Role Of Optical Coherence Tomography Research Articles

Evaluation of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease, and is considered a chronic inflammatory disease. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness as a structural biomarker for axonal loss in MS. Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the role of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in detecting RNFL in MS patients without history of optic neuritis and to correlate with disease duration and disease disability. Patients and methods: Case-control study included 34 patients with clinically definite relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and 34 age- and sex-matched individuals (other than MS) served as the controls. They were selected from the inpatients wards and Outpatients Clinic of Neurology Department, Zagazig University Hospitals. All patients were subjected to full history taking, clinical examination as well as laboratory and specific investigations. Results: The mean age was 34.56 ± 8.79 years in MS patients and 34.03 ± 8.79 years in controls. VEP 42.9% is with delay of p100 wave in bilateral eyes, and prolongal p100 laterary in bilateral eyes in 54.3%. There was a highly statistical significant difference between groups as regard RNFL average thickness and RNFL symmetry. Expanded disability status scale (EDSS) showed independently associated with RNFL. Conclusion: The thickness of the RNFL observed by OCT in MS patients is dramatically reduced when compared to controls, according to the current study. OCT is a valuable tool for determining the thickness of the RNFL in MS patients.

Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured by (OCT) optical coherence tomography in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS)

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in Syrian patients with MS and diseases- free controls and to assess this thickness in MS-ON and MS-NON, and assess the relationship between RNFL thickness Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score. Although there are many similar studies to evaluate role of OCT at MS patients in different countries and many races,but this study is the first one of using OCT at MS patients in our country. Methods: This study (cross sectional ,case- control) was carried out at Tishreen University Hospital in Latakia. A total of 112 eyes from 56 individuals with an age range from 22 to 43 years were studied. twenty -six patients with definite MS, Diagnosis of MS was based on the MacDonald criteria.The disease-free controls were matched for age and gender (n=30; 60eyes). Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was measured using optical coherence tomography (Spectralis OCT - Heidelberg Engineering), and gathering information about past ON history since more than 6 months and EDSS. Results: There were statistically Significant differences (p=0.0001) between both groups (case- control) were observed in OCT parameters (average, and all sectors especially temporal and superior sector) with lower RNFL thickness in the MS group (MS-ON,MS-NON).There were statistically significant differences (p=0.0001) between MS-ON (n = 20 eyes) and MS-NON (n = 32eyes) for all RNFL parameters measured by OCT, with lower RNFL thickness in (MS-ON).There were statistically significant inverse correlations was observed between average RNFL thickness and neurologic impairment (Expanded Disability Status Scale) (r=- 0.6، P=0.0001) and all sectors especially in temporal and superior quadrants (r=-7 , P=0.0001). Conclusions: OCT seems to be a reproducible test to detect axonal loss of ganglion cells in MS (RNFL). Further and larger longitudinal prospective studies would be valuable to assess the evolution over time of the RNFL measurements in Syrian MS patients.

The Role of Optical Coherence Tomography in the Diagnosis of Angle Closed Diseases of the Anterior Chamber. Part 1: Visualization of the Anterior Segment of the Eye

The purpose of this work is to review the literature data on the role of optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of diseases of the closed angle of the anterior chamber. An analysis of the modern technical devices use — optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment (AS-OST) and models with a frequency-modulated source (Swept Source) is presented. The advent of new imaging technologies such as SS-OCT is advancing the understanding of the pathogenesis of primary angle closure diseases. Visualization of the structures of the anterior segment of the eye is an important part of the strategy aimed at solving the problem of identifying risk factors, diagnosing, monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of treatment of diseases of primary angle closure. Qualitative and quantitative data analysis based on optical coherence tomography significantly increases the diagnostic accuracy, which undoubtedly plays a key role in the choice of treatment tactics for the closed angle of the anterior chamber. The interpretation of research results should take into account the strengths and weaknesses of traditional methods and newly developed technologies.Conclusion. Optical coherence tomography of the eye’s anterior segment is a standard in modern diagnostics and evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment of diseases of primary angle closure, taking into account pathogenetic mechanisms.

Role of optical coherence tomography in determining specific diagnostic pattern of retinal nerve fiber layer involvement in various central nervous system demyelinating diseases: An observational study

AbstractAimsTo assess retinal nerve fiber layer thickness by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in various central nervous system demyelinating diseases.Methods and MaterialA total of 40 patients were selected. There were 8 patients of multiple sclerosis, 12 patients of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), 9 patients of optic neuritis, and 11 patients of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM). The fast retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness protocol was used to compute the overall average RNFL thickness for each eye. Average RNFL thickness for 360° around the optic disk, for the superior, nasal, inferior, and temporal quadrants around the optic disk as well as in the twelve 30° segments (with 3 o'clock position as nasal) were recorded.ResultsAverage RNFL thicknesses were lower in NMOSD group. Superior, inferior, and temporal quadrants are the preferentially affected while 8 o'clock position RNFL was the thinnest. MS involved 8 o'clock position and temporal quadrant. Of 9 o'clock position and temporal quadrant were the thinnest in LETM. In idiopathic optic neuritis, lowest RNFL value was recorded in the nasal quadrant. In 3 o'clock position, maximum thinning was noted in idiopathic ON. At 9 o'clock position, maximum thinning was seen in LETM patients.ConclusionsMost o'clock positions and superior, inferior, and temporal quadrants were affected in NMOSD. MS mainly involved 8 o’clock position and temporal quadrant. LETM preferentially affected 9 o’clock position and the temporal quadrant. Hence, observing the pattern of RNFL thinning with OCT in CNS demyelinating diseases can intimate the etiological cause. However, larger studies are needed further to confirm the same.

The prognostic role of optical coherence tomography in diabetic macular edema patients undergoing early dexamethasone implant shift.

To determine the prognostic characteristics of optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters by evaluating diabetic macular edema (DME) patients with early dexamethasone (DEX) shift after three doses of intravitreal ranibizumab (RNB) injection. Fifty-four eyes of 34 patients who had DEX implant after three doses of RNB were included in this retrospective study. Early DEX shift includes patients who received direct DEX implant replacement after three doses of RNB load. Baseline OCT values and factors affecting best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) response were analyzed with logistic regression analyses. The presence of subretinal fluid and hyperreflective spot (HRS) >20 were found to be a negative predictive factor for anatomical response. (p = 0.009, p = 0.001, respectively) Low initial BCVA creates a positive effect on visual gain.( p = 0.041) Giant outer nuclear layer cysts, completely disrupted inner segment-outer segment and HRS > 20 have a negative effect on visual gain. (p = 0.025, p = 0.043, p = 0.023, respectively) According to the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the subretinal fluid volume threshold at which >20% reduction in CMT occurs was determined to be 0.85 mm3. (sensitivity 70%, specificity 84% area under the curve 0.817, p = 0.021). The presence of high number of HRS and high subretinal fluid volume at the baseline negatively affect prognosis even in patient groups with early DEX shift.

Potential Mechanisms of In-stent Neointimal Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation.

Percutaneous coronary intervention has become the main revascularization strategy for coronary artery disease. Compared with early percutaneous coronary angioplasty and the extensive clinical application of bare metal stents, drug-eluting stents can significantly reduce the stenosis caused by the elastic retraction of plaque and neoatherosclerosis (NA), but there is still a high incidence of in-stent restenosis (ISR), which restricts the clinical efficacy of stent implantation. In-stent neoatherosclerosis (ISNA), defined as atherosclerotic lesions in the neointima, is one of the main causes of late stent failure. ISNA plays an important role in stent thrombosis and ISR. The rate of target lesion revascularization and in-stent thrombosis is high when NA arises. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to explore the occurrence of NA and its development mechanism after stent implantation to prevent ISR and improve stent implantation efficacy and associated clinical prognosis. In this article, we systematically reviewed the existing clinical research on ISNA and the role of optical coherence tomography in its evaluation.

Novel noninvasive biomarkers of prodromal Alzheimer disease: The role of optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography-angiography.

A reduction of retinal thickness and an alteration of retinal perfusion have been found in Alzheimer disease (AD). Nowadays, retinal layers and retinal perfusion can be evaluated by means of noninvasive imaging techniques, namely, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT-angiography (OCT-A). Here, we have compared the retinal thickness and the perfusion index, measured by means of OCT and OCT-A, in patients with mild cognitive impairment due to AD (MCI-AD) and in age- and sex-matched cognitively healthy controls. Twenty-four MCI-AD patients and 13 control subjects were enrolled. MCI-AD patients underwent lumbar puncture; all of them showed a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profile compatible with AD. OCT was used for evaluating retinal volumes and thicknesses, whereas with OCT-A we measured fractal dimension (FD), vascular perfusion density (VPD), and vessel length density (VLD) of superficial capillary plexus (SCP), intermediate capillary plexus (ICP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), and choriocapillaris. The comparisons between groups were made after adjustment for age, diabetes, and hypertension. A significant reduction of SCP-VLD (p=0.012), ICP-VPD (p=0.015), ICP-VLD (p=0.004), DCP-VPD (p=0.012), and DCP-VLD (p=0.009) was found in MCI-AD patients compared to controls. Conversely, FD was higher in MCI-AD than in controls (p=0.044). CSF Aβ42/total tau negatively correlated with FD (r=-0.51, p=0.010). OCT-A might have a potential role in detecting new noninvasive biomarkers for early AD detection. Retinal VPD might identify amyloid angiopathy-related chronic injury, and FD could show early vessel recruitment as a compensative mechanism at disease onset. Further studies will be needed to confirm these findings.

Оптическая когерентная томография и оптическая когерентная томография-ангиография в определении прогрессирования глаукомы

Purpose. To study the role of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) in the detection of the primary glaucoma progression. Material and methods. The prospective study of 128 patients with primary glaucoma (128 eyes), conducted from 2015 to 2019, included at least 6 standard automated perimetry (SAP) and spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) examinations in each patient; OCTA was also used during the last year of observation. To determine the disease progression, the trend and event analysis using the Humphrey Field Analyzer was performed. The fact and rate of thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and its ganglion cell complex (GCC) were evaluated. If they had a trend of significant (p < 0.05) thinning, the eye was classified as having the SD-OCT progression. The values of corneal-compensated IOP were also considered: minimal (IOPmin) and peak (IOPmax). Results. Glaucoma progression was detected in 79 eyes. The isolated use of SAP allows detecting the progression only in 2.3% cases, SD-OCT - in 37.5%, among them the isolated assessment of GCC amounted to 7.8%, and RNFL – to 5.5%. The complex dynamic morphological and functional assessment increased the possibility of progression detection up to 61.7%. Progression was related to the stage of glaucoma damage at the moment of diagnosis: for the perimetry index PSD p=0.025, for the focal loss volume of GCC p=0.024, as well as with the level of minimal IOP (p=0.04). All patients with progression have shown the vessel density decrease in the peripapillary retina and parafovea. Conclusion. SD-OCT plays an important role in detecting the progression of glaucoma. The complex dynamic morphological and functional assessment allows detecting the progression in over half of patients. Progression is associated with the initial stage of glaucoma and an insufficient IOP decrease during treatment, accompanied by retinal microcirculation deterioration. Key words: primary, glaucoma progression, optical coherence tomography, OCT-angiography, IOP.

Synergistic role of optical coherence tomography and StentBoost in delineating the cause of intraluminal haziness postpercutaneous coronary intervention

A 64-year-old hypertensive man presented with angina on walking around 500 meters for the last 9 months. On examination, his blood pressure was 130/70 mm Hg and the rest of...

Preterm Infant Stress During Handheld Optical Coherence Tomography vs Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscopy Examination for Retinopathy of Prematurity

Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy (BIO) examination for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a well-known cause of repeated preterm infant stress. To compare stress during investigational optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to that during BIO for ROP. This cross-sectional study examined infants at the bedside in the intensive care nursery. Consecutive preterm infants enrolled in Study of Eye Imaging in Preterm Infants (BabySTEPS) who had any research OCT imaging as part of the study. Patients were recruited from June to November 2019, and analysis began April 2020. Infant stress was measured using modified components of a neonatal pain assessment tool before (baseline) and during OCT imaging and BIO examination of each eye. For 71 eye examinations of 16 infants (mean [SD] gestational age, 27 [3] weeks; birth weight, 869 [277] g), change from baseline to each eye examination was lower during OCT imaging than during BIO and the difference between OCT imaging and BIO at each eye examination was significant for the following: infant cry score (first eye examination: mean [SD], 0.03 [0.3] vs 1.68 [1.2]; -1.65 [95% CI, -1.91 to -1.39]; second eye examination: mean [SD], 0.1 [0.3] vs 1.97 [1.2]; -1.87 [95% CI, -2.19 to -1.54]), facial expression (first eye: 3 [4%] vs 59 [83%]; -79% [95% CI, -87% to -72%]; second eye: 4 [6%] vs 61 [88%]; -83% [95% CI, -89% to -76%]), and heart rate (first eye: mean [SD], -7 [16] vs 13 [18]; -20 [95% CI, -26 to -14]); second eye: mean [SD], -3 [18] vs 20 [20] beats per minute; -23 [95% CI, -29 to -18]) (P < .001 for all). Change in respiratory rate and oxygen saturation did not differ between OCT imaging and BIO. While the role of OCT alone or in combination with BIO is currently unknown for ROP, these findings suggest that investigational OCT imaging of ROP is less stressful than BIO examination by a trained ophthalmologist.

Role of Optical Coherence Tomography in Identifying Retinal Biomarkers in Frontotemporal Dementia

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is often misdiagnosed or recognized late. Clinical heterogeneity and overlap with other dementias impede accurate diagnosis. FTD biomarkers are limited, expensive, and invasive. We present a narrative review of the current literature focused on optical coherence tomography (OCT) to identify retinal biomarkers of dementia, discuss OCT findings in FTD, and explore the implications of an FTD-specific ocular biomarker for research and patient care. Recent studies suggest that outer retinal thinning detected via OCT may function as a novel ocular biomarker of FTD. The degree and rate of inner retinal thinning may correlate with disease severity and progression. In Alzheimer disease (AD), OCT demonstrates thinning of the inner retina, which may differentiate this condition from FTD. We conducted a comprehensive search of the literature and reviewed published OCT findings in FTD, AD, and mild cognitive impairment, as well as reports on biomarkers of FTD and AD used in the research and patient care settings. Three of the authors (O.M., N.S.K., and K.Z.Y.) independently conducted literature searches using PubMed to identify studies published before May 1, 2020, using the following search terminology: "Alzheimer's disease," "Alzheimer's dementia," "frontotemporal dementia," "FTD," "mild cognitive impairment," "dementia biomarkers," and "neurodegeneration biomarkers." Search results were then refined using one or more of the following keywords: "optical coherence tomography," "optical coherence tomography angiography," "retinal imaging," and "retinal thinning." The selection of published works for inclusion in this narrative review was then limited to full-text articles written in English based on consensus agreement of the authors. FTD diagnosis is imprecise, emphasizing the need for improved state and trait biomarkers. OCT imaging of the retina holds considerable potential for establishing effective ocular biomarkers for FTD.

Chapter 6 - The role of optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of afferent visual pathway problems: A neuroophthalmic perspective

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive ocular imaging technique that has become a standard tool in neuroophthalmic practice. Specifically, OCT captures retinal manifestations of neuroaxonal injury caused by lesions along anterior and posterior regions of the afferent visual pathway, in patients presenting with vision loss. More recently, the advent of OCT angiography (OCTA) has enabled evaluation of the choroidal and retinal microvasculature, thus informing our understanding regarding vascular mechanisms associated with optic nerve and retinal injuries. Much of our longitudinal experience with OCT in the field of neuroophthalmology has been acquired from the study of optic neuritis (ON) caused by inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Over the past two decades, OCT has emerged as a surrogate endpoint for CNS neuroaxonal injury in multiple sclerosis (MS) research trials. On a more pragmatic level, OCT is used in the clinical arena to diagnose ON associated with: MS, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody associated disease (MOGAD). Subsequent advancements in swept-source (SS) and enhanced depth imaging (EDI) have established OCT as the new "gold standard" in the diagnosis of optic disc drusen. Recent studies have highlighted pathognomonic OCT features that distinguish cases of true papilledema from pseudopapilledema, in patients presenting with undifferentiated optic disc elevation. Preoperative OCT measures of neuroaxonal integrity have shown prognostic value in predicting postoperative visual outcomes for patients with compressive anterior visual pathway lesions. Finally, OCT is indispensable in differentiating optic neuropathies from retinal diseases in patients with visual loss and a nondiagnostic fundus examination. An in-depth discussion regarding the technical aspects of OCT is beyond the scope of this chapter. Instead, we wish to highlight the value OCT brings to the diagnosis and management of common neuroophthalmic conditions, with emphasis on optic neuropathies and retinal disorders.

Evaluation of choroidal thickness in children with type 1 diabetes: the role of optical coherence tomography in diabetic retinopathy screening.

.The present study aimed to evaluate choroidal changes and alternations within the structure of the retina prior to visible morphologic signs of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in pediatric type 1 diabetes (T1D) cases. Two hundred and six eyes of 103 pediatric patients with T1D without DR and 88 eyes of 44 healthy controls were enrolled. They underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination and optical coherence tomography evaluation. Choroidal thickness (ChT) measurements were performed manually on macular and peripapillary regions. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, intraocular pressure, and axial length (p > 0.05). ChT measurements of subfoveal, nasal, and temporal macula were slightly thinner in the diabetic group, and no statistical significance was found (p = 0.835, p = 0.305, and p = 0.054, respectively). Peripapillary ChT of eight sectors were also thinner in T1D; however, superonasal, nasal, inferonasal, and inferior sector values were significantly different (p = 0.010, p = 0.020, p = 0.019, and p = 0.018, respectively). In conclusion; this study demonstrated evidence of peripapillary choroidal thinning in pediatric diabetic patients without visible signs of retinopathy.

Роль оптической когерентной томографии (ОКТ) в выборе возможного интервала между операциями на двух глазах при двусторонней возрастной катаракте

Роль оптической когерентной томографии (ОКТ) в выборе возможного интервала между операциями на двух глазах при двусторонней возрастной катаракте

Diagnostic Value of Optical Coherence Tomography in the Early Diagnosis of Macular Complications in Chronic Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease

ABSTRACT Purpose To describe the role of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in detecting subclinical choroidal inflammation and early diagnosis of macular complications in chronic Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease with sunset glow fundus. Methods Retrospective observational study. Clinical features, OCT images, treatment, and visual outcome were analyzed. Results Fourteen patients (9 females and 5 males) were included in the study. Mean age was 39 years (range 7–67 years). Mean duration of disease was 5.25 years (range 1–15 years). Anterior uveitis was seen in 14 eyes (52%). Fundus examination showed sunset glow fundus in all patients with no obvious macular pathology. OCT showed macular edema in 16 eyes (59%), choroidal neovascular membrane in 8 eyes (30%), and macular hole in 3 eyes (11%). Conclusion OCT should be regularly used to detect subclinical inflammation and early macular complications in chronic VKH disease where sunset glow fundus may delay the clinical diagnosis thus causing permanent damage.

Recanalized Coronary Thrombus: Role of OCT in Identifying a Slow-Evolving and Underestimated Coronary Lesion

Pathological studies have revealed spontaneous recanalized coronary thrombi as a frequent evolution of coronary occlusions; however, they are poorly recognized on coronary angiography, and the optimal therapeutic strategy for clinical evolution is unknown. We report the role of optical coherence tomography in identifying a recanalized coronary thrombus causing myocardial ischemia after 11 years of follow-up. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.)

The possible role of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and OCT‐Angiography (OCTA) as new non‐invasive biomarkers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease

AbstractBackgroundSeveral papers support the existence of a possible link between reduced retinal thickness and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [1]. Other explorative studies based on retinal oximetry and Doppler flowmetry suggest an alteration of retinal perfusion in AD [2, 3]. Nowadays, retina layers and retinal perfusion can be studied by means of non invasive techniques, ie, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and OCT‐Angiography (OCT‐A). So far, data on OCT‐A in AD patients are scarce, conflicting [4‐5] and refer mostly to the dementia phase. Here, we have compared the retinal thickness and the perfusion index, measured by means of OCT and OCT‐A, in patients with mild cognitive impairment showing a CSF profile compatible with AD (MCI‐AD), and age‐matched cognitively healthy controls.MethodWe enrolled 37 subjects, 24 MCI‐AD patients, and 13 sex and age‐matched cognitively healthy subjects as control group. The mean age was 69.8 in MCI‐AD and 73.6 in controls. The MCI‐AD patients underwent neurological evaluation, neuropsychological assessment and lumbar puncture: in all these patients, the CSF profile, based on t‐tau, p‐tau, Aβ42 and Aβ42/40, was compatible with AD. OCT and OCT‐A have been used for evaluating retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer and other retinal thicknesses and retinal and choroidal capillary plexuses. ANCOVA was used for comparing OCT measurements after adjustment for age, diabetes and hypertension.ResultA significant reduction of superficial capillary plexus (10.10±0.81 vs. 10.79±0.67, p=0.012), deep capillary plexus (72.80±3.31 vs. 75.78±3.71, p=0.012) and intermediate capillary plexus (75.57±2.85 vs. 78.03±2.84, p=0.015) was found in MCI‐AD patients compared to controls. Conversely, the fractal dimension (FD) was increased in MCI‐AD with respect to control (1.51±0.02 vs. 1.50±0.01, p=0.044); CSF Abeta42/Tau ratio correlated negatively with FD (r=‐0.51, p=0.010).ConclusionA reduction of retinal perfusion as opposed to an increased fractal dimension in MCI‐AD patients vs controls has been found. The latter finding could be due to a compensative mechanism. These data could support the role of OCT‐A as possible biomarker of prodromal AD. Further larger prospective studies are needed in order to confirm this hypothesis.

Role of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in Early Detection of Subclinical Cystoid Macular Edema after Nd-YAG Laser Capsulotomy

Purpose: To determine role of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in early detection of subclinical cystoid macular edema (CME) after Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy in patients with posterior capsular opacification (PCO).&#x0D; Study Design: Descriptive case-series.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Ophthalmology Unit 1, Dow University of Health Sciences and Civil Hospital Karachi from 1-July-2015 to 31-Dec-2015.&#x0D; Methods: A total of 72 eyes with unilateral or bilateral visually significant PCO following uncomplicated cataract surgery with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation were included in the study. Patients with corneal opacities, glaucoma, retinopathy, maculopathy, optic neuropathy, complicated cataract surgery, previous ocular surgery other than cataract surgery and High refractive errors were excluded from the study. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), Slit lamp examination, posterior segment examination and macular thickness was measured using spectral domain (TOPCON 3D OCT) optical coherence tomography before laser and at 1 week and at 1 month after laser.&#x0D; Results: Mean age was 55.76 ± 5.28 with Confidence interval of 55.02 – 56.49 years. Eighty-one were males and 122 were females. Subclinical cystoid macular edema (CME) was found in 10 (14%) patients. Out of the patients who had CME, 3 were in age group of 40-55 years and seven were in age group of 56-70 years. P value was found to be significant i.e. (P = 0.039).&#x0D; Conclusion: Optical coherence tomography OCT is a non invasive and useful tool for early detection and management of subclinical cystoid macular edema after Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy in patients having posterior capsular opacification (PCO).&#x0D; Key Words: Cystoid Macular Edema, Nd-YAG laser, Posterior Capsular Opacification. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT).

Chorioretinal Side Effects of Therapeutic Ocular Irradiation: A Multimodal Imaging Approach.

Radiation chorioretinopathy, radiation maculopathy, and radiation optic neuropathy are the major complications of ophthalmic radiotherapy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) are revolutionary imaging methods, allowing the visualization of the retinal cellular architecture and the retinal vascular system, respectively. In recent years this multimodal imaging approach has been applied to several retinal disease, but its role in the clinical characterization of retinal complications secondary to ophthalmic radiotherapy has not yet been defined. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the role of OCT and OCTA in the clinical assessment of radiation-induced chorioretinopathy, maculopathy, and optic neuropathy.

Paracentral Acute Middle Maculopathy Mimicking Retrobulbar Optic Neuropathy

A 70-year-old woman presented with acute awareness of decreased color vision in her right eye. Fundus examination and a flash electroretinography (ERG) were both normal. A multifocal ERG (mfERG) however revealed foveal depression, and thinning of inner nuclear layer was noted on macular optical coherence tomography (OCT), and a diagnosis of resolved paracentral acute middle maculopathy was made. Clinicians should be aware of the complementary role of OCT and mfERG in unexplained acute central visual loss to distinguish retinal from neuro-ophthalmic etiologies. Structural ocular imaging with OCT shows features of inner, middle, and outer retinal localizations to the visual loss.