Role Of Military Research Articles

From pharaoh to hero: contested constructions of Mubarak’s image in Egyptian post-uprising collective memory

ABSTRACT The 2011 Egyptian uprising, which ended President Husni Mubarak’s thirty-year rule, initially painted him as a pharaoh. However, more than a decade since his overthrow, Mubarak’s image is variedly invoked and embodied across Egypt. Schools, hospitals, streets, and squares proudly bear his name. Social media groups glorify his memory, while locals openly express longing for his era. Unlike other deposed Arab leaders during the ‘Arab Spring’, Mubarak received a state military funeral, elevating him to a revered patriot and hero. This paper explores the constructions of Mubarak’s image in Egyptian collective memory, at the official and vernacular levels. The paper’s core argument emphasizes that during the transition period, revolutionary forces shaped a negative public memory of Mubarak. Yet in recent years, the resurgence of authoritarianism has marginalized these forces, allowing pro-Mubarak factions to advance a positive depiction, idealizing his legacy, and fostering feelings of regret. The post-June 2013 official narrative regarding Mubarak delicately manoeuvres between these competing narratives. It exalts his military role in the 1973 war while undermining his political heritage, thereby preventing any single narrative from dominating and thwarting influential factions in civil society from challenging the regime’s resilience with a political alternative.

Obcokrajowcy w rosyjskiej flocie bałtyckiej w 1722 r. w świetle dokumentów brytyjskich

Even before the Great Northern War, Tsar Peter I began building the Russian Baltic Fleet, which played a very important military role in the second phase of that conflict in the aforementioned body of water. Before the conflict, Russia did not have a sufficient number of ships and educated officers, master shipbuilders, or skilled shipyard workers. As a result, foreigners were hired, who were in the vast majority of the Russian fleet at the time. They also received very high honoraria, as mentioned in the reports of British diplomats from Russia, which will be the source basis for this discussion. They did not overlook the training of their cardinals both at home and in other European countries. Ships, on the other hand, which formed the basis of the Baltic fleet, were most often purchased from England and the Netherlands. Based on the surviving documents of British diplomats, it is possible to reconstruct the state of the fleet and the composition of the foreigners serving in it, the number of fees they received, and the number of ships purchased abroad for the Russian Navy.

Leadership Styles and Effectiveness of Female Officers in the US Military: A Historical Perspective and Recent Developments

Aims: This study aims to provide a concise historical perspective and summarize recent developments in leadership styles and effectiveness of female officers in the US military. The review focuses on the evolving roles of women in military leadership, the predominant leadership styles employed, and their effectiveness in the contemporary military context. Study Design: A narrative study of peer-reviewed articles and official military reports published primarily within the last decade (2013-2023). Methodology: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using military and leadership databases, including JSTOR, Military & Government Collection, and Leadership Studies. The review prioritized empirical studies, policy analyses, and authoritative reviews published in reputable journals and official military publications. Results: The study reveals a significant increase in leadership opportunities for female officers over the past decade. Transformational and adaptive leadership styles are predominant among female officers. They have demonstrated effectiveness in team cohesion, crisis management, conflict resolution, and mentorship. In some areas, such as strategic thinking and innovative problem-solving, female officers show comparable or superior performance to their male counterparts. However, challenges related to gender stereotypes and work-life balance persist. Conclusion: While substantial progress has been made in integrating women into military leadership roles, continued efforts are needed to address remaining barriers. The unique contributions of female officers to military leadership, particularly in areas of team cohesion and adaptive problem-solving, warrant further research and recognition in military doctrine and training programs.

예비군법의 법정책적 검토

The Reserve Forces system, which originated as the Homeland Reserve Forces with a limited role in regional defense, has evolved to include broader responsibilities, encompassing national defense. However, there has been insufficient discussion on whether these changes are appropriate for the legal status and role of the Reserve Forces. It is necessary to examine whether the Reserve Forces should function merely as a supplementary organization to the regular military or if they should be assigned an independent role. Moreover, there is a concern that the expansive definition of the Reserve Forces' duties has led to ambiguity in their role and their relationship with the regular military. This study aims to explore the direction for improving the Reserve Forces Act. There is a need to clarify the duties of the Reserve Forces, focusing on military tasks during wartime and restructuring the organization accordingly. The Reserve Forces should be mobilized only for military needs in wartime, excluding non-military tasks such as civil defense or riot control from their primary duties. The Reserve Forces must be able to concentrate on their fundamental military role. Furthermore, it is essential to enhance the legal status and treatment of reservists to match that of regular soldiers. Currently, reservists do not receive the same legal protection as regular soldiers during duty, and the compensation provided is inadequate. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that reservists have the same legal status as regular soldiers during their service, with clear regulations on their treatment and compensation. By referencing examples from countries such as the United States, Germany, and Taiwan, the legal status of reservists should be clearly defined, and the state must fulfill its responsibility for their duty performance through legal and institutional reforms. In conclusion, the Reserve Forces system must play a more crucial role as the pool of military personnel decreases. To achieve this, it is essential to reform the legal framework. By clarifying the duties and roles of the Reserve Forces through the Reserve Forces Act and enhancing the legal status and treatment of reservists, a system must be established in which the Reserve Forces can make a substantial contribution to national security. This will enable the Reserve Forces to be operated in line with the modern security environment, thereby more effectively ensuring national security.

Income inequality persistence in African countries: financial regulation and military expenditure roles

Income inequality persistence in African countries: financial regulation and military expenditure roles

Transformation, insecurity, and uncontrolled automation: frames of military AI in the EU AI strategic discourse

ABSTRACT Despite the dual-use nature of AI, the emerging EU AI policy has excluded the military from the initial policy scope, by introducing it as a single-market issue and a predominantly civilian matter. However, both the existing EU tools for supporting developments in military AI and the existing literature on dual-use technologies suggest that the military realm is actually present, despite claims to the contrary. This tension raises a question: is the EU manoeuvring between the civil and military elements of AI in order to sideline the conversation on the military role in its self-identification and approach towards technologies? To see where and how the military element appears in the case of AI, the article aims to identify how military AI is framed in the EU. It empirically distinguishes three frames: military AI as a transformative technology (military capability building); military AI as increased insecurity (assessment of international dynamics as based on an arms race); and military AI as uncontrolled automation (calls to establish human control over automating military technology). The frames reveal differing views towards technology, the international environment, and the EU response to both. It argues that the notion of in-betweenness evolves not only in terms of blurring the lines between civil vs military use of the dual-use technology. It is also about EU self-positioning, which differs in the three frames (from military to normative power) by demonstrating manoeuvres between them depending on specific temporal and political circumstances.

Hardware Design and Implementation of a High-Precision Optically Pumped Cesium Magnetometer System Based on the Human-Occupied Vehicle Platform

High-precision magnetometers play a crucial role in ocean exploration, geophysical prospecting, and military and security applications. Installing them on human-occupied vehicle (HOV) platforms can greatly enhance ocean exploration capabilities and efficiency. However, most existing magnetometers suffer from low sensitivity and excessively large size. This study presents a high-sensitivity, miniaturized magnetometer based on cesium optically pumped probes. The designed magnetometer utilizes a three-probe design to eliminate the detection dead zone of the cesium optically pumped probe and enable three-dimensional magnetic detection. The proposed magnetometer uses a flux gate probe to detect the three-axis magnetic field and ensure that the probe does not enter the dead zone. The three probes can automatically switch by measuring the geomagnetic elements and real-time attitude of the HOV platform. This article primarily introduces the cesium three-probe optically pump, flux gate sensor, and automatic switching scheme design of the above-mentioned magnetometer. Moreover, it is proven through testing that the core indicators, such as the accuracy and sensitivity of the cesium three-probe optically pumped and flux gate sensor, reach international standards. Finally, the effectiveness of the automatic switching scheme proposed in this study is demonstrated through drone-mounted experiments.

Enhancing equity, diversity and inclusion in the European Union military schools and academies through collaborative initiatives and gender policy reform

AbstractThe European Union Military Schools and Academies (EUMSAs) have long grappled with persistent gender imbalances among their student body, indicative of an entrenched male‐centric culture within these institutions. In recognition of this issue, the collaborative Military Gender Studies initiative was launched under the auspices of the Erasmus+ program. This project involved partners from Bulgaria, Italy, Portugal and Romania, each offering unique insights shaped by their diverse socio‐political contexts. This research aims to go beyond mere acknowledgment of disparities and instead seeks to identify actionable strategies that can foster genuine equity, diversity and inclusivity within the EUMSAs. To this end, a comprehensive data‐gathering approach was employed, incorporating various qualitative methods including face‐to‐face interviews, face‐to‐face focus groups, direct observations and analysis of official documentation sourced from the referred EUMSAs. The resulting insights highlight the need for substantial improvements in institutional gender policies. Particularly, while efforts have been made to instill gender sensitivity within fitness assessments, their impact has been disappointingly limited. Furthermore, the practice of assigning military roles based solely on gender has been found to undermine both effectiveness and fairness within the schools/academies. Conversely, an encouraging sentiment pervades among the student body, advocating for a curriculum that incorporates gender‐related subjects into the EUMSA educational framework (curriculum). This suggests a growing recognition of the importance of addressing gender issues not only in policy but also in practice, signalling a promising shift towards a more inclusive and equitable environment within the EUMSAs.

Concepts of Unification and Cooperation between the Autonomous Region of Krajina and the Serbian Autonomous District of Krajina in 1991 and 1992

The authors of this paper analyze the relationship between the two regions from their unilateral declarations until the second half of 1992. The Serbian Autonomous Region of Krajina (later the Republic of Serbian Krajina) in Croatia and the Autonomous Region of Krajina (ARK) in the northwestern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina were the first, as formal-legal successors of municipal communities, to be unilaterally formed autonomous regions based on ethnic principles in the process of the dissolution of Yugoslavia. Both were proclaimed by unilateral decisions of the republican organizations of the Serbian Democratic Party (SDS) both in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina before Slovenia and Croatia declared independence. Immediately after these declarations, politicians from both Krajinas analyzed and publicly presented their views on the future status of the newly formed regions. One of the options was the unification of these two regions into one administrative unit or state, with the most prominent advocates being the leading politicians from both regions. In order to justify the formation of such an administrative unit, reports were published on the necessity of its formation as a separate entity within the “fragmented Yugoslavia” or Greater Serbian state. However, the question arose of how much such unification would diminish the influence of SDS political leaders from Bosnia and Herzegovina and who would actually be the new national leader among the Serbs west of the Drina River? This question, as it turned out, burdened the entire relationship between the political and military leadership in both the Republic of Srpska (RS) and the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) in various phases of the dissolution of Yugoslavia. Despite disagreements and different positions on the unification of the two Krajinas and the question of their status, political and military cooperation was unquestionable in the first two years of aggression against the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Cooperation was particularly intense in the second half of 1992 when the 1st and 2nd Krajina Corps of the Army of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina/Army of the Republic of Srpska, in cooperation with the police structures of the RSK and the Serbian Army of Krajina (SAK), were jointly tasked with implementing the Six Strategic Goals of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina/Republic of Srpska. This cooperation was particularly evident in the “battle for establishing the corridor” between Krajina and Semberija as the Second Strategic Goal, or joint action in Operation “Corridor '92”. In this paper, we will analyze the period from the end of 1990 and the first half of 1991 when the unilateral declarations of the Serbian Autonomous Region of Krajina and the Community of Municipalities of Bosnian Krajina (ZOBK), later ARK, occurred, until September 1992 when the decision was made to cease the existence of autonomous regions in the RS. This is the period when mass atrocities were committed against Bosniak and Croatian civilian populations in the RSK and RS. In the second half of 1991, the Bosnian Krajina was a direct war zone from which units of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) carried out aggressive operations against Croatia, and in 1992, it became a symbol of crimes against civilians in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Areas under Serbian control became “ethnically cleansed”, and Bihać, as a city under continuous military action from the RS and RSK military forces, became one of the symbols of the siege. The question arises as to whether the strategic goals of the RS could have been realized if the two Krajinas had not closely cooperated? This is precisely one of the questions we will answer. In order to answer such and similar questions, an analysis of the role of military and police structures of both regions is necessary, both in crimes and in military operations in the Bihać region.

Emerging Trends in the Prevalence of Military Medicine Interest Groups and Specialty Tracks at U.S. Medical Schools.

A challenge confronting health care is the national physician shortage, notably impacting the DoD's recruitment of military physicians. To address this, the Health Professions Scholarship Program is annually awarded to medical students to facilitate their transition into the U.S. Armed Forces. There is a glaring absence of military medical education in civilian schools to accommodate the unique interests of these students. While medical schools have adapted with interest groups and specialty tracks, the current presence of military medicine interest groups (MMIGs) and military medicine specialty tracks (MMSTs) remains under-explored. This study aimed to (1) update the prevalence of MMIGs in U.S. medical institutions, (2) identify the presence of MMSTs, and (3) compare military medicine involvement between allopathic and osteopathic programs. The study was approved for exempt status from the Kansas City University Institutional Review Board (study number 20,211,568-1). In a cross-sectional analysis, surveys were sent to 208 U.S. medical schools, with responses from student services or available public data from 200 institutions included in the final analysis. A secondary survey was sent to respondents who provided MMIG or MMST contacts. Results indicated that 62% (n = 124/200) of schools currently have an established MMIG, a modest growth from 56% (n = 70/125) in 2015 (p = .14). MMST prevalence, however, is minimal at 2.5% (5/200). Osteopathic institutions demonstrated a significantly greater engagement in military medicine education (88.7%) compared to allopathic schools (52.4%) (p < .001). This research underscores the need for comprehensive military medical training in medical schools to meet the interests and career aspirations of their students. Future studies should also evaluate the efficacy of MMIGs and MMSTs in preparing students for military medical roles.

Overview of Robotic Surgery in the U.S. Military: From Conception to Utilization, and Future Applications.

This column explores the inception, challenges, and prospects of robotic surgery in the military. It highlights the military's role in developing early prototypes, current utilization, training struggles, partnerships with civilian organizations, and potential future applications. The military's influence on the evolving landscape of robotic surgery is emphasized.

Modeling and Simulation of Unmanned Swarm System Based on Dynamic Structure DEVS

As a complex system with collaborative cooperation and capability emergence, the unmanned swarm system plays an important role in military, agriculture, aerospace and other fields. With the increasing complexity of unmanned swarm systems, traditional modeling methods cannot effectively describe the dynamics of swarm systems. In order to effectively design, use and evaluate unmanned swarm systems, this article conducts modeling and simulation of unmanned swarm systems based on DSDEVS(Dynamic Structure Discrete Event System Specification). Describe the unmanned swarm system from both behavioral and structural aspects. Based on component modeling, the microscopic behaviors of the unmanned platforms that constitute the unmanned swarm are described, and coupling relationships are established to describe the collaborative structure between unmanned platforms. According to the state transfer and event interaction characteristics of the unmanned swarm system, a synchronization mechanism is added to support changes in the swarm structure. This enables the unmanned swarm system to make adaptive structural adjustments according to environmental changes and its own goals during simulation operation, so as to achieve a state of enhanced capabilities and structural stability to complete the task. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of this method were verified through a simulation experiment of joint reconnaissance by a UAV swarm.

Exploring Steganographic Techniques for Enhanced Data Protection in Digital Files

This article delves into the intricate field of digital steganography, a pivotal method for ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of hidden data within digital files. As digital communication continues to evolve, the necessity for robust security measures to protect sensitive information has never been more critical. This research primarily focuses on the exploration of steganographic techniques that not only safeguard the confidentiality of data but also maintain its integrity, thereby ensuring the data remains unchanged and secure from tampering. Additionally, the paper investigates the application of these methods in copyright protection and covert communications, highlighting their significance in the digital era. Through a comprehensive analysis of modern steganographic techniques, this study evaluates their advantages and disadvantages, along with their practical applicability in various information security tasks. The findings underscore the growing relevance of steganography in the face of increasing digital communication, offering insights into its role in military, diplomatic, and commercial domains. By examining digital watermarks and other steganographic tools, this work contributes to the ongoing discourse on digital privacy and security, presenting a nuanced understanding of how hidden data can be effectively embedded within digital files for protection against unauthorized access and use.

IMPORTANCE OF THE ARMS AND WEAPONS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MARWAR STATE

Arms and weapons have always been a necessity for the safety, security for an individual and state as a whole from the time when civilization began to flourish to the time kingdoms reached their golden age. Arms and army to the state were as important as the treasury to the king. So the Research work on the article help us to analyse and understand the importance of these arms and weapons and how they played important role in military, administration, and economy of Marwar state of Rajputana i.e. modern day jodhpur of Rajasthan.

Problematizing Managerial Militarization: Claims to Military Logistical Expertise in the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil

The Brazilian Armed Forces have had a prominent role in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We take this participation as an entry point to confront traditional assumptions of studies on civil-military relations and militarization, investigating a particular claim used to justify the mobilization of the Brazilian military in health-related activities: their credentials in a managerial expertise in logistics. In doing so, we argue that there is an ongoing re-articulation in the discursive regime used to justify their expansion of roles—not one anchored on the efficiency in the use of violence associated with a “war ethos” specific to the military professional, but another, grounded on a managerial expertise to efficiently procure, manage and distribute resources across the national territory, especially in contexts of “crisis.” We claim that the historical transformation of such discourse is a particular expression of global processes that have historically vested “managerial expertise” with political authority to solve social problems in critical situations. We also contend that this managerial dimension has been largely neglected in the critique of militarization articulated in traditional and contemporary civil–military relations studies. In light of these processes, this article seeks to contribute to critical work regarding the conditions for and effects of the expansion of military roles under the regime of justification here analyzed, thereby stimulating us to rethink the assumptions upon which militarization can be problematized in the contemporary period.

Can Military Become an Accountable Humanitarian Actor?: Perception of Humanitarian Norms and Modus Operandi of the ROK Army and Japan Self Defense Force

Purpose: The study aims to investigate the extent to which these military entities, the ROK Army (ROKA) and the Japan Self Defense Forces (JSDF) perceive humanitarian norms and operational guidelines as accountable humanitarian actors.&#x0D; Originality: Given that the role of military in offshore humanitarian action has become both prominent and complex, understanding the sensitization of these organizations to key humanitarian principles is a critical facet of assessing their capacity to engage in relief operations in an ethical and legitimate manner.&#x0D; Methodology: The survey with structured questionnaires was administered to 104 officers from the ROKA and 101 veteran officers from the JSDF including focus group interviews. Independent sample t-tests were conducted to identify differences in perceptions between the two groups, utilizing SPSS 25 as the analytical tool.&#x0D; Result: Both the ROKA and the JSDF demonstrated a relatively high level of awareness and commitment to humanitarian principles, though variations in perception were observed. Notably, differences emerged in their perceptions of guidelines for the use of military assets in humanitarian operations, with the ROKA exhibiting a comparatively higher level of perception in certain areas. The JSDF, on the other hand, showed higher levels of perception regarding the impacts of complex humanitarian emergencies, particularly natural disasters.&#x0D; Conclusions and Implication: These findings underscore the need for tailored training of humanitarian action, and transparent communication and coordination strategies with civilian agencies to enhance their effectiveness in addressing humanitarian crises in fragile contexts.

Kipchak Networks of Power in Mongol China

Kipchak tribes have always had an important military role in the Mongol Empire. In this article, a Kipchak tribe that was at the center of this military role and formed a strong social and political network in Mongolian China is discussed. In addition to their military roles and the social capital they use to strengthen their influence in the Mongolian civil bureaucracy in China, the functioning of their family structure and its benefits are shown. Accordingly, even the marriages of the members of the Kipchak tribe in question served to establish or expand their power networks. Local records of the Jiking Region in China, which hosted many prominent immigrants during the Yuan period, provide important evidence for this investigation. Tuq Tuq’a’s relatives and descendants, who took care to preserve their identity as an elite military unit until the end of the dynasty, both in the civil bureaucracy and in the military field, successfully maintained the position of Commander of the Imperial Guard; In addition, this important and powerful military clan gained significant property and financial advantages in the Jiking Region. This nomadic group that settled in China became an important part of the Yuan Dynasty.

The crimes of Serbian Forces in the Municipality of Gjakova (1998-1999)

The city of Gjakova, which at the time of the events of 1998-1999 was located on the territory of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo (actually the Republic of Kosovo), became the scene of violent clashes during the break- up of the former Yugoslavia. Therefore, the relevance of the article lies in the need to analyse the crimes committed by Serbian military groups in the area of Gjakova from 1998 to 1999. The aim of the study is to reveal the nature, scale, and consequences of these crimes and to establish the connection between the events in Gjakova and the overall course of the conflict in the former Yugoslavia. To achieve this goal, the following methods were used: analytical, comparative, case study, synthetic, induction and deduction, abstraction and generalization. In particular, through the analysis of archival documents, eyewitness accounts, international reports and other sources, the motives, tactics, and strategy of military groups in committing crimes were revealed. Thus, the role of these crimes is clarified in the context of a balanced understanding of the Yugoslav wars and their impact on subsequent events and processes in regional stability and law and order. Various aspects of the crimes are analysed in detail, including massacres, ethnic cleansing, violence and human rights abuses. Particular attention is paid to the role of the Serbian military in these events, its organizational structure and interaction with other groups. The study also examines the international response to these crimes, including the actions of international organizations and attempts to bring perpetrators to justice under international law. In addition, the role of these events as part of the historical context and their impact on the further development of the region was examined. The practical significance of the article is to find new facts confirming the crimes committed and which can be used in court proceedings

رۆڵ ‌و به‌شداریی سه‌ربازیی كورد له‌ جوڵانه‌وه‌ی مایسی 1941دا

The Military Role of the Kurds and their Participation in the May 1941 Movement The Iraqis’ movement in May 1941 is considered as an important event in contemporary history of this country. This movement was led to change and switch the British-Iraqi relations form political conflict to a direct military confrontation. The results of the movement and event streams had an important and extreme impact on the army, in general, military officers and other commissioned and non-commissioned officers of Iraqi-army, in particular. The Kurdish soldiers’ active participation, as an influential ethnic in Iraqi’s army units and formation has its own significance on the mentioned movement and events. These being multiethnic armed forces require some multidimensional studies to find out the role of the main and various ethnic groups and components of the army in that movement. Thus, the current study, which is conducted for the mentioned purpose, aims at addressing the role, participation, and participation approaches of Kurdish soldiers and their influences on the movement in March 1941. For conducting this study, the descriptive and analytical historical research methods are used to answer the following research questions: (1) What and how much was the role of Kurdish soldiers in the army among the event streams of movement in March 1941? (2) How was the influence of Kurds and their status in leading the army, and in different units of Iraqi army during the movement? The study has reached some outcomes which are presented in the last section.

Highly stable mixed-phase Cs-Cu-I films with tunable optoelectronic properties for UVB photodetector applications.

Ultraviolet (UV) photodetector plays an important role in military, civilian and people's daily life, and is an indispensable part of spectral detection. However, photodetectors target at the UVB region (280-320 nm) are rarely reported, and the devices detected by medium-wave UV light generally have problems such as low detection rate, low sensitivity, and poor stability, which are difficult to meet the market application needs. Herein, Cs-Cu-I films with mixed-phase have been prepared by vacuum thermal evaporation. By adjusting the proportion of evaporation sources (CsI and CuI), the optical bandgaps of mixed-phase Cs-Cu-I films can be tuned between 3.7 eV and 4.1 eV. This absorption cut-off edge is exactly at both ends of the UVB band, which indicating its potential application in the field of UVB detection. Finally, the photodetectors based on Cs-Cu-I/n-Si heterojunction are fabricated. The photodetector shows good spectral selectivity for UVB band, and has a photoresponsivity of 22 mA/W, a specific detectivity of 1.83*1011 Jones, an EQE over 8.7% and an on/off ratio above 20.