Role Of Physicochemical Properties Research Articles

Non-Fluorinated Diluent in Localized High Concentration Electrolytes Enabling Superior Performance of Lithium Metal Negative Electrode Battery

Localized high-concentration electrolytes (LHCEs) are very promising strategies for the high-energy-density lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs). Nonsolvating diluents introduced in the LHCEs plays a critical role in physicochemical properties of LHCE and the overall LMB performance. However, there is a lack of design strategies for ideal nonsolvating diluents, and the reported cases are limited to fluorinated nonsolvating diluents (FNDs). FNDs suffer from accelerated decomposition at lithium metal, leading to electrolyte dry-up and ultimately battery failure. Furthermore, the high cost and potential environmental hazards of FNDs necessitate the development of non-fluorinated nonsolvating diluents (NFNDs). Here, we present a design rule for the ideal NFNDs by spectroscopically characterizing the Li+ solvation ability and miscibility. Our design rule identifies the ideal NFNDs, based on the superior cycling performane of candidate diluents over 350 cycles (99.0% ethoxybezene), 500 cycles (98.5% anisole), and 1400 cycles (99.0%, furan). NMR spectra revealed that the designed NFNDs were highly stable in electrolytes during extended cycles. Raman spectroscopy and theoretical calculation reveal that resonance of an electron pair on the oxygen atom of NFND molecules decreases the lithium-ion solvation ability, thereby achieving desirable non-solvating characteristics while maintaining good miscibility, superior cathodic stability, and low prices. Figure 1

Thermal and Nonthermal Assisted Drying of Fruits and Vegetables. Underlying Principles and Role in Physicochemical Properties and Product Quality

Thermal and Nonthermal Assisted Drying of Fruits and Vegetables. Underlying Principles and Role in Physicochemical Properties and Product Quality

An overview of the use of nanozymes in antibacterial applications

• Recent advances of antibacterial nanozymes are overviewed. • The antibacterial mechanisms and influencing factors regarding the antibacterial activities of nanozymes are given. • Various types of nanozymes for antibacterial, anti-biofilms, and biofouling are summarized. • The biosafety profiles of antibacterial nanozymes are analyzed. • Current challenges in the clinical translation process and future perspectives of antibacterial nanozymes are discussed. Topics of bacterial resistance have attracted remarkable scientific interests. Bacterial infection-related diseases are major public safety issues that lead to millions of deaths annually. Therefore, it is urgent to develop novel, high efficiency, and bacteria-binding antibacterial agents. As far as now, the emergence of nanozymes has been presented as promising candidates to combat bacteria. Combining the advantages of nanomaterials and natural enzymes, such nanozymes are generally low cost, good stability, controllable size, easy-of-preparation, multifunctionality, and superior catalytic activity. As the potent antibacterial agents, nanozymes possess satisfying broad-spectrum antibacterial abilities and biocompatibility. Herein, we timely summarize the recent research progress of different kinds of nanozyme-based antibacterial agents. Additionally, the relevant antibacterial mechanisms of nanozymes and the roles of physicochemical properties, external stimuli, and surface modifications on their catalytic performances and biosafety are also discussed. Finally, current challenges and the future perspectives are covered to stimulate new strategies and more effective nanozyme-based antibacterial agents for preclinical translations.

Preclinical Evaluation of an Innovative Bone Graft of Marine Origin for the Treatment of Critical-Sized Bone Defects in an Animal Model

Autogenous cancellous bone graft is the current gold standard of treatment for the management of bone defects since it possesses the properties of osteoinduction, osteoconduction, and osteogenesis. Xenografts and synthetic grafts have been widely reported as available and low-cost alternatives, which retain good osteoconductive and mechanical properties. Given the rich biodiversity of ocean organisms, marine sources are of particular interest in the search for alternative bone grafts with enhanced functionalities. The purpose of this paper is to assess the biocompatibility of a marine-derived bone graft obtained from shark tooth, which is an environmentally sustainable and abundant raw material from fishing. This research presents the findings of a preclinical trial—following UNE-EN ISO 10993—that induced a critical-sized bone defect in a rabbit model and compared the results with a commercial bovine-derived bone graft. Evaluation by micro-computed tomography and histomorphometric analysis 12 weeks after implantation revealed good osseointegration, with no signs of inflammatory foreign body reactions, fibrosis, or necrosis in any of the cases. The shark tooth-derived bone graft yielded significantly higher new bone mineral density values (54 ± 6%) than the control (27 ± 8%). Moreover, the percentage of intersection values were much higher (86 ± 8%) than the bovine-derived bone graft (30 ± 1%) used as control. The area of occupancy by bone tissue in the test material (38 ± 5%) also gave higher values than the control (30 ± 6%). The role of physicochemical properties, biphasic structure, and composition on the stimulation of bone regeneration is also discussed.

Study of weak interactions of boron nitride nanotubes with anticancer drug by quantum chemical calculations

We study the encapsulation of anticancer drug, where a Carboplatin molecule gets inside a BN nanotube (14,0), via DFT and semiempirical method PM7-based calculations. In particular, we analyze the multipolar electric and non-covalent interactions among molecules inside a solvent, which may provide some insight into the role of physicochemical properties of these compounds in the biochemical environment. We calculate the electric dipole in BNNTs of various chiralities utilizing different functionals in order to show which of them would be appropriate to design a reliable drug delivery system. By means of an NCI analysis, we describe the interactions of functionalized (14,0) zigzag BNNT filled with a Carboplatin molecule. Our results show that the nanotube can act as a suitable drug delivery vehicle in the biological environment and that it is unaffected when adsorbed inside a BNNT in the presence of an aqueous solvent.

Interaction between Biocompatible Graphene Oxide and Live Shewanella in the Self-Assembled Hydrogel: The Role of Physicochemical Properties.

Understanding the interaction of graphene materials with bacterial cells is crucial for exploiting their environmental applications. Meanwhile, knowledge on the mechanism of graphene oxide (GO) action to bacteria is still incomplete. This study focused on the inter-relationship of biocompatible GO and the well-known dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria Shewanella, in view of the biographene hydrogel (BGH), a self-assembly of GO and live bacteria. The results showed that, among various inter-related physicochemical properties of GO, the sheet area determined the bacterial survival and the gelation potential with the same Shewanella strain. For the biocompatible GO sheet above 0.30 μm2, the larger the GO, the higher the speed of BGH assembling. Only 22 h was needed to obtain BGH using GO with an average area of 1.83 μm2 (maximum in this study). The GO oxidation degree was found to be another critical factor affecting whether BGH formed or not, with a referential threshold of C/O > 1.75. Finally, surface force of GO was detected and correlated with the bacterial adhesion behavior for the first time, confirming that the large GO in the low oxidation state has high resultant force to attract bacteria. All these findings pave a promising way to develop a GO-bacteria complex like BGH to treat industrial wastewater in the future.

To be ionized or not to be ionized: the vital role of physicochemical properties of galbanic acid derivatives in AChE assay

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and patients suffer from memory loss, a decline in language skill and impairment in other cognitive functions. In the cholinergic hypothesis, dysfunction of cholinergic neurons especially in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex contributes to cognitive decline in patients. So agents that enhance acetylcholine concentration could improve cognitive function. AChEIs are among the most studied anti-Alzheimer agents. Galbanic acid as a natural compound with a sesquiterpene coumarin scaffold is a weak inhibitor of AChE. In the present contribution, we discussed the impact of carboxylic group ionization on inhibitory effects. We performed in vitro and in silico studies on galbanic acid, methyl and ethyl galbanates as AChE inhibitors. The order of inhibitory effect on AChE was obtained as ethyl galbanate ∼ methyl galbanate > galbanic acid. Our study highlights the important role of the physicochemical properties of natural lead compounds in each specific assay.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Pharmaceuticals' removal by constructed wetlands: a critical evaluation and meta-analysis on performance, risk reduction, and role of physicochemical properties on removal mechanisms.

This paper presents a comprehensive and critical analysis of the removal of pharmaceuticals (PhCs), the governing physicochemical properties, and removal mechanisms in constructed wetlands (CWs). The average removal efficiency of the most widely studied 34 PhCs ranges from 21% to 93%, with the exception of one PhC that exhibited negative removal. Moreover, CWs are effective in significantly reducing the environmental risk caused by many PhCs. Based on risk assessment, 12 PhCs were classified under high risk category (oxytetracycline > ofloxacin > sulfamethoxazole > erythromycin > sulfadiazine > gemfibrozil > ibuprofen > acetaminophen > salicylic acid > sulfamethazine > naproxen > clarithromycin), which could be considered for regular monitoring, water quality standard formulation and control purposes. Biodegradation (aerobic and anaerobic) is responsible for the removal of the majority of PhCs, often in conjunction with other mechanisms (e.g., adsorption/sorption, plant uptake, and photodegradation). The physicochemical properties of molecules play a pivotal role in the elimination processes, and could serve as important predictors of removal. The correlation and multiple linear regression analysis suggest that organic carbon sorption coefficient (Log Koc), octanol-water distribution coefficient (Log Dow), and molecular weight form a good predictive linear regression model for the removal efficiency of PhCs (R2 = 0.65, P-value <0.05).

Selective detection of active pharmaceutical ingredients in tablet formulations using solid-state NMR spectroscopy

Atomic-level characterization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) is crucial in pharmaceutical industry because APIs play an important role in physicochemical properties of drug formulations. However, the analysis of targeted APIs in intact tablet formulations is less straightforward due to the coexistence of excipients as major components and different APIs at dilute concentrations (often below 10 ​wt% loading). Although solid-state (ss) NMR spectroscopy is widely used to investigate short-range order, polymorphism, and pseudo-polymorphism in neat pharmaceutical compounds, the analysis of complex drug formulations is often limited by overlapped signals that originate from structurally different APIs and excipients. In particular, such examples are frequently encountered in the analysis of 1H ssNMR spectra of pharmaceutical formulations. While the high-resolution in 1H ssNMR spectra can be attained by, for example, high magnetic fields accompanied by fast magic-angle spinning (MAS) approaches, the spectral complexity associated with the mixtures of compounds hinders the accurate determination of chemical shifts and through-space proximities. Here we propose a fast MAS (70 ​kHz) NMR experiment for the selective detection of 1H signals associated with an API from a severely overlapped NMR spectrum of a tablet formulation. Spectral simplification is achieved by combining (i) symmetry-based dipolar recoupling (SR412) rotational-echo saturation-pulse double-resonance (RESPDOR) with phase-modulate (PM) saturation pulses, (ii) radio frequency-driven recoupling (RFDR), and (iii) double-quantum excitation using Back-to-Back (BaBa) pulse sequence elements. First, 1H sites in close proximities to 14N nuclei of an API are excited using a PM-S-RESPDOR sequence, and simultaneously, the other unwanted 1H signals of excipients are suppressed. Then, 1H magnetization transfer to adjacent 1H sites in the API is achieved by spin diffusion process using a RFDR sequence, which polarizes to 1H sites within the crystalline API regions of the drug formulation. Next, a PM-S-RESPDOR-RFDR sequence is combined with a Back-to-Back (BaBa) sequence to elucidate local-structures and 1H–1H proximities of the API in a dosage form. The PM-S-RESPDOR-RFDR-BaBa experiment is employed in one- (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) versions to selectively detect the 1H ssNMR spectrum of l-cysteine (10.6 ​wt% or 0.11 ​mg) in a commercial formulation, and compared with the spectra of neat l-cysteine recorded using a standard BaBa experiment. The 2D 1H double-quantum−single-quantum (DQ-SQ) spectrum of the API (l-cysteine)-detected pharmaceutical tablet is in good agreement with the 2D 1H DQ-SQ spectrum obtained from the pure API molecule. Furthermore, the sensitivity and robustness of the experiment is examined by selectively detecting 1H{14N} signals in an amino acid salt, l-histidine.H2O.HCl.

Surface Properties and Environmental Transformations Controlling the Bioaccumulation and Toxicity of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles: A Critical Review.

Increasing production and utilization of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) in recent years have raised wide concerns about their toxicity. Numerous studies have been conducted to reveal the toxicity of CNPs, but the results are sometimes contradictory. In this review, the most important factors in mediating CNPs toxicity are discussed, including (1) the roles of physicochemical properties (size, morphology, agglomeration condition, surface charge, coating and surface valence state) on CNPs toxicity; (2) the phase transfer and transformation process of CNPs in various aqueous, terrestrial, and airborne environments; and (3) reductive dissolution of CNPs core and their chemical reactions with phosphate, sulfate/S2-, and ferrous ions. The physicochemical properties play key roles in the interactions of CNPs with organisms and consequently their environmental transformations, reactivity and toxicity assessment. Also, the speciation transformations of CNPs caused by reactions with (in)organic ligands in both environmental and biological systems would further alter their fate, transport, and toxicity potential. Thus, the toxicity mechanisms are proposed based on the physical damage of direct adsorption of CNPs onto the cell membrane and chemical inhibition (including oxidative stress and interaction of CNPs with biomacromolecules). Finally, the current knowledge gaps and further research needs in identifying the toxicological risk factors of CNPs under realistic environmental conditions are highlighted, which might improve predictions about their potential environmental influences. This review aims to provide new insights into cost-effectiveness of control options and management practices to prevent environmental risks from CNPs exposure.

The role of physicochemical properties in the nanoprecipitation of cellulose acetate

The cellulose acetate (CA) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared via the nanoprecipitation technique. The effects of solvent mixture quality and order of addition on the size evolution of CA NPs were investigated. The size of CA NPs was reduced by decreasing the nonsolvent-solvent mixture interaction parameter (χNS−mS) and by increasing the polymer-solvent mixture interaction parameter (χP−mS). The NPs prepared by the method of addition of the polymer solution to the nonsolvent were smaller than those prepared by addition of the nonsolvent to the polymer solution. The very small CA NPs with the diameter of 37 nm and very narrow PdI of 0.045 were fabricated without using any surfactant and charged groups. The role of surface tension and osmotic pressure forces on the formation of NPs were discussed. The formation mechanism of NPs could be assigned to the rapid polymer precipitation and solidification (vitrification) of the nuclei.

Mandelic acid and phenyllactic acid "Reaction Sets" for exploring the kinetics and mechanism of oxidations by hydrous manganese oxide (HMO).

At pH 4.0, hydrous manganese oxide (HMO) oxidizes mandelic acid by two mole-equivalents of electrons, yielding phenylglyoxylic acid and benzaldehyde. These intermediates, in turn, are oxidized by two mole-equivalents of electrons to the same ultimate oxidation product, benzoic acid. The four compounds of the "reaction set" just described are conveniently monitored using capillary electrophoresis (CE) and HPLC. Extents of adsorption are negligible and their sum exhibits mass balance. Concentrations of phenylglyoxylic acid, benzaldehyde, and benzoic acid can therefore be used to calculate mole-equivalents delivered to HMO for comparison with experimentally-determined dissolved MnII concentrations. Semi-log plots (ln[substrate] versus time) and numerical analysis can also be used to explore rates of oxidation of the functional groups represented, i.e. an α-hydroxycarboxylic acid, an α-ketocarboxylic acid, and an aldehyde. Inserting a -CH2- group between the benzene ring and the functional groups just described yields a new reaction set comprised of phenyllactic acid, phenylpyruvic acid, and phenylacetaldehyde, plus the C-1 ultimate oxidation product, phenylacetic acid. At pH 4, mass balance for phenyllactic acid oxidation fell short by ∼9%. Phenyllactic acid was oxidized 2.7-times more slowly than mandelic acid, while phenylpyruvic acid was oxidized 12.7-times faster than phenylglyoxylic acid. Unlike benzaldehyde, oxidation rates for phenylacetaldehyde were too fast to measure. Under pH 4.0 conditions, this reaction set approach was used to explore the acceleratory effects of increases in HMO loading and inhibitory effects of 500 μM phosphate and pyrophosphate additions. Mandelic acid and phenyllactic acid were oxidized by HMO far more slowly at pH 7.0 than at pH 4.0. At pH 7.0, 2 mM MOPS and phosphate buffers did not yield appreciable dissolved MnII, despite oxidation of organic substrate. 2 mM pyrophosphate, in contrast, solubilized HMO-bound MnII and MnIII.

The toxicity of ZnO nanomaterials to HepG2 cells: the influence of size and shape of particles.

Understanding the possible role of physicochemical properties in determining the toxicity of ZnO nanomaterials (NMs) is crucial for the safe use of ZnO-based materials. In this study, we synthesized four types of ZnO NMs, and characterized them as ZnO nanorods (NRs; length 400-500nm, diameter 150-200nm), ZnO Mini-NRs (length 50-100nm, diameter 15-20nm), amorphous ZnO microspheres (a-ZnO MS) and crystalline ZnO MS (c-ZnO MS; the a/c-ZnO MS are nanoflowers with an extensive growth of sheet-like structures). ZnO NMs and ZnO Mini-NRs were significantly more cytotoxic than a/c-ZnO MS, and this trend was similar in both HepG2 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Intracellular reactive oxygen species was only modestly induced by c-ZnO MS, whereas intracellular Zn ions were dose-dependently increased in HepG2 cells by the exposure of all types of ZnO NMs. The expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress marker DDIT3 was induced following an order of ZnO NRs>a-ZnO MS>c-ZnO MS>ZnO Mini-NRs, and the apoptosis gene CASP12 was induced following an order of a-ZnO MS>ZnO NRs>c-ZnO MS>ZnO Mini-NRs. Combined, these results suggested that ZnO NM-induced cytotoxicity and expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-apoptosis genes could be influenced by the size and shape of ZnO NMs.

Copper-polyaniline nanocomposite: Role of physicochemical properties on the antimicrobial activity and genotoxicity evaluation

Copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) have proven to own excellent antimicrobial efficacy, but the problems of easy oxidation and aggregation limit their practical application. Here, nanocomposite based on polyaniline (PANI) and Cu NPs solved this problem and brought additional physicochemical properties that are markedly advantageous for antimicrobial applications. Current work exploits this potential, to examine its time- and concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity, employing E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans as a model microbial species. Regarding the presence of polaronic charge carriers in the fibrous polyaniline network, effects of Cu NPs' size and their partially oxidized surfaces (the data were confirmed by HRTEM, FESEM, XRD, Raman and XPS analysis), as well as rapid copper ions release, Cu-PANI nanocomposite showed efficient bactericidal and fungicidal activities at the concentrations ≤1 ppm, within the incubation time of 2 h. Beside the quantitative analysis, the high levels of cellular disruption for all tested microbes were evidenced by atomic force microscopy. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of the Cu-PANI nanocomposite were lower than those reported for other nanocomposites. Using such low concentrations is recognized as a good way to avoid its toxicity toward the environment. For this purpose, Cu-PANI nanocomposite is tested for its genotoxicity and influence on the oxidative status of the human cells in vitro.

Removal of pharmaceuticals, perfluoroalkyl substances and other micropollutants from wastewater using lignite, Xylit, sand, granular activated carbon (GAC) and GAC+Polonite® in column tests – Role of physicochemical properties

This study evaluated the performance of five different sorbents (granular activated carbon (GAC), GAC + Polonite® (GAC + P), Xylit, lignite and sand) for a set of 83 micropollutants (MPs) (pharmaceuticals, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), personal care products, artificial sweeteners, parabens, pesticide, stimulants), together representing a wide range of physicochemical properties. Treatment with GAC and GAC + P provided the highest removal efficiencies, with average values above 97%. Removal rates were generally lower for Xylit (on average 74%) and lignite (on average 68%), although they proved to be highly efficient for a few individual MPs. The average removal efficiency for sand was only 47%. It was observed that the MPs behaved differently depending on their physicochemical properties. The physicochemical properties of PFASs (i.e. molecular weight, topological molecular surface area, log octanol water partition coefficient (Kow) and distribution coefficient between octanol and water (log D)) were positively correlated to observed removal efficiency for the sorbents Xylit, lignite and sand (p < 0.05), indicating a strong influence of perfluorocarbon chain length and associated hydrophobic characteristics. In contrast, for the other MPs the ratio between apolar and polar surface area (SA/SP) was positively correlated with the removal efficiency, indicating that hydrophobic adsorption may be a key feature of their sorption mechanisms. GAC showed to be the most promising filter medium to improve the removal of MPs in on-site sewage treatment facilities. However, more studies are needed to evaluate the removal of MPs in field trials.

Occurrence, distribution, and potential sources of antibiotics pollution in the water-sediment of the northern coastline of the Persian Gulf, Iran

Occurrence and frequency of six most prescribed antibiotics (tetracycline, norfloxacin, azithromycin, anhydro erythromycin, cephalexin, and amoxicillin) were assessed in three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and in water and sediments of the Persian Gulf at Bushehr coastline, Iran. The antibiotics concentration in the influent and effluent of septic tank (the hospital WWTP), activated sludge (the hospital WWTP), and stabilization pond (municipal WWTP) ranged between 7.89 and 149.63, 13.49–198.47, 6.55–16.37 ng/L, respectively. Conventional treatment resulted in incomplete removal of most of the studied antibiotics. Furthermore, the activated sludge was more effective in terms of antibiotic elimination compared to the stabilization pond or septic tank. The mean concentration of antibiotics ranged 1.21–51.50 ng/L in seawater and 1.40–25.32 ng/g in sediments during summer and winter. Norfloxacin was the dominant detected antibiotic in seawater, sediments, and influent of two hospital WWTPs. Seasonal comparisons showed significant differences for erythromycin and amoxicillin concentrations in seawater. Spatial variation indicated the role of physicochemical properties on distribution of antibiotics in seawater and sediments. The results emphasize the need to pay attention to antibiotic contamination in water and sediments of the Persian Gulf.

Interspecies quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) for eco-toxicity screening of chemicals: the role of physicochemical properties

In addition to molecular structure profiles, descriptors based on physicochemical properties are useful for explaining the eco-toxicities of chemicals. In a previous study we reported that a criterion based on the difference between the partition coefficient (log POW) and distribution coefficient (log D) values of chemicals enabled us to identify aromatic amines and phenols for which interspecies relationships with strong correlations could be developed for fish–daphnid and algal–daphnid toxicities. The chemicals that met the log D-based criterion were expected to have similar toxicity mechanisms (related to membrane penetration). Here, we investigated the applicability of log D-based criteria to the eco-toxicity of other kinds of chemicals, including aliphatic compounds. At pH 10, use of a log POW – log D > 0 criterion and omission of outliers resulted in the selection of more than 100 chemicals whose acute fish toxicities or algal growth inhibition toxicities were almost equal to their acute daphnid toxicities. The advantage of log D-based criteria is that they allow for simple, rapid screening and prioritizing of chemicals. However, inorganic molecules and chemicals containing certain structural elements cannot be evaluated, because calculated log D values are unavailable.

Role of Physicochemical Properties in Nanoparticle Toxicity.

With the recent rapid growth of technological comprehension in nanoscience, researchers have aimed to adapt this knowledge to various research fields within engineering and applied science. Dramatic advances in nanomaterials marked a new epoch in biomedical engineering with the expectation that they would have huge contributions to healthcare. However, several questions regarding their safety and toxicity have arisen due to numerous novel properties. Here, recent studies of nanomaterial toxicology will be reviewed from several physiochemical perspectives. A variety of physiochemical properties such as size distribution, electrostatics, surface area, general morphology and aggregation may significantly affect physiological interactions between nanomaterials and target biological areas. Accordingly, it is very important to finely tune these properties in order to safely fulfill a bio-user’s purpose.

Fabrication and Characterization of Risperidone Implants as an Extended Antipsychotic Delivery System, Exploring the Role of Excipients

Introduction Implant is a promising delivery system for chronically used drugs. Excipients play an important role in physicochemical properties and more importantly drug release profile from the implant system; therefore, selecting appropriate materials in matrix formulation is an important issue.

Development of a new nanovesicle formulation as transdermal carrier: Formulation, physicochemical characterization, permeation studies and anti-inflammatory activity

Context: Ibuprofen is an important NSAID, however, it can cause GI disturbances when given orally, and employment of transdermal route will require permeation enhancer causing skin injury. Objective: Drug-loaded nanovesicles of ceramide-2, cholesterol, palmitic acid, and cholesteryl sulfate (ICVG) were formulated and analyzed for physicochemical and permeation properties. Materials and method: Vesicles were formulated using film hydration method and physicochemical parameters, in vitro drug release, and stability were assessed. Further, nanovesicle gels were evaluated against plain gel containing drug (CG) for ex vivo/in vivo drug permeation and anti-inflammatory activity. Results: The developed formulations showed optimal physicochemical profile and ICV-1 gave 97.24% drug release. Drug permeation was between 17.32 and 33.12 μg/cm2 for ICVG formulations and 0.27 μg/cm2 for CG. ICVG-1 and CG showed Cmax of 9.6 and 0.7 μg/ml at 8 and 4 h. ICVG-1 showed 19.9 times higher AUC than CG. Edema inhibition was 57.98% during initial hours by ICVG-1. Discussion: Ratio of ceramide 2 and palmitic acid plays a critical role in drug permeation through stratum corneum. The stability and protective effect of the formulations were due to ceramide content. Conclusion: The composition has an important role in physicochemical properties and drug permeation thereby generating an optimum formulation.