Role Of Legislation Research Articles

Role of Legislatures in the Federations of Australia, Pakistan, and India: An In-depth Overview

This study gives an in-depth examination of the bicameral legislatures of Australia, Pakistan, and India. It investigates the structure, functions, and dynamics of the upper and lower chambers of various countries’ legislative bodies. The study delves into the historical context, constitutional provisions, and roles of the bicameral systems in each nation's governance. It also explores the similarities, distinctions, and main issues that these legislative systems face. The study draws on various primary and secondary sources, including scholarly articles, books, official reports, and constitutional texts, to comprehensively analyze these federations’ bicameral legislatures.

Under-reporting potential of inoxidizable nitrogenous organic compounds in assessing organic pollution of waters: Underlying mechanisms

Accurate assessment of organic pollution plays a vital role in environmental protection, administration, and legislation. Methodology involving the evaluation of dichromate-based chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) has been widely used for assessing organic pollution in water due to convenience, simplicity, and repeatability. Some nitrogenous organic compounds exhibit very low CODCr / theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) ratios, which are termed inoxidizable nitrogenous organic compounds (INOCs) in this study. However, not much attention has been paid to their ubiquitous presence and intrinsic properties. Here, we aimed to determine the under-reporting potential of INOCs when assessing organic water pollution via CODCr and reveal the mechanisms underlying such under-reporting. CODCr reported only 0%–20% of the theoretical values of short-chain organic amines and pyridine derivatives, thereby posing severe challenges to both the treatment and reclamation of wastewater. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the use of dichromate-based transformation of INOCs to highly stable protonated/ionic forms under acidic conditions may lead to incomplete reactions, resulting in a significant under-reporting potential of INOCs. Our results may serve as a basis for governments, industries, and other stakeholders to respond more effectively to challenges posed by INOCs.

Ensuring the right to defense in the criminal process

The right to defense is one of the essential principles of the criminal process. Violation of this right affects the fairness of the process and leads to procedural sanctions. In this article, the role of international and national legislation and practice will be analyzed regarding the application and observance of the principle of ensuring the right to defense, the role of the Constitutional Court and other legal institutions in this regard. Or, states are obliged to effectively guarantee the accused persons the right to defense, as this is a condition for the realization of the act of justice in a democratic state. Following the analysis carried out, we come with recommendations and explanations regarding the content of this principle, because it should not be seen as simple legal assistance, but has a more complex content.

The financial legislative role and capacity of municipal councillors at Ulundi Municipality

The financial legislative role and capacity of municipal councillors at Ulundi Municipality

JINOIY JAVOBGARLIKDAN OZOD QILISHDA JINOYAT-PROTSESSUAL PRINSIPLARNING AHAMIYATI

This article examines the cases of proportionality of the principles of the CPC, which are the procedural grounds for exemption from criminal liability, the institution of refusal and termination of proceedings, and the guidelines of Criminal Procedural legislation. At the same time, opinions and views on the importance of the principles of the Criminal Procedural Code, its role in legislation and its role in the development of this area of legislation have been studied. The article highlights inconsistencies in the practice of refusal to initiate criminal proceedings and termination of criminal proceedings, as well as conflicting circumstances. Considerations regarding the principle of the inevitability of initiating a criminal case, which is considered one of the principles of the CPC, the reasons for its existence, the establishment in legislation, the tendency to change and its role are also studied. The methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparative legal analysis have been used in the research. In the course of the study, advanced foreign experience, scientific and theoretical views and investigative and judicial practice have been studied, as a result of which proposals and recommendations have been developed for making appropriate amendments or additions to the Criminal Procedural Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Environmental Lawmaking as Part of Social Planning

The paper discusses the place and role of environmental lawmaking in the system of social and socio-economic planning. Planning is considered as an activity of special subjects in the field of ensuring a favorable environment, rational use of natural resources and ensuring environmental safety, carried out by legal means. The authors analyzed the «environmental lawmaking» that has taken place over the past decades and identified the main trends in its transformation. The main causes of the current state of environmental policy and legislative activity are investigated.It is shown that for our country, which has the most integral and organic system of strategic planning, the issue of increasing the efficiency of all types and forms of planning, but especially environmental or environmental-economic, is extremely important.It is substantiated that for further lawmaking in the field of environmental development and environmental safety, a new methodology for the preparation, adoption and implementation of legislation is needed. The growing fragmentation of environmental legislation, the allocation of more and more new «branches of environmental law» is becoming the biggest obstacle to meaningful and effective planning and law enforcement. It will take too much effort to «harmonize» the already adopted legislation and future acts built on the principle of «new problem — new industry».

Problem of determining the role and place of regional law-making in the legal system of the Russian Federation

The article deals with the issue of correlation between regional and federal lawmaking as an object of theoretical understanding. The relevance of the topic in modern conditions is substantiated. The problems of identifying the plurality of principles of regional lawmaking, their relationship with the principles of lawmaking at the level of formation of federal legislation are analyzed. The author substantiates the position according to which the unity of the national legal system and the two-level systems of legislation presuppose the unity of the principles of lawmaking. The law-making of the subjects is the specifics of Russia as a federal state. The article presents the positions of researchers on the role of delegated regional lawmaking and advanced regional lawmaking. The practical experience of advanced regional lawmaking in the context of the spread of coronavirus infection COVID-19 is summarized. The actual task of the study is to determine the regional lawmaking, its role and place in the unified legal system of the Russian Federation.

An Economic Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Organization and Cultivation of the Wheat Crop in Iraq Using Logistic Regression

The research aimed to analyze the factors affecting the organization and cultivation of the wheat crop in Iraq by using one of the appropriate econometric analysis methods for this type of research, which is the logistic regression, through which it is possible to know the results of the application of agricultural legislation and the variables affecting compliance with those legislation as well as knowing the role of agricultural legislation in supporting policy steps agriculture in Iraq. The results showed that among the model variables, there was a set of factors described as the most influential on the farmer’s decision to adhere to the government agricultural plan, including the variable delay in receiving marketing amounts and the variable providing loans, as well as the variable value of the returns achieved in the presence of government support in favour of adhering to the agricultural plan. As for the farmers’ decision to market their crops to the state, it was found that the most influential variables were the commitment to the agricultural plan, the state’s selling price variable, and the total area. The research concluded that paying attention to the aspect of financing and providing agricultural loans to farmers will lead to farmers getting rid of the financial restrictions imposed on them by the private sector, and thus increasing the likelihood of their commitment to implementing agricultural legislation. Also, the continued provision of government support, especially in the aspect of output, will lead to an improvement in the level of farm income for farmers, which makes them needless to search for other means to obtain income and thus comply with the government legislation drawn up. The research recommended the need to work on improving the reality of agricultural crop production by providing government support for the use of modern technologies to increase production rates per unit area and achieve greater returns for farmers. As well as the need for a strict supervisory body working to ensure that farmers do not violate the government legislation imposed in order to regulate production and develop the agricultural sector.

Urban foraging in Brazilian public greenspaces

Urban foraging, i.e., the gathering of wild edible plants, plays a key role in nature connection within cities. Its integration in planning could contribute to the conservation of urban biodiversity. However, we have little understanding of the interactions between the motivations for and barriers to foraging, and the role of legislation, especially in biodiversity hotspots. Through an online questionnaire and policy review, we explored the practice of urban foraging in Recife, Brazil, across social, spatial and regulatory dimensions. We found that most non-foragers would forage if pollution risks were addressed and knowledge was improved. Foragers collected up to 31 species, none of which are threatened. By integrating the social, spatial and regulatory dimensions of the practice, we highlighted the importance of the local context for targeting foraging incentives. In all, regulation had little impact on where the practice is carried out, and foraging seemed to have little negative impact on biodiversity, as no threatened species were collected and foragers were conscious of their impact. This knowledge can contribute to better integrate the practice of foraging within legislation and develop forager-led greenspace planning and management. In biodiversity hotspots threatened by urban expansion, foraging can contribute to slowing down the biodiversity crisis and improve urban residents’ contact with biodiversity.

Influence of Strategic Leadership on Operation Efficiency of County Governments in Kenya: A Case Study of Baringo County

This research aimed to analyze the influence of strategic leadership on the operational efficiency of the County Government of Kenya: a case of Baringo County. The investigation was based on a study by Curteanu and Constantin (2010). This study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population of the study was the 33 members of top management in the County Government of Baringo. The justification for the choice of the county Chief Officers and County Directors is that they are directly in charge of the implementation of the county government strategic plan and operations under their dockets. The researcher took a census of all the thirty-three members of top management (Chief Officers and Directors) by means of self-administered questionnaires. First, there was empirical evidence to prove that resource allocation influenced the operational efficiency of the County Government of Baringo. Secondly, it confirmed that there was empirical evidence to prove that integrity and ethical issues influenced the operational efficiency of the County Government of Baringo. Thirdly, the study established that strategic control influenced the operational efficiency of the County Government of Baringo. Finally, there was empirical evidence to prove that organizational culture influenced the operational efficiency of the County Government of Baringo. The study recommended that the office of the Auditor General should use the results from this investigation to update the management policy of the County Governments as a means of helping the County Governments to achieve more operational efficiency for optimal service delivery and optimized value for money in the County Governments in Kenya. Again, the study recommends that the County Assemblies, in their role of oversight and legislation, should also use the findings from the study to make laws that will enable the County Governments to enhance their performance and governance and be more operationally efficient. Such legislation should encompass resource allocations and internal control principles. Finally, County Chief Officers and County Directors, being senior managers charged with investment portfolios, are subject to fiduciary laws with strict requirements and controls. Therefore, the findings from this study are relevant to inform their undertaking.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF SOME SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES IN REGULATING THE CULTIVATION AND MARKETING OF THE RICE CROP IN IRAQ

This research was aimed to study the results of the application of agricultural legislation and the variables affecting compliance with such legislation, as well as knowing the role of agricultural legislation in supporting the agricultural policy steps in Iraq. The results showed that the variable of providing loans increases the probability of farmers’ commitment to the governmental agricultural plan to a large extent, amounting to about (28.7), and the variable of the sale price of the crop to the state has an impact on the probability of commitment to the plan at a degree of (1.02) greater than the chances of non-compliance with the agricultural plan, as well as the variable value of the returns achieved under The existence of government support to a degree or a fixed rate of (1) in favor of adhering to the agricultural plan. As for the farmers' decision to market their crops to the state, it was found that the most influential variables were the commitment to the agricultural plan, almost six times (6.25), which will increase the probability of marketing the crop to the state compared to the commercial one. The other variable was the provision of loans with a double degree of about (2.72). The research concluded that paying attention to the aspect of financing and providing agricultural loans to farmers will lead to farmers getting rid of the financial restrictions imposed on them by the private sector. Also, the continuation of providing support will lead to an improvement in the level of farm income for farmers and not to search for other means to obtain income and thus adhere to the government legislation drawn up. The research recommended the need to provide government support and use modern technologies to increase production rates and achieve greater returns for farmers, and the presence of a supervisory body working to ensure that farmers do not violate the imposed government legislation.

Exploring the training experiences of trainee educational psychologists in supporting children and young people with literacy difficulties

AimsThis research aims to build a national picture of the range of training that trainee educational psychologists (TEPs) in England receive in relation to literacy difficulties and/or dyslexia (LitD/D), and how this goes on to influence their professional practice.Method/RationaleThe practice of educational psychologists (EPs) in working with children and young people with LitD/D has been described as inconsistent, as different EP services use different definitions, policies and diagnostic pathways. A lack of consensus in knowledge and practice may have negative implications for the principle of equality of access and the positioning of EPs as evidence-based practitioners. Focus groups were held across five universities, with 24 TEPs in their second or final year of the three-year professional doctorate training programme taking part. Transcripts were analysed thematically.FindingsTEPs’ training and professional experiences varied, with some perceiving that identifying and supporting children with LitD/D was not indicated as a priority concern in their practice placements.LimitationsThis was an exploratory study, which may limit the transferability of findings. However, the range of patterning of views and variation of opinions discussed by the participants suggest that a fair representation of TEPs’ experiences and perceptions was captured through the focus groups.ConclusionsConsidering TEPs acknowledged a desire to feel more competent in supporting children with LitD/D, there are implications for the content and approach of training programmes, and a need for more a directive role for professional legislation.

GEOPOLITICAL EQUITY IN NIGERIA IN PRESIDENT BUHARI’S GOVERNMENT

This study was conducted in response to perceived ethnic rivalries in Nigeria. The government of President Muhammadu Buhari is bedeviled with ethnic strife and disgruntled voices against federalism due to the perceived superiority of one ethnic group over another in a plural federal state like Nigeria. Against this backdrop, the study evaluates perceptions of equity among indigenous peoples in southern Nigeria. The peoples of the south-east and south-south dominated the call for restructuring due to the skewered arrangement of the nation. This paper's theoretical framework is based on the foundation of John Lock's social contract, especially his treatise on the extent and end of civil government. The sample size was 1352 using a quantitative and qualitative survey. Data were collected quantitatively and qualitatively. The instruments of data collection consisted of a structured questionnaire and an unstructured interview. The data were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. It was found that 992 participants, which represented more than three-quarters of the sample, disagreed that ethnic groups are treated fairly; 735 also held that unfair treatment is a recipe for disunity. The Chi Square estimate, x2 81.5; p<0.005, tested for ethnic treatment and national unity, was significant, and treatment determines national unity. The study also indicates that indigenous peoples expressed concerns about a failed state that undermined the current federal state. The study therefore recommends that the National Assembly's legislative role be strengthened in making federal appointments to strategic positions. This could possibly alleviate mistrust about treatment by the federal government.

Energetska pravda u razvoju elektromobilnosti - pravo EU i pravo ASEAN u komparativnom kontekstu

To counteract climate change, various states have adopted innovative laws and solutions. Electromobility as a climate policy is one of the solutions that can contribute to reducing carbon emissions. Furthermore, international organisations such as the European Union (EU) have encouraged member states to develop an electric mobility ecosystem. Moreover, as one of the EU partner organisations, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has encouraged member states to adopt similar laws and policies in electromobility innovations. This study examined the EU and ASEAN legal innovations that developed electromobility ecosystems in the context of energy justice comparisons. This paper argues that adopting the principle of energy justice in EU and ASEAN law is highly dependent on the function and role of international organisations in lawmaking. As a climate policy innovation, electromobility is closely related to energy justice for the public. Therefore, analysing the functions and roles of international organisations such as the EU and ASEAN is crucial. The study examined the legal framework adopted by the EU and ASEAN to create an electromobility ecosystem. The purpose of the study was to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the role and function of lawmaking in international organisations supporting climate policy and contributing to the achievement of energy justice.

РУКОВОДИТЕЛЬ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ И ОРГАН ЮРИДИЧЕСКОГО ЛИЦА: ЕДИНСТВО СУЩНОСТИ И ПРОТИВОРЕЧИЯ

Introduction: the paper examines the corporate and labor law status of the head of an organization in the Russian Federation at the present stage. The criteria for distinguishing between the head, participating in social relations as an employee, and a body of a legal entity are determined, as well as the applicable norms of labor and corporate law. The article analyzes the provisions of Russian legislation and local acts that define the legal status and competence of the director; studies internal acts of a corporate organization that regulate the director’s status, the procedure for its implementation, and the scope of powers; looks at the features of organization management from two perspectives: organization of the director’s labor and intracompany (intra-production, corporate) management of the legal entity. The issues of the director’s legal responsibility in the exercise of his powers are discussed. Purpose: to establish the role of the applied norms and fundamental approaches of different branches of Russian law in defining the status and powers of the head of an organization. Methods: empirical methods of observation, comparison, and description; theoretical methods of analysis, synthesis, and classification; formal-logical method as a special scientific method. Results: we have studied the legal status of the head of an organization. The paper provides an overview of the interrelations of rules governing the issues of the status, powers and responsibilities of the head under different branches of law. The cases of application of local acts, an employment contract, other agreements that define the status of the head are delimited. Conclusions: the paper reveals the determining role of the norms of corporate legislation and the subsidiary role of labor legislation in terms of defining the status of the head, including the scope of his powers under corporate and labor law. The study can contribute to the improvement of legislation and law enforcement practice in terms of elimination of the competition between the relevant legal norms and inconsistencies in their interpretation.

ПОЛИТИКО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ НЕСТАБИЛЬНОСТЬ СРЕДЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ТУРИЗМА: КРИТЕРИИ ОЦЕНКИ

In this article, we will consider the main criteria for assessing political and economic instability in the tourism development environment. We will discuss the importance of political and economic stability, the level of security, the risks of natural disasters, and the role of politics and legislation in providing an enabling environment for tourism development. Understanding these criteria will help tourism industry leaders, governments and other stakeholders make informed decisions and shape effective tourism development strategies in an environment of political and economic instability.

The role of anti-corruption legislation and the practice of its application in the formation of a safe business environment

The role of anti-corruption legislation and the practice of its application in the formation of a safe business environment

Zum Reformbedarf bei der Personalwahl in den Wahlkreisen: Anmerkungen zur umstrittenen Wahlrechtsänderung

In March 2023, the German Bundestag passed legislation to reform the electoral law with the votes of the governing coalition of SPD, Greens and FDP to prevent the parliament from growing beyond its regular number of seats . Contrary to an initial draft bill from January 2023, the base mandate clause (Grundmandatsklausel) was also abolished, not only overhang seats and compensatory seats . This amendment, which was included in the bill at short notice, reduces the electoral chances of smaller parties with regional strongholds . It therefore prevented support from the Left party and any conceivable agreement with the CDU/CSU . Passing an electoral system into law with only a simple parliamentary majority calls for particular attention that the new system is equally fair for all parties . The impression that tactical political considerations may have influenced the governing parties jeopardizes the acceptance of this controversial electoral law reform . The abolishment of the base mandate clause impairs the democratic principle of representing the political will expressed in an election . This major legislative change is neither justified by the logic of the new electoral system, nor is it directly related to the declared aim of reducing the number of seats in the Bundestag . Without comparable compensation the electoral reform remains open to constitutional challenge . The reform refrains from clarifying the legislative role of an electoral system combining personal and proportional representation . The disputes about overhang seats and the base mandate clause shows, however, that personal representation within the electoral system is in need of reform .

The Effects of Climate Change on Employment Relations in Zimbabwe

In this article, I focus on climate change in the context of employment relations in Zimbabwe. I seek to establish the relationship between climate change and employment through exploring the impact that climate change has on selected sectors and subsequently on the labour market. The literature reviewed established a link between climate change and employment relations as a significant number of jobs worldwide are dependent on ecosystems. A qualitative research approach was used to gather information relating to key economic sectors affected by climate change in Zimbabwe. The National Employment Councils on the identified sectors were selected using purposive sampling. In this study, I adopt a qualitative research methodology relying on face-to-face interviews with 21 respondents participating from a sample frame of 72 participants. The interview data collected from the respondents were analysed using a thematic approach and coding. The findings of the study indicate that climate change has led to unfavourable working conditions, a decline in productivity, loss of employment and gender disparities at the workplace. Consequently, worker rights and human rights issues arise necessitating the interrogation of the role of trade unions, the labour and climate legislation, related policies and institutions. The article brings out a new dimension in Zimbabwe’s employment relations as climate change issues in employment relations have not yet been fully explored. I recommend an integration of climate change and employment policies to facilitate justification and adaptation strategies which support an environment that is conducive to industrial relations.

KAJIAN PENGAWASAN KONSTRUKSI PADA KEGAGALAN BANGUNAN DALAM PEMBANGUNAN GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TINGGI

ABSTRACT The essence of the research problem is how to obtain answers to research results related to construction supervision studies on building failures in construction work by obtaining answers to the following questions: development in general? Second, how is the legal protection for the community for building failure in construction work which causes harm to the community in connection with construction supervision responsibilities? Third, how is the settlement of legal disputes over building failures in construction work in Indonesia when linked to construction supervision rights? The research approach used and the development of the framework of thought in this study are based on a normative juridical approach by conducting an assessment of laws and regulations on building construction and construction, while the research method is a comparative method of various legal policies in several countries that regulate the pattern of interaction of development activities starting from the development stage. Preparation /planning to the stage of use. The findings in this study found that there is a role for legislation relating to construction supervision services in preventing building failures in building work.