Male Role Research Articles

Qualitative evaluation of an edutainment intervention to prevent age-disparate transactional sex in Tanzania: Changes in educational aspirations and gender equitable attitudes towards work.

Age-disparate transactional sex is a major contributor to the disproportionate rates of HIV experienced by adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa, and a key driver of unintended adolescent pregnancy. This paper comprises one element of the impact evaluation of the Learning Initiative on Norms, Exploitation and Abuse (LINEA) radio drama intervention to prevent age-disparate transactional sex. It provides new insights into the radio drama's influence on distal drivers of age-disparate transactional sex identified in formative research: girls' own educational aspirations, and gendered attitudes towards work. The intervention, which targeted adolescent girls and their caregivers in the Shinyanga Region of Tanzania, uses an edutainment approach to prevent transactional sex between girls aged 12-16 years and men at least 5-10 years older. We distributed the 39-episode radio drama on USB flash drives to 331 households and conducted longitudinal in-depth interviews with 59 participants. We conducted a thematic analysis of endline (December 2021) transcripts from 23 girls, 18 women caregivers, and 18 men caregivers of girls (n = 59), and midline (November 2021) transcripts from a sub-sample of these participants: 16 girls, 16 women and 13 men (n = 45). Findings suggest the radio drama created an enabling environment for preventing age-disparate transactional sex by increasing girls' motivation to focus on their studies and remain in school. There was also strong evidence of increased gender-equitable attitudes about work among girls and women and men caregivers. These supported women joining the workforce in positions traditionally reserved for men and challenging the male provider role. Our findings suggest that the LINEA radio drama can supplement interventions that address structural drivers of age-disparate transactional sex. The radio drama may also have impacts beyond preventing age-disparate transactional sex, such as reducing girls' HIV morbidity and mortality, and challenging attitudes that promote sexual and gender-based violence to foster more gender-equitable communities across Tanzania.

The Fragmented Experience of Male “Victims” of Intimate Partner Violence in Heterosexual Relationships

ABSTRACT This study deals with the experience of men coping with violence toward them in heterosexual relationships. The research was conducted using a qualitative paradigm. It was based on 12 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with Israeli men. The analysis focused on the participants’ self-perception in the context of domestic violence toward them. The findings demonstrated the effect of internalizations of socially constructed structural gender expectations on the participants’ self-perception, as a men, spouses and parents. The participants’ narratives exhibited deferent degrees of dichotomist gender perceptions, de-legitimacy for emotional vulnerability, traditional male roles as responsible spouses and parents. These elements intensified frustration and emotional repression of their experience which engendered helplessness and hopelessness. The knowledge generated should serve service providers by enabling professionals to examine IPV in a more holistic and flexible way, and to tailor interventions with men and women, that consider their unique cross-gender characteristics and difficulties.

FROM MISOGYNY TO MISANDRY: THE PHENOMENON OF GENDER-BASED HATRED IN CINEMA

Cinema has been one of the most prominent arts in terms of gender interactions and the way it deals with male and female roles is multifaceted and complex. Cinema includes lots of socio-economical and cultural attributions with its own contexts and it approaches transformations and alterations elaborately. In this regard, two of the theme’s cinema is particularly interested in are misogyny and misandry which are the issues containing hatred, violence, fear and death and are closely related to ideology and its extensions over women. At this point, the main concern of this study is to make out how cinema focuses on this gender-based hatred and to investigate its basic cause. Thus, I have chosen four American films whose names are “MS. 45" (1981), "Monster" (2003), "I Spit on Your Grave" (2010) and "M.F.A." (2017) containing misogyny and misandry at the same time have been selected and analysed them with a feminist approach with the aid of discourses and incident sequences and reviewed in order to grasp whether this ancient hatred stems from phallocentric and toxic masculinity. The films have been selected with purposeful sampling method and the themes have been reviewed in a detailed way. The analysis has indicated that the reason for misogyny is not one-sided and originally linked with patriarchal and heteronormative expectations, while misandry is like a revenge story and ensues from a masculine stance and its historical persecution towards women.

Why Men Choose for Concealment and Against Disclosure of their Depressive Illness? A Qualitative Study

The qualitative study aims to explore reasons and occations for concealment in male participants with depression. Five focus groups with 16 men were analysed via Qualitative Content Analysis. Four motives of concealment have been explored: 1. continuity of professional career, 2. Ensure acceptance and social belonging, 3. control over social identity, 4. avoiding loads of personal environment. Participants differentiate from stereotypes of hegemonic male gender norms. However, participants connect to hegemonic male gender norms when attributing professional success with vigour and assertiveness. Results confirm the presence of hegemonic male gender norms particularly on the job. As a consequence, men with depressiopn replicate self- and social stigma if they fail to comply with hegemonic male gender roles. Workplace interventions that react to discrimination of mental health problems may be beneficial for men with depression.

Does the sex of judges matter? Analysis of sentencing in sex crimes in Spain

More women are increasingly joining the judiciary, especially during the last four decades. This has led to more research on the influence of sex on judicial decisions. Judge’s sex is a non-legal factor whose importance lies in the generally acknowledged historical difference between male and female roles in society, which may generate significantly different points of view and differences in the outcome of judicial proceedings, especially in cases related to sexual violence. However, there is no consensus regarding the effect of sex on sentencing. Indeed, findings to date vary widely, making a more profound study of this topic even more necessary. This study is based on a quantitative analysis of court sentences dictated by Provincial Courts in Spain (i.e. panels made up of men, women, or both) issued between 2019 and 2020.

Automated content analysis as a tool to compare content in sexual selection research with examples of sexual selection in evolutionary biology textbooks: implications for teaching the nature of science

Background We used college-level evolution textbooks to examine the presentation of sexual selection research—a field with ongoing debates related to sex, sexuality and gender identity. Many classic sexual selection concepts have been criticized for androcentrism and other forms of gender-sex bias, specifically for de-emphasizing the female role in reproductive behaviors and over-reliance on gender-sex binaries. These classic concepts are fundamentally captured in the idea that animal reproductive-related behaviors can be grouped in sex roles (e.g. competitive males and selective females). Recently developed alternative concepts provide a more nuanced understanding of the flexibility of sexual and reproductive-related behaviors, stemming in part from growing attention to a broader range of female behavior. To assess whether students are receiving content reflecting these insights, we measured the congruence between textbook content and the scientific literature, using insects as a case study because of the importance of this group in the development of sexual selection theory, its prevalence in current sexual selection research, and the number of insect examples included in textbooks. We first coded textbook content for sexual selection concepts. We used automated content analysis to analyze a database of citations, keywords and abstracts in sexual selection research published between 1990 and 2014, inclusive of the period covered by the textbooks.ResultsThe textbooks and research literatures prioritized the same taxa (e.g., fruit flies) and sex roles as embodied in classic sexual selection theory. Both the research literature and some textbooks acknowledge androcentrism and other forms of gender-sex bias in classic sexual selection paradigms, especially competitive male and selective female sex roles. Yet, while the research literature included alternative models, textbooks neglected these alternatives, even when researchers had studied both classic and alternative views in the same insect.Conclusions We recommend using this kind of analysis of textbook content to engage students in a conversation around the social factors that impact knowledge construction, a key part of the epistemological understanding they need for a robust grasp of the Nature of Science and of evolutionary theory.

Research on the Influence of Gender Role Beliefs on Fertility Intentions and Gender DifferencesBased on CGSS 2021 Cross-Sectional Data

Based on the 2021 China General Social Survey (CGSS) data, this study investigated the impact of gender role beliefs on fertility intentions and explored the heterogeneity in fertility intentions across genders. This study employed descriptive statistics to conduct a basic analysis of the variables. Subsequently, it utilized ordered logistic regression and discriminant analysis models to analyze the impact of gender role perceptions on the fertility intentions of the population suitable for pregnancy. Finally, differences based on gender and marital status were examined. The research findings indicate a significant negative correlation between gender role beliefs and fertility intentions, suggesting that more progressive gender role beliefs are associated with lower fertility intentions. Additionally, through heterogeneity analysis, it was observed that progressive gender role beliefs among females are significantly negatively correlated with fertility intentions, while the relationship between male gender role beliefs and fertility intentions is not significant. Moreover, among the unmarried population, there is a significant positive correlation between gender role beliefs and fertility intentions, whereas, among the married population, gender role beliefs and fertility intentions are not significantly related. Therefore, accelerating the promotion of gender equality plays a crucial role in boosting fertility intentions among women in China.

How Do Men Evaluate and Blame Victims of Mobbing? Depending on the Victims' Identification as Feminist or Egalitarian.

In the current research, our objective was to explore how men assess and assign blame to both a man and a woman who are victims of workplace mobbing, depending on whether they identify as feminist or egalitarian. It is well recognized that the label "feminist" carries distinct connotations when applied to individuals of different genders. However, it remains unclear whether these varied connotations are due to the label itself or its underlying meaning. Given that the feminist label has been traditionally stigmatized, we aimed to disentangle the influence of the label from its semantic content. To achieve this, we compared the evaluations and attributions of victim blame directed toward targets labeled as feminist with those labeled with a similar but more neutral term-that is, egalitarian-as well as with unlabeled targets. Considering that much of the previous research in this area has focused on samples predominantly composed of women, we aimed to investigate how men respond to these labels. Through three experiments involving male participants (N = 628), we presented fictitious scenarios depicting a man or a woman who were victims of workplace mobbing due to their identification as feminist or egalitarian. The key finding of our research is that the feminist label, rather than its semantic content, significantly influences the evaluations and assignment of blame expressed by men who strongly adhere to traditional male role norms. These findings underscore the importance of these labels (feminist and egalitarian) in social judgments, particularly when applied to victims of workplace mobbing.

(229) Late Life Male Virgins: Exploring the Psycho-Social-Sexual Consequences of Sexual Inexperience in Cisgender American Males Seeking Sex Therapy

Abstract Introduction Reports on past studies about male sexuality, as it compares to women’s, indicate that men have higher sex drives, more positive attitudes toward casual or uncommitted sexual encounters, being more eager to engage in a variety of sexual activities, having more positive emotional responses to intercourse and having higher value regarding sexual experience and activity than women. Although the literature and cultural norms have perpetuated the myth of the sexual male, there is a dearth of literature regarding male virginity, specifically, late life male virginity, and its impacts on psycho-social-sexual health. Objective To investigate the experiences of later in life male virgins and the effects of their sexual status on their psycho-social-sexual health. To provide new insight into late life male virgins' assumptions, feelings, and gender role expectations and their perceptions on how those impact their attainability of sexual interactions and romantic relationships. To increase awareness among clinicians regarding the need for targeted interventions for late life male virgins in clinical practice. Methods This exploratory qualitative research was based on the case studies of five cisgender heterosexual men in the United States of America, who were late life virgins at the time of the study (defined as men 45 years and older, with no previous sexual experiences or interactions with the opposite sex) who sought Sex Therapy and Surrogate Partner Therapy to assist in their objective to acquire social and sexual skills with the goal of having their sexual debut. Results The common themes that stemmed from the case studies revealed that: 1) although the men in the study were able to achieve academic and professional status, they felt flawed and out of the norm due to their virginity status; 2) all the men hid their sexual inexperience from peers and family due to shame and fear of negative consequences to their reputation and even professional loss; and 3) made evident the challenges these men face while navigating social and sexual experiences later in life; 4) underscored the damaging effects of myths, stereotypes and societal expectations around male sexuality; and 5) highlighted the lack of information, education and therapeutic tools that could help guide late life male virgins in their pursuit to exercise their sexuality. Conclusions The study provides a greater understanding of the challenges and issues late life male virgins face in their quest to reach their sexual debut and live satisfactory sex lives that meet their particular needs. The themes offer guidance for the development and implementation of sex therapy interventions that will help this specific cohort, as well as directions for future research. Disclosure No.

Tympanal ears mediate male-male competition, courtship and mating success in Bicyclus anynana butterflies.

The presence of intra-specific acoustic communication in diurnal butterflies is not well established. Here, we examined the function of the tympanal ear (Vogel's organ, VO) in the seasonally polyphenic butterfly Bicyclus anynana in the context of sexual signalling. We investigated how the VO and the flanking enlarged veins, which are suggested sound resonance chambers, scale with wing size across sexes and seasonal forms, and how disruptions to the VO alter courtship behaviour and mating outcomes. We found that males have VOs similar in size to females despite having smaller wings, and dry season (DS) male cubital and anal veins do not scale with the wing size. This suggests that the VO plays an important role in males and that cubital and anal veins in DS males may be tuned to amplify specific sound frequencies. Behavioural assays performed with deafened and hearing males of different seasonal forms, in pair and triad settings, showed that deafened DS males, but not wet season males, experienced lower mating success relative to their hearing counterparts. Our study documents a novel function for the wing tympanal membrane in mediating courtship and mating outcomes in diurnal butterflies.

The precarious balance of Gestalt change due to Franco Basaglia.

Franco Basaglia's passionate battle to change the state of psychiatric care in Italy resembles the experiences we know as "Gestalt change". The health and well-being of the community, both family and social, constituted the dominant figure in the scenario of psychiatric disorders; the person of the sick person - and thus his rights, his dignity… - slipped into the background. The very health of the mentally ill person was seen as a function of social security. Health, that is, the very life of the person with psychiatric problems, became the object of our social gaze. Gestalt changes occur by slow and arduous cultural transformation. Just think of the not yet completed process of change in the relationship of male and female gender roles. However: Gestalt changes are not stable; the risk is that suddenly the figure we thought we had acquired forever becomes diluted, becoming background again. This uneasy balance suggests to exercise continuous vigilance.

Young Men’s Experiences of Being Fathered and Absent Father’s Experience: A Case Study from Urban Informal Settlements in South Africa

The impact of absent fathers can be a significant challenge for young people, but particularly for young men. Our study drew on 19 in-depth interviews with young men living in urban informal settlements in South Africa, to understand how they understood the impact of biological father absence. Young men described an idealized fatherhood role in which biological fathers provided economic support, active fathering (including emotional support), and social recognition of children. Young men described biological father absence in very emotional terms, including the exclusion from family networks, and having negative economic and educational impacts. Furthermore, men saw biological father absence as impacting on their current situation, and as part and parcel of their wider social marginalization in South Africa. Social fathers — alternative male role models as they grew up — while described as existing, were not felt to be adequate in replacing biological fathers, despite the economic support and guidance some described receiving. Engaging with young men around the repercussions of biological father absence is important for supporting young, poor men in South Africa.

FvKex2 is required for development, virulence, and mycotoxin production in Fusarium verticillioides

Fusarium verticillioides is one of the most important fungal pathogens causing maize ear and stalk rots, thereby undermining global food security. Infected seeds are usually unhealthy for consumption due to contamination with fumonisin B1 (FB1) mycotoxin produced by the fungus as a virulence factor. Unveiling the molecular factors that determine fungal development and pathogenesis will help in the control and management of the diseases. Kex2 is a kexin-like Golgi-resident proprotein convertase that is involved in the activation of some important proproteins. Herein, we identified and functionally characterized FvKex2 in relation to F. verticillioides development and virulence by bioinformatics and functional genomics approaches. We found that FvKex2 is required for the fungal normal vegetative growth, because the growth of the ∆Fvkex2 mutant was significantly reduced on culture media compared to the wild-type and complemented strains. The mutant also produced very few conidia with morphologically abnormal shapes when compared with those from the wild type. However, the kexin-like protein was dispensable for the male role in sexual reproduction in F. verticillioides. In contrast, pathogenicity was nearly abolished on wounded maize stalks and sugarcane leaves in the absence of FvKEX2 gene, suggesting an essential role of Fvkex2 in the virulence of F. verticillioides. Furthermore, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that the ∆Fvkex2 mutant produced a significantly lower level of FB1 mycotoxin compared to the wild-type and complemented strains, consistent with the loss of virulence observed in the mutant. Taken together, our results indicate that FvKex2 is critical for vegetative growth, FB1 biosynthesis, and virulence, but dispensable for sexual reproduction in F. verticillioides. The study presents the kexin-like protein as a potential drug target for the management of the devastating maize ear and stalk rot diseases. Further studies should aim at uncovering the link between FvKex2 activity and FB1 biosynthesis genes.Key points•The kexin-like protein FvKex2 contributes significantly to the vegetative growth of Fusarium verticillioides.•The conserved protein is required for fungal conidiation and conidial morphology, but dispensable for sexual reproduction.•Deletion of FvKEX2 greatly attenuates the virulence and mycotoxin production potential of F. verticillioides.

The Domestication of Machismo in Brazil: Motivations, Reflexivity, and Consonance of Religious Male Gender Roles.

The relationship between culture and the individual is a central focus of social scientific research. This paper examines motivations that mediate between shared culture norms and individual actions. Inspired by the works of Leon Festinger and Melford Spiro, we posit that social network conformation (the perceived adherence of one's social network with norms) and internalization of cultural norms (incorporation of cultural models with the self-schema) will differentially shape behavior (cultural consonance) depending on the domain and individual characteristics. For the domain of gender roles among Brazilian men, religious affiliation results in different configurations of the individual and culture. Our findings suggest that, due to changing and competing cultural models, religious men are compelled to reflexively "think" about what masculinity means to them, rather than subconsciously conform to social (hegemonic) expectations. This study demonstrates the importance of considering the impetus of culturally informed behaviors and, in doing so, provides a methodological means for measuring and interpreting such motivations, an important factor in the relationship between culture and the individual.

Masculinization of the Chest in Transmen with Large Breasts.

Background and Objectives Surgery to masculinize the chest is a frequently sought-after procedure by transmen who wish to conform their physical appearance to their gender identity. In our study, the outcomes of surgical masculinization comprising subcutaneous mastectomy through a modified elliptical incision, liposuction, reduced inert nipple-areola grafting, and quilting stitches were analyzed. Materials and Methods Thirty-two transmen with large breasts and hypertrophied nipples and areolae underwent the above-mentioned masculinizing procedure in this prospective cohort study. Our statistically validated institutional aesthetic outcome assessment score (IAOAS) was used to analyze the outcomes at the end of the follow-up period. Results The average period of follow-up was 24.5 months. The average final IAOAS was 23.1. The rate of complications was found to be associated with using breast binders. In all, 22 of 32 patients (68.75%) had an excellent outcome score, while 10 patients (31.25%) had a good outcome score ( p = 0.025). Conclusion Top surgery is crucial for transmasculine patients to achieve their desired gender identity as males. It is imperative that this procedure is performed to their complete satisfaction. Our single-staged comprehensive approach of subcutaneous mastectomy and liposuction with reduced inert nipple and areola grafts, which aids in a swift transition to a male role, is a prerequisite for bottom surgery at our institute.

"Men Need Role Models": Exploring the Facilitators and Barriers for Yoga Participation Among Men.

Yoga is a holistic form of physical activity taken up for various reasons, including physical and mental health, and sometimes spirituality. Despite the growing popularity of yoga as a form of health-enhancing physical activity, data show the uptake among men to be consistently low compared to women. To gain an understanding of barriers and facilitators for yoga uptake and adherence among men, four focus group discussions (three male groups, one female group) and three individual interviews were undertaken. Using thematic analysis, three themes were developed: (a) encouragement, advice, and support from trusted others, (b) confronting gender-related perceptions and issues, and (c) getting to the benefits. The findings suggest that men are more likely to take up yoga when encouraged by trusted others and male role models. Men face gender-related challenges that can be overcome by educating them about yoga, focusing on its physical benefits, and experiencing the benefits of yoga firsthand. To encourage more men into yoga, yoga teachers need to create an inclusive environment that welcomes men and caters to their needs. These findings provide valuable insight into the unique challenges experienced by men in pursuing and practicing yoga regularly. They may be used to develop targeted recruitment and marketing strategies to draw more men into yoga and encourage them to stay, which is essential for experiencing the many long-term health benefits of yoga.

The Gender-Sensitive Depression Screening GSDS-26 - Polish adaptation and validation of the tool and links to gender stereotypes.

The study aimed to create a Polish version of the Gender-Sensitive Depression Screening (GSDS-26) by AM Möller-Leimkühler and to assess its validity and reliability. The tool measures the overall level of depression and the following factors: depressiveness, stress perception, aggressiveness, emotional control, alcohol consumption, and risky behavior. The relationships between depression measured by the GSDS 25 and the subjects' adjustment to stereotypical male roles were also checked. The study included 1,087 participants - 746 men and 341 women from a nonclinical group. In addition to the adapted method, the Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI), Gotland Male Depression Scale (GMDS) by Rutz and Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI-22) by Mahalik were used. The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the adopted six-factor structure. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were satisfactory and comparable to the original version, i.e., the overall score was α = 0.92, the score for five of the six subscales α was between 0.80 and 0.85, and for the alcohol consumption subscale α = 0.63. The GSDS-26 scores, as in the original, showed weak to moderate associations with the subjects' adjustment to stereotypical male roles. The GSDS-26 has satisfactory psychometric properties and is suitable for use in studies of levels of depression specific to men.

The Effects of Sex Hormones on Postoperative Pain in Patients with Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.

There are many factors that affect postoperative pain. This study determines the effect of preoperative sex hormone levels on postoperative pain levels in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This study included a total of 89 patients who met the study inclusion criteria. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on their sex and pre and postmenopausal periods: male patients (n = 28), postmenopausal female patients (n = 31), and female patients with normal cycles (n = 30). Normal-cycle women were also regrouped based on their follicular and luteal phases. Data were collected using a descriptive characteristics form, a patient follow-up form, and the Visual Analog Scale. Venous blood samples taken from the patients before surgery were used to measure their levels of estradiol (EST), testosterone (TES), and progesterone levels. Male patients had lower pain levels than female patients. The male patients' Visual Analog Scale scores were inversely related and correlated strongly with their TES levels (P < 0.05). However, subgroup analyses suggested that their EST level played a primary role in males and that the EST/TES ratio was determinant in the late postoperative period. In female patients, the EST/progesterone ratio was the most determining factor for the level of pain felt in the postmenopausal period, whereas there was no change in the premenopausal period at different stages of the menstrual cycle. Sex hormones were found to be effective in predicting postoperative pain severity.

Anita Desai’s Fasting, Feasting: Gender and Social Roles

ABSTRACT: Anita Desai’s tenth novel, Fasting, Feasting deals with themes of deprivation, abundance and being trapped in society's claims. It also deals with male and female roles in two completely different cultures, Indian and American cultures. The contrast in the novel can be understood from the novel’s title. The pressures and expectations placed on the different characters in the novel show the contrast in the social roles men and women are expected to fulfill, both in India and in the United States. While men are expected to be hard working, academic, and successful, the social value of women is dependent on their submissiveness, domestic abilities, beauty and child bearing. Aruna and Uma are raised, educated, and groomed only with marriage in mind. When the multiple attempts of MamaPapa to arrange a marriage for Uma fail, it becomes Uma’s job to take care of her baby brother, Arun, and later her aging parents. Mama’s identity is tied in with her role as the wife of an important man, and she seldom disagrees with him. Anamika meets the social expectations of female submission—yet, abused to death, Anamika experiences the ultimate loss of freedom that threatens all women who are forced to fulfill the feminine ideal. Dr. Dutt and Mira-masi both represent women who, independent of family and men, defy female social roles. Men also lose their free will and individual expression to the social roles they must fill. American society as portrayed in the novel also places gendered expectations onto its members, particularly in regards to male and female beauty. Mrs. Patton, like her daughter Melanie, is burdened by American ideals of female perfection and beauty, which are obsessed with dangerous degrees of thinness and over-tanning. Mr. Patton and Rod similarly fulfill the traditional Macho American stereotype of athleticism and hard work. Like Papa, Mr. Patton assumes passive control over the members of his household. Mrs. Patton, like Mama, appears to have no other identity beyond wife and mother.

Role of immigrant males and muzzle contacts in the uptake of a novel food by wild vervet monkeys.

The entry into and uptake of information in social groups is critical for behavioral adaptation by long-lived species in rapidly changing environments. We exposed five groups of wild vervet monkeys to a novel food to investigate the innovation of processing and consuming it. We report that immigrant males innovated in two groups, and an infant innovated in one group. In two other groups, immigrant males imported the innovation from their previous groups. We compared uptake between groups with respect to the initial innovator to examine the extent to which dispersing males could introduce an innovation into groups. Uptake of the novel food was faster in groups where immigrant males ate first rather than the infants. Younger individuals were more likely overall, and faster, to subsequently acquire the novel food. We also investigated the role of muzzle contact behavior in information seeking around the novel food. Muzzle contacts decreased in frequency over repeated exposures to the novel food. Muzzle contacts were initiated the most by naïve individuals, high rankers, and juveniles; and were targeted most towards knowledgeable individuals and high rankers, and the least towards infants. We highlight the potential importance of dispersers in rapidly exploiting novel resources among populations.