems of the country or epoch through modeling of destiny of one person; fragmentary modeling of images and situations; the impact of the death of a pet on the emotional state of the character; modeling of provocative situations and images in order to encourage the reader to think, search for the truth. It is noted that writers implement these techniques within their authorial styles and ideas of novels in different ways. It is established that the authors use a wide range of artistic means: metaphors, comparisons, epithets, paradoxes, ironies, contrasting images, symbols, archetypes etc. Using a wide range of artistic means and techniques, writers construct models of everyday life of their characters in their own way. The results of the research can become the basis for a generalized theoretical description of the poetics of everyday life.

Koraci u strahu - borba za prava žena - Kerolajn Ebot, heroina E. M. Forstera, u potrazi za slobodom

Gender issues have been a topic in written literature since ancient times. In the past, writers and philosophers questioned and often denigrated the role of women in society. Christianity brought to literature a model of two opposite women figures, a bad girl disrespected by respectable members of community, versus a good girl who represented all Christian virtues. In the Victorian and post Victorian era, women's emancipation became a major societal issue. In the early twentieth century, literature by and about women intensified. In the modern feminist era, particularly after women earned the right to vote and gained greater access to education and workplace, literature started concentrating on women's changing roles and continued obstacles to equality. As a writer who was extremely susceptible to the influence of time, E. M. Forster described his characters in close contact with their surroundings. He criticized the position and role of women in a Victorian middle class family. He depicted his heroines in constant struggle between their desires and suitable and appropriate behaviour expected by their family members and friends. The choice his female characters are faced with is whether they can bring themselves to break deep-rooted social conventions in order to attain personal happiness as free-thinking women or whether they should stick to the society's expectations. The paper concentrates on the main female protagonist of Foster's novel Where Angels Fear to Tread, analysing the transformation the character undergoes in her pursuit of personal freedom and fulfilment.

ЖЕНЩИНЫ НА ВОЕННОЙ СЛУЖБЕ ВЧЕРА И СЕГОДНЯ

The article deals with the practice of women's emancipation through the institution of military service. Since ancient times, female warriors have symbolically personified the image of free women in charge of their own destiny, so military service seemed to be an attractive mechanism and an effective practice for freeing women from the bosom of family life. The two World Wars and the revolution forever changed not only the course of history, but also the symbolic role of women in society. Forced to take up arms and stand on a par with men, women clearly proved their ability to endure all the hardships of life on an equal footing with men. And thus, from a housewife and a keeper of the hearth, a woman turned into a full-fledged social, labor and military partner.

Benedykta Dybowskiego program odrodzenia ludzkości

Benedict Dybowski, explorer of Lake Baikal and Kamchatka, is less known for his pedagogical and philosophical activities. The subject of this article is the Lviv period of his work, which lasted from 1884 until his death. It is worth focusing on his progressive views on the role of women in society, on his innovative calls for the introduction of a unified international language and the unification of religion, and on his proposals to base non-empirical sciences on the results of natural research. He was one of the forerunners of evolutionism in the Polish lands. The consolidation of biological and philosophical thought resulted in Dybowski’s utopian programme for the rebirth of mankind.

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER POLICY IN THE SYSTEM OF PUBLIC GOVERNANCE

The article provides a solution to a current scientific problem regarding the prospects for the development of gender policy in the system of public administration. The growing role of gender policy in modern society has been established. Although the role of women in society has significantly transformed and improved over the last century, an analysis of the literature has revealed unfavorable trends in the work biographies of women in the United States and Europe. Statistics and analyzed legal acts adopted in the field of gender policy of Ukraine indicate that the practical implementation of the paradigm of gender parity in the field of public administration in Ukraine encounters obstacles that can be overcome only in the long run. It is noted that gender asymmetry in public administration can be seen as one of the obstacles to making and implementing balanced management decisions. This idea is becoming more widespread in the scientific and managerial community. Wider representation of women in public bodies and the structure of public authorities contributes to the expansion of the range of problems to be solved, and thus strengthens the social orientation of public services. The article shows the theoretical and practical relevance of the problem of ensuring gender equality in public authorities. The strategic principles of ensuring the appropriate conditions are highlighted. It is pointed out that ignoring such principles leads to errors in the process of regulating gender relations in public authorities. Based on the analysis, ways to improve public policy, which should be based on a scientific statistical basis, which in turn can strengthen the gender consciousness of public policy actors. Creating an effective social monitoring system to assess women's development will make it possible to establish and disseminate gender data for further development and revision of public policy.

Traditions of National World Formation in the Poetics of Yakut and Korean Prose by Ariadna Borisova “The Land of the Udagans” and Lee Hyun Soo “New Tales of Gisaeng”

The article compares peculiarities of poetics of the olonkho novel “The Land of the Udagans” by the Yakut writer Ariadna Borisova and the legendary novel by the South Korean writer Lee Hyun Soo “New Tales of Gisaeng”. The study of traditions of the national world image based on the materials from different ethnic cultures from the gender perspective revealed the artistic individuality of authors representing the world of the Arctic and Southeast Asia. The comparison of the works by Yakut and Korean writers revealed the life-giving role of women in society and its crisis. The heroines represent a typological model of female fate in different images. Women are carriers of the traditional cultural and moral values based on the family value. The text-forming role of artistic details is significant. It makes the text real, reducing the distance between the author and the reader. Describing the real world of the heroines, their way of life, the space of their houses, the writers strive to outline the female everyday worldview and the national picture of the world

Would you make money giving birth?: Tax allowances and economic assistance as measures of population policy in Serbia

This article addresses the issue of childbirth postponement in Serbia. The paper examines the interaction of demographic and socioeconomic factors as relevant indicators of demographic development. In the case of seven municipalities in the Srem region, the authors sought to determine the causes of putting off childbirth and examine the attitudes of the female population, considering their decision not to give birth. The paper pursues to provide answers to the problems of the postponement of childbirth phenomenon, the economic resources needed for birth, the importance of the institutional framework and the changing role of women in society, which directly affect women's reproductive behavior. Research findings can be integrated into development strategies, which include both population policy and family planning measures, from the level of an individual to the extent of the community.

Исламская революция и женский вопрос в Иране в аспекте социальной коммуникации

Nowadays the problems of socio-cultural communication covers the gender issue and changes in the role of women in society in particular. Traditionally, the women status in Muslim countries is most vulnerable. Despite this fact, there has emerged such a socio-cultural phenomenon as Islamic feminism in the Middle East.
 Islamic Revolution was the first time when Iranian women had declared themselves as a social and political force. Imam R. Khomeini used their social activity for his own political purposes. Despite the promises of the revolution leader, first actions of the new government differed from those the citizens expected: most of the rights and freedoms were restricted or eliminated. Iran is currently ranked 148th out of 153 countries on the gender gap index, overtaking only the countries with difficult internal political and economic situation, such as the DRC, Syria, Pakistan, Iraq and Yemen. The article analyzes the changes in the Iranian women status that have occurred in the following areas: civil status, education and science, economic activity, politics, art and sports. The positive measures taken in these spheres indicate that the society is undergoing a process of reconsidering the role of women, and the development of the women empowerment process in Iran will progress.

Abelard and Heloise: personal relationship in the socio-cultural context of the 12th century

The 12th century was a controversial period of deepening ecclesiastical influence on all strata of the population, strengthening church prohibitions, expansion of convents; the century of establishing a new stratum of intellectuals, the first rise of women role in society and the formation of the courtly culture’s foundations. Philosopher Peter Abelard and his student Heloise were chosen for examination by us as the bright personalities of the 12th century, a product of medieval society and the voices of their time. An exceptional historical case of well-documented reliable information on the personal relationship allows us to correlate the world-view of lovers and their lives with the socio-cultural realities of High Middle Ages. The aim of the article is a historical analysis of the relationship between the philosopher-teacher Abelard and the student Eloise in the socio-cultural context of the 12th century. In previous studies scholars have only indirectly touched certain aspects of the teacher-student relationship in the context of intimate gender relations of the High Middle Ages. We analysed the autobiography of Peter Abelard, the letters of Abelard’s contemporaries, his correspondence with Eloise. We arranged scientific achievements of historians and examined personal life of the couple against the background: tactics of seduction, intimacy, determining and understanding the relationship status, men’s standing in society after castration. Emphasis is placed on the progress of 12th century’s social consciousness in the light of the personalities’ world-view analysis. A division between individual views and the Catholic medieval outlook is analysed. Through the study of the transformation of the relationship between teacher and student, and future lovers, we have shown that the views of Eloise and Abelard illustrate a feasible range of medieval perceptions of the relationship, in tune with the new era challenges, yet integral to its time.

WOMEN IN THE IRISH PARLIAMENT: HISTORY AND MODERN STATE OF POLITICAL REPRESENTATION

The article attempts to trace the history of women's political representation in the Irish parliament - from the struggle for the right to vote and to be elected to parliament to the current level of women's representation in the Oireachtas and related discussions in the political elite and Irish society. The author draws attention to the specifics of the policy of various Irish parties in relation to the problem of representation of women in parliament and demonstrates the importance of political and national culture for such a phenomenon as the participation of women in politics. Analyzing the change in the proportion of women in the lower house of the Oireachtas, the author demonstrates the influence of the Irish women's movement on the dynamics of the number of female TDs. The author concludes that the policy of affirmative action played a significant, but insufficient role in the country, which for a long time remained under the influence of the Catholic Church and its patriarchal view of the role of women in society.

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on double marginalisation of women in Kosovo

The COVID-19 pandemic worldwide has revealed the scale of social inequalities even in some of the most developed economies, exposing the existing vulnerabilities. Particularly, gender inequality and economic empowerment of women were a challenge even before the COVID-19 pandemic. This article investigates the “double marginalisation” effect of COVID-19 pandemic on women in Kosovo, through the analysis of gender implications of COVID-19 and participation of women in the labour market. Double marginalisation is analysed through the prism of the lack of institutional actions to prevent the further marginalisation of women during the pandemic crisis. Governmental preventive and recovery measures have particularly neglected women by failing to recognise the threats and vulnerabilities they are exposed to. Thus, the intentional negligence leads to the emergence and development of the phenomenon of double marginalisation of women. It is also a result of traditional vision of the role of women in society and cultural stereotypes combined with the COVID-19 pandemic crisis.

Gendered small-scale crops and power dynamics: A case of uninga (sesame) production amongst the Ndau of south-eastern Zimbabwe

Women in Ndau communities, like in many African communities, are the fulcrum of household economies that ensure improved livelihoods of their communities. Thus, they are an indispensable factor in the sustainable development equation of their communities. It is sadly true that women do not own land in most African societies. Consequently, most studies analyse the realities of gender inequality in the distribution of resources that include land. However, very few studies recognise, appreciate and amplify the role of women in reproducing and transforming the society through their participation in agricultural activities even on pieces of land that they do not call their own. In this article we examined the power and influence that women derive from their agricultural activities, especially their association with the cultivation of crops that have often been labelled as feminine. We sought to recognise the agency of women not only in transforming livelihoods, but also gender inequalities in terms of control and influence on the use, valorisation and sale of agricultural produce. We examined the phenomenon of the crops associated with female gender from a new perspective that compels a rereading of the narratives that often dwarf women’s agricultural activities and crops associated with them. This article focussed on the production of uninga [sesame] amongst the Ndau of Musikavanthu and Chipinge South Constituencies covering areas that include Rimbi, Manzvire, Mwanyisa, Rimai, Rukangare and Garahwa in south-eastern Zimbabwe. The article’s overall theoretical framework is the African women theology that emphasises on African women as agents, not subordinated and passive subjects of history. The study is qualitative, and it used interviews, focus group discussions and observations as instruments for gathering data.Contribution: The study amplified the transformative role of women in society through their participation in agricultural activities. The findings acknowledged the complementarity of women and men in uninga production in a religio-cultural setting that has often shown biases towards patriarchy. The results are in sync with the reconstructive and liberative motif of the African women theology, which envisage a transformed African society that celebrates gender inclusivity through facilitation of dialogue between the two genders.

Should I be portrayed like this? An exploration of Indian women in television advertising

ABSTRACT Advertisements act as a powerful medium for showcasing the role of women in society. The present study explores how women are portrayed in Indian television advertisements and how their portrayal varies according to the product categories. Content analysis of 268 commercials aired during the five popular Indian television shows has been undertaken to understand the role portrayal of women. The study highlights that women are primarily portrayed in a decorative and family role and rarely depicted as freewheelers and professionals in the products related to body beautification and household. However, the study notes a significant rise in situations where women are mostly portrayed as independent decision makers. This paper continues the conversation and adds to the existing literature about the role portrayal of women in media.

Investigating the Individual and Organizational Factors Related to Work-family Conflict in Working Women in Birjand in 2020

Introduction: Due to the role of women in society, work-family conflict has had negative consequences on the mental and social health of working women and their families. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting the balance of work -family in female employees in Birjand. Methods: In a cross-sectional descriptive correlation study, 205 female employees working in Birjand city offices were selected by cluster sampling. In addition to demographic questions, the data collection tool was a self-administrated standard 18-item questionnaire by Carlson et al. The data were analyzed by SPSS 19 software using independent t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The mean age of the women was 38.6 ± 7.41 and their mean work experience was 13.36± 6.85. The mean score of the subjects was 29.37± 6.33 out of 45 in the work-family conflict dimension and 35.20 ± 6 6.52 in the family-work conflict dimension. A significant correlation was observed between women's age and work-family conflict variable. A positive and significant correlation was also observed between the two variables of work-family and family-work conflict (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Given that the mean score of work-family and family-work conflict in female employees is high, educational interventions to improve the balance of work-family and vice versa in working women are recommended to officials and planners.

Қазақ хандығы дәуіріндегі әйелдердің қоғамдық-саяси рөлі (ХV-ХІХ ғғ.)

The Kazakh Khanate is the source of national statehood. The study of the history of Kazakhstani society should cover a wide range of issues, including social, political, economic, spiritual culture and national ideology. Analysis of the history of various social groups in the public life of the Kazakh community, including the analysis of the historical role of women in society, is relevant. From a historical point of view, it was believed that the social and cultural life of Kazakhstan was largely patriarchal, but upon further study of the topic it can be seen that in public relations, the patriarchal and matriarchal character went in parallel. The fact that the burden of social responsibility in Kazakh society is borne by both men and women can be seen in the foundations of customary law in the steppe laws. The very stability of the family in Kazakh society is also the result of the narrative of national values. A man protects the earth, a woman protects the nation, because the role of a woman as a mother has a special influence on the formation of a child's language skills, worldview values, and life principles. The purity of the nation's blood is directly related to the strong national principles and family traditions of the Kazakh people. It is important to recognize and appreciate the phenomenon of women in social history, since, on the one hand, it concerns issues of the nationality code, on the other, it depends on the national spiritual nature and foundations of civilization. This article presents a study of the social and political life of women on historical examples of the public life of the Kazakh Khanate.

Current Knowledge of Progestin-Only Pills

Since the 1960s, contraceptive pills have been at the service of humanity. They are one of the innovations that have contributed the most to the changing role of women in society and to women achieving the role they play today. Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) opened up opportunities to increase knowledge about the effects of estrogens and progestins in the female organism. The overall results of this evolution were progestin-only contraceptives in general and estrogen-free oral contraceptives as progestin-only pills (POPs) in particular. To identify the position currently held by POPs, a bibliographic review was carried out in the following databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, OvidSP, Embase, and SciELO in Spanish. POPs have evolved notably from restricted use only during breastfeeding to a broader context. The absence of estrogen in the pill currently offers more advantages than disadvantages. The recent introduction of POP containing 4.0 mg of drospirenone, administered in a 24/4-day regimen, offers better cycle control than previous POPs, as it allows much more predictable bleedings and the same contraceptive efficacy as COCs. Hormonal contraception use continues to grow. The options to regulate reproduction are numerous, and users have a greater number of options to choose the one that suits their needs and comforts. Health professionals must provide high-quality contraceptive counseling, offering all available tools, including POPs.

The evolution of female image in the works of Vajiravudh

The object of this research is the evolution of female image in the works of King Vajiravudh of Siam, who is considered the father of modern Thai literature. The subject of this research is the portraits of heroines in the original Thai-language works of the monarch, both dramatic and epic, which allow us tracing the artistic transformations of female images. The historical and biographical methods reveal the status of women in the new Thai society of the early XX century and how it affect the author’s views. The problematic of the “feminine” was associated with the author’s pursuit of ideal of Thai woman from ethical perspective. This is the first research on the topic within Thai or foreign historiography. The female images, the role of women in society and fate of the nation is the pervasive theme in all works by King Vajiravudh. The author disrupts the traditional canon and depicts a new woman, who claims her rights to the freedom of choice despite the patriarchal principles. At the same time, the entire gallery of female images is an attempt to find compromise between the progress and traditional values, to create the ideal of Thai woman, which could find realization in real life.

Poems by Polish Female Poets and the Burning Issue of Religion

The aim of this paper is to show the presence of religion and the particular evolution of lyrical matrixes connected to religion in the Polish poems of female poets. There is a particular presence of women in the roots of the Polish literary and lyrical traditions. For centuries, the image of a woman with a pen in her hand was one of the most important imponderabilia. Until the 19th century, Polish female poets continued to be rare. Where female poets do appear in the historical record, they are linked to institutions such as monasteries, where female intellectuals were able to find relative liberty and a refuge. Many of the poetic forms they used in the 16th, late 17th, and 18th centuries were typically male in origin and followed established models. In the 19th century, the specific image of the mother as a link to the religious portrait of the Madonna and the Mother of God (the first Polish poem presents Bogurodzica, the Virgin Mary, the Mother of Jesus) reinforces women’s new presence. From Adam Mickiewicz’s poem Do matki Polki (To Polish Mother), the term “Polish mother” becomes a separate literary, epistemological, and sociological category. Throughout the 20th century (with some exceptions), the impact of Romanticism and its poetical and religious models remained alive, even if they underwent some modifications. The period of communism, as during the Period of Partitions and the Second World War, privileged established models of lyric, where the image of women reproduced Romantic schema in poetics from the 19th-century canons, which are linked to religion. Religious poetry is the domain of few female author-poets who look for inner freedom and religious engagement (Anna Kamieńska) or for whom religion becomes a form of therapy in a bodily illness (Joanna Pollakówna). This, however, does not constitute an otherness or specificity of the “feminine” in relation to male models. Poets not interested in reproducing the established roles reach for the second type of lyrical expression: replacing the “mother” with the “lover” and “the priestess of love” (the Sappho model) present in the poetry of Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska. In the 20th century, the “religion” of love in women’s work distances them from the problems of the poetry engaged in social and religious disputes and constitutes a return to pagan rituals (Hymn idolatrous of Halina Poświatowska) or to the carnality of the body, not necessarily overcoming previous aesthetic ideals (Anna Świrszczyńska). It is only since the 21st century that the lyrical forms of Polish female poets have significantly changed. They are linked to the new place of the Catholic Church in Poland and the new roles of Polish women in society. Four particular models are analysed in this study, which are shown through examples of the poetry of Genowefa Jakubowska-Fijałkowska, Justyna Bargielska, Anna Augustyniak, and Malina Prześluga with the Witches’ Choir.

CHALLENGES OF PALESTINIAN WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN HIGHER LEADERSHIP POSITIONS IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND WAY TO OVERCOME THEM

The purpose of this study to identify the challenges facing the participation of Palestinian women in assuming higher educational leadership positions in the various Palestinian educational institutions and higher education institutions. The study shed light on possible ways to overcome these challenges. The sample of the study consisted of twelve Palestinian women working in different institutions with different job titles, and they were chosen in an intentional and accessible way. To achieve the objectives of the study, a qualitative approach was used to answer the study questions. The semi-closed interview tool was used, and the responses of the respondents were organized into patterns and answers. The results of the study showed a great similarity between the challenges that Palestinian women face locally and the challenges that face women in different countries globally. Such as the lack of awareness of women themselves about their rights, unprofessional jealousy among women themselves at work, lack of societal support for women and underestimating the importance of their roles, the stereotype of women resulting from a defect in the value system and upbringing among members of society, the spread of violence towards women in conservative cities, and other defects in administrative organization within some educational institutions. But what distinguished the reality of the challenges was the current political situation under the Israeli occupation, which constituted an additional obstacle. Such as the difficulty of moving and traveling freely is the long hours that women spend in the racist Israeli security check stations that are scattered between cities and governorates. In light of the results of the study, the researcher concluded a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: Work to empower Palestinian women in their work by holding courses and workshops that seek to increase Palestinian women's knowledge of their rights, raise their confidence in themselves and their work, and hold community courses within various higher education institutions that will clarify the importance of the role of women in society and work to change the negative stereotype they have towards women, And work on issuing regulations and legislation that would allocate free hours for women to be able to write and produce scientifically. Challenges of Palestinian Women's Participation, Educational Leadership Centers.

Female Roles in La Cinta Dorada by María Manuela Reina and Models of the World

Our model of the world that we perceive within ourselves, our conscience, in short, our psychological balance is influenced by our surroundings. Part of the input to which we are exposed in this immediate environment is related to texts, self-managed discourse, which can also influence our internal model of the world; hence they are deserving of our attention. In the same way as the models of the world that we construct throughout our lives, reality is not static and also changes as time goes by. From a social point of view, we can see that the roles of women in modern-day society and the ways that those roles can be perceived today are a consequence of changes initiated in the past within different areas and in a prolonged process over time up until our day. With the aim of evaluating whether female drama has contributed to that change, we present an analysis in this paper of the play La Cinta Dorada [The Golden Ribbon] by María Manuela Reina, written and set in the 1980s, a decade that for Spain implied a more obvious abandonment of the most traditional conceptions of the role of women. In the analysis of the play, we see how the models of the world of the older people are counterposed with those of the younger people, a generational divide that is enriched with the gender difference, as we also analyze how the psychological structures of the female and male characters confront the clichés pertaining to another era in reference to such topics as success, infidelity, matrimony, and gender. The results of our analysis demonstrate how Reina responds to archaic conceptions, thereby inciting the audiences of the day to question their respective models of the world, especially, with regard to the role of the woman in society.