Role Of Labels Research Articles

HELD CAPTIVE BY SCRIPT: INTERPRETING “TAGGED” PRISONERS IN LATE CLASSIC MAYA SCULPTURE

AbstractAlthough captive images have been examined for the Classic Maya, we lack a thorough understanding of depicted captives as a pictorial motif. Furthermore, the convention of “tagging” Late Classic Maya captive sculptures with identifying texts was understood a century ago, yet the ways in which these scripts functioned beyond the role of label are not well known. This layering of identifying texts onto captive figures presents interesting avenues of scholarly inquiry for understanding relationships among ancient Maya texts, figural images, and actual bodies. In this article I explore captive iconography and then suggest that the captive tagging convention is related to the tagging of possessed objects. The artistic tendency toward tagging the thigh with more frequency than other bodily regions suggests a secondary meaning for such markings, and I propose that these tags alluded to the post-sacrifice practice of removing the femur as a war trophy.

The Role of Labelling of Chemical Substances Contents in Recycling Promotion - Japanese Case

In this study, we investigate the effect of new legislative requirements on industrial product development. We use the case of Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive and the development of halogen-free (HF) printed circuit board (PCB) in an attempt to answer the following questions: (1) What impacts can environmental regulations – such as RoHS Directive – have on the manufacturing industry? (2) How have the manufacturers – especially those outside the European Union (EU) –responded to the RoHS Directive? (3) How has the manufacturing of HF products progressed in the wake of the directive? In order to investigate these, we focused the issue of halogen in the thermosetting resin of PCB of mobile phone. We illustrated their time trend of HF PCB labelling method and actual Br existence among many manufacturers in each milestone of the regulations. Finally, almost manufacturer complied with RoHS Directive, but each starting time was different. The results of this research are the first example to illustrate this fact in the history of the electronic industry.

Labelling and Legitimization: Justifying Political Violence in the Basque Country

This article focuses on the role of labelling in the discourse employed by the Left-Wing Nationalist movement in the Basque Country to legitimize the use of violence for political ends. The approach in this article goes beyond classic labelling theory. I demonstrate that radical Nationalists do not passively undergo their being labelled as deviants (fanatics, terrorists) by society, but develop counter-labels instead to define their opponents and re-label themselves.

Influence of the nature of activated hydrogen isotope species on the isotope exchange efficiency, with preparation of labeled sodium 4-phenylbenzoate as example

The influence of the nature of activated hydrogen isotope species on the isotope exchange efficiency was studied with preparation of labeled sodium 4-phenylbenzoate as example. The effect of various factors on the deuterium labeling of this compound was examined. At temperatures lower than 200°C, deuterium is mainly incorporated into the phenyl moiety, i.e., under these conditions activated hydrogen species are incorporated by the electrophilic mechanism. In the range from 260 to 300°C, the mean number of deuterium atoms incorporated into 4-phenylbenzoic acid molecules becomes approximately constant (about 8.22 deuterium atoms per molecule). At these temperatures, deuterium is efficiently incorporated both into the phenyl fragment and into the benzoic acid residue, which suggests the prevalence of the radical substitution mechanism under these conditions. At temperatures at which the isotope substitution in sodium 4-phenylbenzoate occurs by the electrophilic mechanism, 4-cyclohexylbenzoic acid is formed concurrently, i.e., the maximal yield of 4-cyclohexylbenzoic acid can be reached at temperatures that are most favorable for the isotope exchange by the electrophilic mechanism. At 200°C, the content of 4-cyclohexylbenzoic acid in the reaction mixture reaches a maximum. A sharp increase in the contribution of the radical mechanism of the process at higher temperatures led to a decrease in the yield of 4-cyclohexylbenzoic acid. It was assumed that clusters of activated hydrogen species and electrons, solvated on the support surface, undergo rearrangement with increasing temperature. Whereas the major role in labeling by the electrophilic mechanism is played by hydrogen isotope cations, at higher temperatures hydrogen isotope cations interact with electrons to form hydrogen atoms, which become active participants of the exchange process.

Information Needs for a Purchase of Fairtrade Coffee

This research investigates what information German Fairtrade coffee consumers search for during pre-purchase information seeking and to what extent information is retrieved. Furthermore, the sequence of the information search as well as the degree of cognitive involvement is highlighted. The role of labeling, the importance of additional ethical information and its quality in terms of concreteness as well as the importance of product price and organic origin are addressed. A set of information relevant to Fairtrade consumers was tested by means of the Information Display Matrix (IDM) method with 389 Fairtrade consumers. Results show that prior to purchase, information on product packages plays an important role and is retrieved rather extensively, but search strategies that reduce the information processing effort are applied as well. Furthermore, general information is preferred over specific information. Results of two regression analyses indicate that purchase decisions are related to search behavior variables rather than to socio-demographic variables and purchase motives. In order to match product information with consumers’ needs, marketers should offer information that is reduced to the central aspects of Fairtrade.

The Role of Labels in Learning Statistically Dense and Statistically Sparse Categories

Subjects were given classic category formation tasks with feedback. We used two types of categories—statistically dense and statistically sparse. We conducted four experiments to assess the influence of sign type (experiment 1) and the interference of redundant actions performed with the sign (experiment 2) on the performance of learning different types of categories. We found that in the case of dense category formation, the visual distinction of the sign from other object features is more important. In the case of sparse category formation, easy verbalization is more important. Additionally we showed that verbal interference, directed at the actions with the sign, improves sparse category formation, but worsens dense category formation. The results of our experiments are discussed in accordance with the Competition Between Verbal and Implicit Systems (COVIS) model of multiple systems of categorization.

It’s All in The Name: An Investigation of Bad Apple Antecedents

We propose a theory of bad apple antecedents that emphasizes the role of labeling in the creation of this phenomenon. Existing research on negative group members has focused on bad behavior as the antecedent to group degradation. Evidence of bad behavior producing positive results and undeserving individuals being stigmatized as bad apples have cast doubt on exactly what behaviors are negative and what constitutes a bad apple. The results of three studies provide significant evidence that the labels, not the behaviors, create bad apples and lead to the degradation of group performance. Our first study provides evidence that bad apples can be created by introducing the concept of a label. Our second study provides a link to critical group processes and our third study provides a link to group performance. Specifically, we found that introducing a bad apple label results in the creation of stigmatized bad apples which decrease group performance, mediated by a reduction in the perceived quality of team inter...

From perceptual to language-mediated categorization.

From at least two months onwards, infants can form perceptual categories. During the first year of life, object knowledge develops from the ability to represent individual object features to representing correlations between attributes and to integrate information from different sources. At the end of the first year, these representations are shaped by labels, opening the way to conceptual knowledge. Here, we review the development of object knowledge and object categorization over the first year of life. We then present an artificial neural network model that models the transition from early perceptual categorization to categories mediated by labels. The model informs a current debate on the role of labels in object categorization by suggesting that although labels do not act as object features they nevertheless affect perceived similarity of perceptually distinct objects sharing the same label. The model presents the first step of an integrated account from early perceptual categorization to language-based concept learning.

Роль маркировки фармацевтической продукции в профилактике ошибок, связанных с применением лекарственных средств, и защите от фальсификации

Роль маркировки фармацевтической продукции в профилактике ошибок, связанных с применением лекарственных средств, и защите от фальсификации

The role of labels in directing consumer packaging waste

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which consumers in Melbourne understand recycling information on packaging labels and their resulting recycling behaviour.Design/methodology/approachMixed research methods were used in the study (qualitative and quantitative approaches) in the form of randomly distributed surveys and structured face‐to‐face interviews. Both methods were administered with consumers from three demographically different areas in the metropolitan Melbourne (Australia) region. The software program SPSS was used to analyze some of the results.FindingsThe research shows that despite good intentions, consumers' understanding of packaging materials and labelling for common products, and therefore resulting sorting behaviour, is often very poor. The confusion surrounding current labelling and recycling schemes can be attributed to incorrect labelling and system complexity combined with a lack of consumer understanding and care.Practical implicationsCorrect sorting of recyclable and non‐recyclable packaging means materials finish in the correct waste stream and recyclable materials have the opportunity to be reprocessed and eventually reused, saving raw materials as well as reducing other environmental impacts. If consumers do not correctly sort materials, recyclable packaging will go to landfill and non‐recyclable materials will contaminate the recycling stream.Social implicationsThe results of the research, when completed, could be used to design more effective labelling schemes for packaging to inform consumers about its recyclability. The social benefits potentially include increased diversion of recyclable materials from the waste stream and reduced costs of both recycling and waste disposal.Originality/valueThere has been very little research undertaken on the role and adequacy of labelling in driving consumer‐recycling behaviour, and therefore this paper fills that gap. The results in the paper may be used to further enhance environmental package labelling through policy development or commercial applications.

Labeling and the Adoption of a Deviant Status

This study explores the role of labeling in the process by which individuals come to perceive their personal indebtedness as indicative of a deviant status. Particular attention is paid to the respective roles one's informal social network and self-help groups play in promoting the transformation from a non-deviant to deviant status. In-depth interviews with a convenience and snowball sample of 46 members of Debtors Anonymous (DA), was supplemented with contextual data from a DA newsletter and other print materials. The theoretical implications for both labeling theory and identity change processes are discussed.

Translations: Effects of Viewpoint, Feature, and Naming on Identifying Repeatedly Copied Drawings

We explored the tension between bottom-up and top-down contributions to object recognition in a collaboration between a visual artist and a cognitive psychologist. Initial pictorial renderings of objects and animals from various viewpoints were iteratively copied, and a series of drawings that changed from highly concrete images into highly abstract images was produced. In drawing identification in which sets were shown in reverse order, participants were more accurate, more confident, and quicker to correctly identify the evolving image when it was originally displayed from a canonical viewpoint with all salient features present. In drawing identification in which images were shown in random order, more abstract images could be resolved as a result of previously identifying a more concrete iteration of the same drawing. The results raise issues about the influence of viewpoint and feature on the preservation of pictorial images and about the role of labelling in the interpretation of ambiguous stimuli. In addition, the study highlights a procedure in which visual stimuli can degrade without necessitating a substantial loss of complexity.

Explaining International Differences in Genetically Modified Food Labeling Policies*

AbstractMany countries have adopted labeling policies for genetically modified (GM) food, and the regulations vary considerably across countries. We evaluate the importance of political‐economic factors implicit in the choice of GM food labeling regulations. Using an analytical model, we show that production and trade‐related interests play a prominent role in labeling decision‐making. This conclusion is validated by an empirical analysis of GM food labeling policy choices. We find that countries producing GM crops are more likely to have less stringent labeling policies. Food and feed exporters to the European Union (EU) and Japan are more likely to have adopted stricter labeling policies. Labeling regulations in Asia and Europe are similar to those of Japan and the EU. Countries with no labeling policies are less developed, with important rural sectors and are more likely to have ratified the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.

Wasteful Labeling

The role of labeling is to solve the adverse selection problem caused by unsubstantiated claims from firms. The problem however is likely to remain unsolved if the labeling agency is not trustworthy. The agency can be suspected to divert the fees charged for labeling from their primary purpose of collecting information in order to raise excessive revenue. This paper addresses this issue and shows that labeling may be wasteful if the agency is likely to be untrustworthy. To award firms green labels, the agency may charge fees that exceed the Ramsey level at which the revenue needed for collecting information is raised with a minimal loss in terms of efficiency.

The development of modeling or the modeling of development?

AbstractWe agree with many theoretical points presented by Rogers & McClelland (R&M), especially the role of domain-general learning of coherent covariation. Nonetheless, we argue that in failing to be informed by key aspects of development, including the role of labels on categorization and the emergence of constraints on learning, their model fails to capture important features of the ontogeny of knowledge.

The Lived Meanings of Fanaticism: Understanding the Complex Role of Labels and Categories in Defining the Self in Consumer Culture

Fandom is often stigmatized as abnormal, dangerous, or silly (Lewis 1992). At the same time, fanaticism and fandom in its various incarnations are becoming the story of the times and of central importance to marketing theory and practice. How to develop and utilize fanatical consumers is counterbalanced by the dilemma often encountered where the most committed fans resist the attempts by marketers to grow market share via the inclusion of less involved consumers. Examining so‐called fanaticism in an in‐depth manner provides new and unique insights into the processes and complexities that lead to deeply involved commitment to lifestyles and consumer products or brands. This research involved the interviewing of individuals who have experienced the “fanatic” label to attempt to understand the motivations that drive their consumption and to examine the way in which these stigmatizations are used, accepted, modified, or refuted in the definition and construction of identity. The use of videography was uniquely able to capture this experience from a first‐person perspective. This is particularly important where the label and designation of “fanatic” is highly contested and controversial.

Commentary: Promising answers, and the next generation of questions

The papers in this special issue will be immensely valuable in taking forward the agenda of research, practice and theory construction in the field of offender rehabilitation. Some have consolidated existing knowledge in specific areas and analysed its potential implications. Others have identified the key points at issue in the debate between different models of the rehabilitation process. Still others have explored or developed a number of relatively neglected matters, including the delivery of treatment within a coercive framework; the role of labelling in change and desistance processes; the importance of the therapeutic alliance in offence-focused work; and reconceptualisation of the responsivity principle within the framework of therapeutic jurisprudence. The present paper extracts some further principal themes from the spectrum of issues raised. Discussion of these is grouped under the four headings of theory construction, evidence accumulation, practical implementation, and ethical and political dimensions.

The European consumers’ understanding and perceptions of the “organic” food regime

This paper explores consumer understanding and perception of organic food, with specific reference to the relatively new concept of organic farmed salmon. Key themes associated with the term “organic” and its meaning, as determined by consumers, are explored and the role of labelling and regulatory authorities considered. Focus groups in five countries (UK, Germany, Spain, Norway and France) consisting of 196 participants showed that most consumers are confused about the meaning of the term organic and are largely unaware of the organic certification and labelling process. Many consumers were unsure, even sceptical about the concept of organic farmed salmon and display a large amount of distrust in the regulatory process. The implications for the concept of organic food and salmon production and directions for further research are discussed.

De-confusing the THOG problem: the Pythagorean solution.

Sources of facilitation for Needham and Amado's (1995) Pythagoras version of Wason's THOG problem were systematically examined in three experiments with 174 participants. Although both the narrative structure and figural notation used in the Pythagoras problem independently led to significant facilitation (40-50% correct), pairing hypothesis generation with either factor or pairing the two factors together was found to be necessary to obtain substantial facilitation (> 50% correct). Needham and Amado's original finding for the complete Pythagoras problem was also replicated. These results are discussed in terms of the "confusion theory" explanation for performance on the standard THOG problem. The possible role of labelling as a de-confusing factor in other versions of the THOG problem and the implications of the present findings for human reasoning are also considered.

Preschoolers' use of superordinate relations in classification and language

Preschoolers' difficulty in accessing superordinate relations in classification contrasts sharply with their facility in accessing superordinate relations in language use. We consider two hypotheses regarding this discrepancy. First, certain aspects of classification tasks may obscure superordinate relations. In free classification tasks, the open-ended instructions leave the choice among possible organization schemes unconstrained, allowing for virtually any grouping (e.g., thematic, idiosyncratic), not necessarily a taxonomic grouping. Second, children's facility with superordinate relations in language may be due to a language-specific constraint in development: Children may interpret novel labels as referring to taxonomic (as opposed to thematic or idiosyncratic) relations. In Experiment I, we used ‘clues’ to focus preschoolers' attention on superordinate relations. Clues were (1) superordinate category labels (Label condition); (2) sets of typical category instances (Instance condition); or (3) typical instances with instructions to consider the instances as a group (Group condition). Four-year-olds classified successfully in all conditions. Three-year-olds classified well with labels, but not with instances; their performance in the Group condition was intermediate. In Experiment II, we focus on the role of labels in superordinate classification. If labels highlight taxonomic relations, then a set of category instances paired with a novel label should serve as an especially effective taxonomic clue. With the introduction of a novel word, 3-year-olds classified as successfully as children provided with known English labels. The powerful relation between language and classification is discussed.