Role Of Public Services Research Articles

‘What is the purpose of the veterinary profession in modern society?’

Joe Brownlie argues that defining its national public service role is one of the veterinary profession's most pressing issues, but who should lead this?

The Power of Cities: Hierarchical Migration and Wage Premium of Migrant Workers

Migrant workers have made great contributions to China’s socioeconomic development and urbanization during the last decades. By the end of 2019, the total amount of migrant workers has reached 290.8 million. Among them, 174.3 million are inter-provincial migrants and 116.5 million are intra-provincial migrants. Larger cities are more attractive to migrants by offering more job opportunities and better quality of life. The location within cities is heterogeneous. The geographical location of cities is different, which is reflected in the differences in productivity and facilities. The administrative hierarchy of Chinese cities will affect the resource allocation, especially the wage level of migrants who migrate to cities with higher administrative levels.Based on a large dataset covering 4,460 migrant workers in 2013 and 3,900 migrant workers in 2019 of the Chinese Thousand Village Survey（CTVS）, we use OLS estimator, quantile regression, and moderation effect to identify the impact of administrative hierarchy on the wage premium of migrant workers. After examining the endogenous problems and the heterogeneity of migrant workers, the results are still robust.The results show that: （1）Cities with higher administrative levels are more likely to attract people with high education levels, rich work experience and spouses, while migrant workers with children are more likely to be in ordinary prefecture-level cities.（2）Cities with higher administrative levels promote the positive externality of agglomeration economy and promote the wage level by improving labor productivity. The administrative hierarchy of cities will affect wage premium through the intermediary role of housing price, infrastructure and public services.（3）The intermediary effect test shows that the development of cities is a dynamic growth process: In the initial stage, the administrative hierarchy generates wage premium through the urban agglomeration effect and the market price force of living compensation. With the factor agglomeration leading to urban expansion, the carrying capacity of infrastructure cannot keep up with the growth of population, so administrative forces redistribute public service resources to regulate population flow. As a result, cities will reconfigure their infrastructure and control population movements through administrative forces.It is important to deal with the “visible hands” of administrative forces and the “invisible hands” of market forces. A basic conclusion is that only when the hierarchical migration between cities is free, can the market play its role in the allocation of labor force. Therefore, the key to improving the efficiency of urban public service resource allocation in the future is to guide heterogeneous migrant workers to carry out hierarchical migration and realize the optimal allocation of labor resources.

Research on the Evaluation and Influence Mechanism of Public Housing Service Quality: A Case Study of Shanghai

Government provision of public housing services eases the disorderly spread of urban space, avoids the social risks caused by high density, and maintains a safe social life. The role of public housing services in realizing urban sustainable development has become increasingly prominent, yet the provision of adequate public housing of a decent quality in a desirable location is a major challenge. Therefore, this study proposes a holistic conceptual model of public housing service quality (PHSQ) and establishes corresponding evaluation indicators to objectively evaluate the current status of housing services. The results show that the overall PHSQ is low- to medium-quality; the city center has become a high-quality gathering area, and the suburbs are generally low-quality. The spatial pattern shows that a single high-quality center coexists with multiple low-quality centers, forming an approximate M-shaped distribution pattern. The geodetector results show that foundation supporting capacity, government control capacity, resource agglomeration capacity, market driving capacity, and social promotion capacity significantly affect the PHSQ. The influence produced by the interaction between different factors shows an enhanced relationship, especially between public discourse expression and other factors, implying the need to remove the overemphasis on “supply-side reform” and focus on the effectiveness of demand-side factors.

The factors in residents' mobility in rural towns of China: Car ownership, road infrastructure and public transport services

The improvement of rural people's mobility in developing countries has informed many policies. Still, debates remain on which policies are efficient, for instance, building more roads, providing public transport or promoting car ownership. The empirical evidence for these debates at the national level remains scarce. As a result, this paper aims to provide fresh evidence for discussions by examining residents' mobility in China using nationwide survey data with 12,524 respondents from 119 rural towns. The results of the analysis show car ownership is the most significant factor influencing rural people's mobility than other factors. Higher car ownership relates to a higher travel frequency to counties or cities. Other kinds of transport vehicles (i.e. electric cars, motorcycles and electric bikes) also have positive but relatively weaker impacts on rural mobility. For public transport, it is more accessible to access bus stops, which encourages travel to higher-order centres rather than increasing the frequency of county bus services. The accessibility of high-quality road systems tends to have a negative influence and has combined effects with levels of local services. People from towns with insufficient local services and poor access to highways travel the most frequently to higher-order centres. This study highlights the critical role of road investments and car ownership enhancement policies in improving mobility. Moreover, this study also underscores the supplemental role of public transport services given the current low car ownership rates in rural towns of China and the global consensus on sustainable green transport development. It highlights the importance of engaging eco-friendly and locally adaptive transport alternatives, such as electric cars and electric bikes. It also calls for a rational distribution of bus stops and more flexible, convenient, and physically accessible public transport and carshare modes in rural China.

General principles of organization and activityof judges in Ukraine

In the conditions of active development and improvement of the system of public administration in the world, the role of public service as a defining feature of a democratic and legal state is strengthening. Since the signing of the Association Agreement with the European Union by Ukraine, it has become necessary to introduce and enshrine in national legislation such an institution as a public service. This became a lever that launched the process of reforming the government system in the country and determined the right vector for the development of public service in Ukraine. Given the current indicators of public confidence in the judiciary, it can be argued that the institution of public service in the judiciary is purely formal, and therefore this issue is relevant and needs to be addressed as soon as possible. In view of this, we believe that the introduction of the new Concept, which will consolidate the legal status of a judge as a public servant of a court of general jurisdiction, will be the beginning of the real functioning of a judge of a court of general jurisdiction on the basis of public administration. The study revealed the general principles of organization and activity of judges of general jurisdiction courts in Ukraine. The legal status of judges is outlined and the key features of such status are identified. The existence of the “judge-public servant” model is substantiated. The study emphasizes that judges of courts of general jurisdiction directly implement the basic functions of justice, and the level of their legal status depends on the authority of the judiciary and the efficiency of justice in Ukraine. Courts of general jurisdiction are the main link of specialized courts for civil, administrative and criminal cases and are the closest to the population, and therefore, a clear definition of their legal status is now essential. It is suggested that under the public service in the judiciary of Ukraine, first of all, one should see politically neutral, professional activity of a judge in courts, judicial authorities and other state bodies of the justice system and institutions for organizing and ensuring the activities of courts and judges.

Public Goods and the Commons: Opposites or Complements?

The commons have emerged as a key notion and underlying experience of many efforts around the world to promote justice and democracy. A central question for political theories of the commons is whether the visions of social order and regimes of political economy they propose are complementary or opposed to public goods that are backed up by governmental coordination and compulsion. This essay argues that the post-Marxist view, which posits an inherent opposition between the commons as a sphere of inappropriable usage and statist public infrastructure, is mistaken, because justice and democracy are not necessarily furthered by the institution of inappropriability. I articulate an alternative pluralist view based on James Tully’s work, which discloses the dynamic interplay between public and common modes of provision and enjoyment, and their civil and civic orientations respectively. Finally, the essay points to the Janus-faced character of the commons and stresses the co-constitutive role of public goods and social services for just and orderly social life while remaining attentive to the dialectic of empowerment and tutelage that marks provision by government.

JUDGE AS A PUBLIC SERVANT

The topicality of this article is due to the intensification of the development and improvement of public administration in the world and the strengthening of the role of public service as a key characteristic of a democratic, rule of law state. The purpose of the article is to conduct a scientific study on the development of the model “judge-public servant” in Ukraine and the world. The leading research methods are general scientific and specific research methods, including methods of logic, analysis, comparison and more. The results of this study are the identification of the basic problems of functioning of the public service in Ukraine and the problems of determining the legal status of a judge as a public servant, as well as outlining the ways of overcoming problems. The significance of the results obtained is that the study may serve as a basis for outlining future changes to current legislation on the development of public service in Ukraine and the legal status of judges.

Fine Particulate Air Pollution, Public Service, and Under-Five Mortality: A Cross-Country Empirical Study.

The impacts of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution on health outcomes, especially those of children, have attracted worldwide attention. Based on the PM2.5 concentration data of 94 countries, including the least developed countries estimated by satellite observations in nearly 20 years, this paper investigated the impacts of PM2.5 pollution on under-five mortality rate (U5MR) and analyzed the role of public service in moderating the PM2.5-mortality relationship. Results indicated that PM2.5 pollution had significantly positive influence on U5MR globally. However, the effects of fine particulate pollution on child mortality were heterogeneous in terms of their significance and degrees in countries with different levels of development. A further test based on panel threshold model revealed that public service, measured by public education spending and sanitation service, played a positive moderating role in the PM2.5-mortality relationship. Specifically, when the ratio of public education expenditure in GDP of a country exceeded the first threshold value 3.39% and the second threshold value 5.47%, the magnitude of the impacts of PM2.5 pollution on U5MR significantly decreased accordingly. When the percentage of population with access to improved sanitation facilities in a country was over 41.3%, the health damaging effects were reduced by more than half. This paper fills the current gap of PM2.5 research in least developed countries and provides key policy recommendations.

Reflections on public administration education with a case of Bangladesh

The paper aims to review public administration education in the higher education institutions in Bangladesh, and their role in ensuring modern public services. Most universities in the country offe...

Not public service broadcaster but public service roles: A political history of state-broadcasting in Bangladesh

This article offers a historical critique of state-administered media in South Asia. Taking Bangladesh as a media epicentre, the article extrapolates the geopolitical consequences of the colonial era and postcolonial transformation in the South Asian region under which the modern state-administered media in Bangladesh continue to survive, albeit declining. Drawing from field interviews and documentary research, the article further highlights the historical struggles of the state-broadcasters, particularly Bangladesh Television, in providing public service to fragmented masses. The findings suggest that despite its failure to break free from colonial and authoritarian political misuse, state-broadcasting continues to matter for the public service to a limited extent, not because how pervasive its propaganda is but how well its programming serves the diverse publics despite persistent political mistreatment and growing market pressures. The findings are reflected with other contexts of South Asian state-broadcasting.

РОЛЬ СЛУЖБЫ ПО СВЯЗЯМ С ОБЩЕСТВЕННОСТЬЮ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ СТРАТЕГИИ МЕДИАКОНТЕНТА КУРДСКОЙ МЕДИАКОРПОРАЦИИ «РУДАУ»

The article is devoted to the formation of public relations organizations in Kurdistan-Iraq, the formation of their goals, objectives, functions and specialization, as well as the practice of PR in the Kurdish media, including the Rudaw media corporation. It shows the processes and methods of strategic planning of the content of Kurdish media corporations with the mandatory participation of PR departments. The article also analyzes the reasons for the shortcomings in the strategic planning of media content in the Kurdish media due to the neglecting of the role and tasks of public relations services.

Siu G. Wong, O.D., M.P.H.

This memoir, written by Dr. Siu G. Wong, chronicles her early influences and education, and profiles her first career as a public health optometrist and her second career as a community activist and public historian. Dr. Wong graduated from the University of California, Berkeley with her doctorate in optometry in 1970 and received her master's in public health in 1973. Her first position as an educator at the University of Houston (UH) included pioneering an interdisciplinary community health program in a low-income neighborhood as well as coordinating the first externship program for UH optometry students with the United States Public Health Service-Indian Health Service (USPHS-IHS). Dr. Wong joined the USPHS in 1978 where she was the first female commissioned officer assigned to the Indian Health Service (IHS), the first chief optometrist of an administrative region, and eventually the first woman to hold the position of chief optometric consultant to the IHS. During her tenure, she spearheaded quality assurance programs and was active in both the American Optometric Association (AOA) and the American Public Health Association (APHA), serving in leadership roles in the AOA's Council on Clinical Optometric Care, Hospital Privileges Committee, the QA Committee, and the Multidisciplinary Practice Section. She also became a member of the APHA's Vision Care Section and the Armed Forces Optometric Society. After retirement, Dr. Wong continued her role in public service, serving as the Clinical Director for the Special Olympics Opening Eyes program and as a clnical consultant. She became active also in public history, joining the Chinese American Citizens Alliance where she works to raise awareness of the contributions of Chinese Americans to American history. This article was annotated by Kirsten Hebert.

COVID-19 emergency responders in FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research

COVID-19 emergency responders in FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research

Pengelolaan Keuangan Desa Ditinjau Dari Undang-Undang Desa Menuju Masyarakat Yang Mandiri

The background of this research is the guarantee of recognition of the existence of the village through the formation of Law Number 6 of 2014 on Villages (Village Law). The Village Government has a strategic role and position in public services and empowerment of the community. Therefore, in order to empower the community and carry out service functions, the village must be empowered in any sector, one of which is the village financial management. This research will answer the formulation of the problem regarding what is the benchmark in the success of the village financial management in terms of village-related laws and regulations so that a prosperous and independent society is created? This is a normative juridical research with a statutory regulatory approach. The results of the study concluded that the affirmative policy of Law Number 6 of 2014 on Villages has a positive effect on the effectiveness of village governance. This is shown by the increase in the effectiveness of Village government organizations and the effectiveness of village deliberations. In terms of economic independence, efforts to strengthen village financing capacity can be seen from the widening of access to funding resources. The opportunity to empower the village can be made more possible through the empowerment of village-owned enterprises and village cooperation with other villages and / or cooperation with third parties.

The role of public health services (PHS) in agricultural poverty alleviation

This paper aimed to prove that PHS positively affects agricultural poverty reduction indirectly. The study employed previous model of Path Analysis. Three-steps regression was run by standardizing data using Z-score method and clustering variables into exogenous, intermediate and endogenous. The research was conducted in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia by interviewing 28.20% of total farmers households in the province. The results show that the better access to public health services, the higher the household income will be. Thus, if PHS is nearer, the less time and money will be spent to travel, then the more household income at hand will be saved for agricultural input purchasing. In other words, distance to public health services (PHS) appears to be a crucial part of the findings. Therefore, it is reasonable to say that, the better the access to PHS, the more household income will be and in turn it will alleviate poverty of smallholders (agriculture sector, in broad sense). It can be concluded that public health services can help agricultural poverty alleviation though indirectly.

Exploring the factors influencing the quality of "Health Support Pharmacy" services in Japan: Perspectives of community pharmacists.

Internationally, community pharmacists play a key role in public health services. In Japan, a new system called Health Support Pharmacy (HSP) was introduced in 2016, to promote responsible self-medication with non-prescription medicines and increase awareness of public health activities provided through community pharmacies. The number of HSP services provided has been increasing; however, the service quality varies depending on pharmacies and/or pharmacists. Thus, it is important to identify factors that influence HSP service quality. To identify factors that can impact on the quality of HSP services provided by community pharmacists in Japan. In-depth semi-structured online interviews were conducted with twenty-four community pharmacists from across Japan. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analysed. All themes identified were deductively categorised into 3 domains using Donabedian's framework of structure, process and outcome. Participants identified 8 key themes and 23 sub-themes pertaining to the quality of pharmacy public health services. For the structure domain these were: adequate resources, professional expertise, and policy and procedures. For the process domain these were: provision of individual services, provision of community health education and other events, and collaboration with other professionals. For the outcome domain these were: impact on individuals and the general public, and impact on other professionals. This study identified factors which can impact HSP service quality by community pharmacists in Japan. Whilst the major themes identified align with those reported in other studies pertaining to expanded roles for community pharmacists, this study also identified findings which appear to be unique to the Japanese context. These findings, based on Donabedian's framework, may be used to better understand the scope and quality of HSP services delivered in Japan.

Are Asian public affairs students different? Comparing job sector attitudes and sector preference between public affairs students at an Asian and Dutch University

ABSTRACT Public affairs programs aim to prepare students for public service roles by teaching certain skills and reinforcing prosocial motivations. Studies provide mixed results as to whether these aims are met. What we do not know is whether public administration and public affairs programs in Asia attract students different in their job sector attitudes and sector preferences from those in Western Europe. To this end, we analyze survey data on 247 students from public affairs programs in the Netherlands and Singapore. We find no significant difference in job sector preference. However, Singaporean students display a higher level of public service motivation (PSM) and a higher preference for pecuniary rewards. This implies that public affairs programs in Asia should take into account students’ distinct motivations when designing curricula, and public affairs programs in both countries should leverage the prosocial motivation of students by enhancing their PSM through socialization during their educational experience.

Modeling and Analyzing of Emergency Vehicle Preemption in a Four-phase Intersection via TPN

Emergency vehicles (EVs) play an important role in public service. And the EV’s timeliness and safety are very important. Focusing on the switch of the phases in a four-phase intersection, this paper presents a novel phase-changing model based on timed Petri nets (TPNs) for the traffic light system and proposes a method that uses TPNs to model the preemption of emergency vehicles in such an intersection. Our model ignores many actual details. By controlling the phases, our method ensures that the EVs can pass through the intersection with no or less delay, and the safety of the traffic model on emergency scene can be ensured. To our knowledge, we are the first to employ TPNs to model EV system on a four-phase intersection. The liveness and reversibility of such a TPN model are also verified through the reachability graph of the TPN.

LGIM: A Global Selection Algorithm Based on Local Influence for Influence Maximization in Social Networks

Influence maximization is to select k nodes from social networks to maximize the expected number of nodes activated by these selected nodes. Influence maximization problem plays a vital role in commercial marketing, news propagation, rumor control and public services. However, the existing algorithms for influence maximization usually tend to select one aspect from efficiency and accuracy as its main improving objective. This method of excessively pursuing one metric often leads to performing poorly in other metrics. Hence, we think that algorithms for influence maximization should make a suitable compromise between computation efficiency and result accuracy instead of excessively pursuing for one metric. Based on the above understanding, this paper proposes a new algorithm, called Global Selection Based on Local Influence (LGIM). The basic idea of the proposed algorithm is following: if a node can influence another node with large influence, the node also has large influence. Therefore, a two-stage filtering strategy of candidate nodes is proposed, which can reduce a large number of running time. Moreover, this paper also proposes a new objective function to estimate the influence spread of a node set. In summarize, the proposed algorithm utilizes the two-stage filtering strategy of candidate nodes to avoid unnecessary computation, and adopts a new objective function to replace time-consuming Monte-Carle simulations. Experimental results on six real-world social networks demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms other four comparison algorithms when comprehensively considering computation efficiency and result accuracy.

Speed strategy of public administration services in fulfilling the basic rights of citizens in rural areas in Indonesia

The main purpose of this research is to examine the speed strategy of public administration services in fulfilling the basic rights of citizens in rural areas in Indonesia. The method in this research is descriptive type with quantitative approach and use explanatory survey. The target of the research was villagers in four districts in Jambi Province. The instrument used to collect the data is by using a structured questionnaire given to the sample respondents. The statistical tool to examine the hypotehsis is by using Partial Least Square (PLS) method with smart-PLS as the software. The study found that the speed strategy of public administration services has a positive and significant influence on fulfilling the basic rights of citizens in rural areas. However, these positive and significant effect towards fulfilling the basic rights of citizens are mediated by public administration services. These suggest that the role of public administration services in rural areas should be transparent, accountable, and it needs to accommodate public participants and public right equally.