Role Of Intermediates Research Articles

Social Entrepreneurs’ Personal Network, Resource Bricolage, and Relation Strength

This study proposes personal network of social entrepreneurs as a key antecedent factor of their resource bricolage to understand the mechanisms underlying social entrepreneurial practices before the founding of social enterprises. In addition, this study develops a theoretical framework that draws upon two dimensions of social capital, namely, “ownership” and “use,” to explore relationships between personal network, resource bricolage, and relation strength. With data from 227 social enterprises in China, empirical results suggest that personal network of social entrepreneurs, that is, the “owned” social capital, shall be transformed by the intermediate role of resource bricolage into relation strength, that is, the “used” social capital. The relationship between resource bricolage and relation strength is positively moderated by the marketization degree and social class of social entrepreneurs. Moreover, implications for theory and practices are discussed.

CrossTalk proposal: Intramuscular lipid accumulation causes insulin resistance.

CrossTalk proposal: Intramuscular lipid accumulation causes insulin resistance.

Imputing missing RNA-sequencing data from DNA methylation by using a transfer learning-based neural network.

BackgroundGene expression plays a key intermediate role in linking molecular features at the DNA level and phenotype. However, owing to various limitations in experiments, the RNA-seq data are missing in many samples while there exist high-quality of DNA methylation data. Because DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification to regulate gene expression, it can be used to predict RNA-seq data. For this purpose, many methods have been developed. A common limitation of these methods is that they mainly focus on a single cancer dataset and do not fully utilize information from large pan-cancer datasets.ResultsHere, we have developed a novel method to impute missing gene expression data from DNA methylation data through a transfer learning–based neural network, namely, TDimpute. In the method, the pan-cancer dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was utilized for training a general model, which was then fine-tuned on the specific cancer dataset. By testing on 16 cancer datasets, we found that our method significantly outperforms other state-of-the-art methods in imputation accuracy with a 7–11% improvement under different missing rates. The imputed gene expression was further proved to be useful for downstream analyses, including the identification of both methylation–driving and prognosis-related genes, clustering analysis, and survival analysis on the TCGA dataset. More importantly, our method was indicated to be useful for general purposes by an independent test on the Wilms tumor dataset from the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) project.ConclusionsTDimpute is an effective method for RNA-seq imputation with limited training samples.

The Intermediate Role of Organizational Flexibility in the Impact of Using Information Technology on the Efficiency of the Application of IT Governance in Jordanian Industrial Companies

The current study aimed to identify the intermediate role of organizational flexibility in the impact of using information technology on the efficiency of the application of IT governance in Jordanian industrial companies, the study population consisted of all Jordanian industrial companies which by the end of 2019 were (56) company. (23) company were excluded due to the lack of access to the necessary data for the study, bringing the study sample size to (33) company. Due to the small size of the study sample, all companies were taken with a comprehensive survey, and a random stratified sample was adopted to determine the size of the study sample in each company. Where the inspection unit included individuals working in the upper and middle administrative levels in Jordanian industrial companies. Multiple linear correlation test was used along with simple and gradient test , as well as Path Analysis using (Amos) And supported by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program, the study reached many results, the most important of which was an indirect impact of the dimensions of the use of (information technology) combined ; in the efficiency of the application of IT governance with the presence of organizational flexibility as an intermediate variable among Jordanian industrial companies, as for the recommendations, it is necessary to find an organizational consistency between the uses of information technology in light of the use of COBIT 5 applications and guidelines in the presence of organizational flexibility, because it will help to adapt to unexpected crises and invest Opportunities for industrial companies at the local and global levels.

Organizational learning and value creation in local governance: the mediating role of crowdsourcing

Purpose Different studies have analyzed the relationship between organizational learning and value creation. However, the question of how crowdsourcing affects the relationships between organizational learning and value creation remains unexplored. This paper aims to explore the mediating role of crowdsourcing in the relationship between organizational learning and value creation in local governance. Design/methodology/approach The hypotheses were tested based on data collected from 205 local governance units in Poland using crowdsourcing. Data collection was carried out by using a set of standardized questionnaires. Correlation analyses were used to specify the strength of the relationships between the variables. To test the hypotheses, multiple regression analysis was used. Findings The results have shown that in the local governance organizational learning is related to crowdsourcing, while organizational learning is not related to value creation. Crowdsourcing does not play a mediating role in explaining the relationship between organizational learning and value creation. Research limitations/implications A research model was developed based on the relevant literature in the field of organizational learning, value creation and crowdsourcing. This study urges researchers to explore the relationship between organizational learning and value creation in other public organizations using crowdsourcing. Originality/value This is the first study on the intermediate role of crowdsourcing in the relationship between organizational learning and value creation in local governance. The proposed model enriches the existing literature and allows better understanding of how crowdsourcing acts as an intermediary in the organizational learning-value creation relationship.

Uncovering the invisible effect of air pollution on stock returns: A moderation and mediation analysis

Numerous studies have demonstrated the significant role of environmental factors on trading behaviors. Air pollution, one of the most critical environmental stressors, may also trigger collective mood swings and influence investment decisions. Few and inconsistent results have been found regarding the relationship between air pollution and stock returns. We claim that public awareness may be a missing key, which is a vital antecedent of mood, playing an intermediate role in the link between air pollution and stock returns. The present study explores and verifies the underlying mechanism of the relationship between air pollution and stock returns. We demonstrate the joint effect of the current day’s air condition and consecutive days of air pollution on stock returns through awareness.

Regulation and product innovation: the intermediate role of resource reallocation

Regulation has been identified as an important determinant of the innovation activities of companies, industries, and entire economies. As such, this paper investigates the potential effects of regulation on the innovative performance of firms in China. We identify an inverted U-shaped relationship between regulation and product innovation performance. That is, in China, regulation plays a positive role in promoting innovation: the more actively firms deal with regulations within certain threshold levels, the better their product innovation performance is. However, after reaching the threshold, the relationship reverses. Further, actively coping with regulations facilitates firms’ access to financial resources, which in turn promotes product innovation. Meanwhile, output distortion significantly impedes product innovation performance. However, regulation does not show a measurable impact on output distortion.

Electrochemical Atomic Layer Deposition: Self-Terminated Electrodeposition Reactions

Recently, an inexpensive “wet form” of ALD based on self-terminated electrodeposition reactions was uncovered that enables controlled formation of ultrathin films of Pt, Ir and iron group metals and alloys thereof. Common to all these systems is the role of reaction intermediates, namely adsorbed H or OH-, in the quenching of metal deposition reactions. Further details on the mechanisms of self-terminated deposition reactions will be discussed. Likewise, the utility and relevance of the process to the synthesis of nanoparticles and thin films, and the study of bimetallic electrocatalysts will be detailed.

Carbocation versus Carbene Controlled Chemoselectivity: DFT Study on Gold- and Silver-Catalyzed Alkylation/Cyclopropanation of Indoles with Vinyl Diazoesters.

Density functional theory calculations were performed to investigate the catalyst-controlled selective functionalization of indoles with vinyl diazoacetates. The detailed reaction mechanism was established, and different roles of carboncation or carbene intermediates in defining an experimentally observed chemo- and regioselectivity were fully rationalized.

Social entrepreneurs' personal network, resource bricolage and relation strength

PurposeThis study proposes personal network of social entrepreneurs as a key antecedent factor of their resource bricolage to understand the mechanisms underlying social entrepreneurial practices before the founding of social enterprises.Design/methodology/approachAn empirical study is used to collect and analyze data. The questionnaire data are drawn from in-depth semistructured interviews with Chinese social entrepreneurs. This study develops a theoretical framework that draws upon two dimensions of social capital, namely, “ownership” and “use,” to explore relationships among personal network, resource bricolage and relation strength.FindingsWith data from 227 social enterprises in China, empirical results suggest that personal network of social entrepreneurs, that is, the “owned” social capital, shall be transformed by the intermediate role of resource bricolage into relation strength, that is, the “used” social capital. The relationship between resource bricolage and relation strength is positively moderated by the marketization degree and social class of social entrepreneurs.Research limitations/implicationsThis study introduces resource bricolage into the front-end course of social entrepreneurship. The results show that similar personal network can lead to different behavioral outcomes in the context of social entrepreneurship. Then the integration of resources and opportunities at the beginning of the social entrepreneurial process opens new avenues for future research. However, this study only investigates the transformation from network to resources implemented by social entrepreneurs before organization establishment. It does not explore potential outcomes of such a transformation for the development of social enterprises.Practical implicationsSocial entrepreneurs at the prefounding stage shall make use of the values of available resources, fully use potential interpersonal relations in the personal network, and transform these relations into a close, steady relationship to realize potential values of available resources. Social entrepreneurs can start from excavation and foundation laying of strong relation networks, to avoid problems in legality, social awareness and failure risks generated from blind integration of external resources.Originality/valueThis study finds that social entrepreneurship exists between the motivation of the social entrepreneur and the establishment of the organization after the development over time. Creating first a phased result through the resource bricolage is necessary. This result establishes a complete process chain of social entrepreneurship from motivation to behavior, next to organization establishment and subsequent development. This study is an empirical test based on the theoretical interpretation to make a positive effect on the social entrepreneurship research in the theoretical construction and testing of the deficiencies.

Drosophila TRIM32 cooperates with glycolytic enzymes to promote cell growth

Control of tissue and organismal size requires the continual reprogramming of metabolic pathways to integrate biosynthetic and degradative signals. During cell growth and/or proliferation, one such mechanism that promotes the accumulation of cellular material is a switch from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism, whereby glycolytic intermediates are diverted towards anabolic pathways. How this switch is regulated in different tissues is not clear. Herein we identify a novel role for the tripartite motif (TRIM) family member, TRIM32, in the maintenance of glycolytic flux. Using a proteomics approach, we uncovered the glycolytic enzymes Aldolase (Ald) and Phosphoglycerate mutase 78 (Pglym) as TRIM32 interacting proteins. Loss of Drosophila TRIM32, encoded by the thin (tn) gene, showed a reduction in glycolytic activity and amino acid abundance. This altered metabolic profile caused a striking reduction in the overall size of two inherently glycolytic larval tissues – somatic muscles and the developing brain. Consistent with a role for metabolic intermediates in glycolysis‐driven biomass production, nutritional supplementation of amino acids in tn mutants restored muscle mass. Many tumors favor glycolytic metabolism to maximize substrate production for uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. Remarkably, wing disc‐associated tumor growth is abolished upon loss of TRIM32. Our results reveal a novel connection between TRIM32 and the maintenance of glycolytic enzyme levels and upregulated pathway activity for the sustained growth of normal and cancerous tissue growth.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by a grant through the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) to E.R.G (R01AR060788). J.M.T. is supported by a MIRA award from NIGMS (R35GM119557).

قیاس أثر المعونات الخارجیة علی التنمیة المستدامة فی إطار مستوى الدیمٌقراطیة

ملخص: استهدفت الدراسة قياس أثر المعونات الخارجية على التنمية المستدامة في إطار مستوي الديمقراطية في الدول النامية, مع محاولة التعرف على دور المؤسسات في إمکانية تعزيز العلاقة بين المعونات والتنمية المستدامة, وذلک من أجل تقديم سياسات من شأنها أن تهيئ البيئة الداخلية في الدول النامية لجذب مزيد من المعونات الخارجية بجانب الترکيز على حفز التنمية المستدامة في هذه الدول عن طريق توجيه المعونات لتحقيق استدامة التنمية. ومن أجل تحقيق ذلک استخدمت الدراسة بيانات طولية غير متوازنة (Unbalanced Panel data) لعينة من (100) دولة نامية خلال الفترة (1996-2014) بإجمالي 1622 مشاهدة. وقد اعتمدت الدراسة على متوسط نصيب الفرد من المساعدات الإنمائية والمعونات الرسمية المتلقاة للتعبير عن المعونات الخارجية, کما اعتمدت على متغير متوسط نصيب الفرد من الثروة الحقيقية للتعبير عن التنمية المستدامة باعتباره مقياسا عالميا محکما للتنمية المستدامة. وقد تم تقدير کافة نماذج الدراسة باستخدام نموذج الآثار الثابتة بناءا على اختبار Hausman test.و توصلت الدراسة إلى وجود تأثير سلبي للمعونات الخارجية على التنمية المستدامة في الدول النامية. ويرجع ذلک إلى انخفاض کفاءة المؤسسات بالدول النامية وخاصة فيما يتعلق بمستوى الديمقراطية, کما توصلت الدراسة إلى أن مستوى الديمقراطية هو أمر حاسم في زيادة فعالية أثر المعونات الخارجية على التنمية المستدامة. Abstract: The study targeted to assess the impact of foreign aid on sustainable development on sample consists of developing countries, with the attempt to capture the intermediate role of institution in enhancing the relationship between the two economic variables, In order to provide policies that will create the internal environment in developing countries that would attract more foreign aid. In addition to focusing on stimulating sustainable development in these countries by channeling aid to achieve sustainable development. To achieve this, the study used unbalanced panel data for a sample of (100) developing countries over the period (1996-2014) with a total of 1622 observations. The study relied on the average per capita development aid and official aid received to express foreign aid, and the variable per capita real wealth to express sustainable development as a global standard for sustainable development. All the study models were estimated using the fixed effects model based on the results of Hausman test. The study found a negative impact of external aid on sustainable development in developing countries. This is due to the low efficiency of institutions in developing countries, especially with regard to the level of democracy. The study also found that the level of democracy is crucial in increasing the effectiveness of external aid on sustainable development.

The intermediate role of substance use indices in relation between trait impulsivity and emotional dysregulation with state impulsivity in chronic methamphetamine users

The intermediate role of substance use indices in relation between trait impulsivity and emotional dysregulation with state impulsivity in chronic methamphetamine users

Drosophila TRIM32 cooperates with glycolytic enzymes to promote cell growth

Cell growth and/or proliferation may require the reprogramming of metabolic pathways, whereby a switch from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism diverts glycolytic intermediates towards anabolic pathways. Herein, we identify a novel role for TRIM32 in the maintenance of glycolytic flux mediated by biochemical interactions with the glycolytic enzymes Aldolase and Phosphoglycerate mutase. Loss of Drosophila TRIM32, encoded by thin (tn), shows reduced levels of glycolytic intermediates and amino acids. This altered metabolic profile correlates with a reduction in the size of glycolytic larval muscle and brain tissue. Consistent with a role for metabolic intermediates in glycolysis-driven biomass production, dietary amino acid supplementation in tn mutants improves muscle mass. Remarkably, TRIM32 is also required for ectopic growth - loss of TRIM32 in a wing disc-associated tumor model reduces glycolytic metabolism and restricts growth. Overall, our results reveal a novel role for TRIM32 for controlling glycolysis in the context of both normal development and tumor growth.

Sustainability-Oriented Innovation Practices and their Role in Promoting Environmental Innovation through the Mediating Role of Green Transformational Leadership in Oil Companies (A Case Study of Basra Oil Company)

The current research aims to identify sustainability-oriented innovation practices and their role in enhancing environmental creativity through the intermediate role of green transformation leadership in organizations. Field research was carried out at Basra Oil Company and a random sample of 113 employees, The questionnaire was used as a key tool for data collection, it consisted of three axes, the first for sustainable innovation-oriented practices, the second for green transformational leadership, and the third for environmental innovation, and the data were analyzed through the advanced statistical program AMOS and the SPSS program, the data were analyzed through AMOS and SPSS. The research was based on a key hypothesis that "there is a relationship and impact between sustainability-oriented towards innovation practices and environmental innovation through green transformational leadership". The results showed that the organization in question has a vision of sustainability-oriented towards innovation practices in the development of new competencies that support green innovation in the organization as well as the organization to acquire innovative and environmentally friendly technologies and processes. In key areas where there are no previous experiences, the organization is constantly exploring new ways to understand the expectations and requirements of key stakeholders, but some areas need a better understanding of the best practices regarding the use of new management systems to manage environmental innovation as well as the management of the organization is often actively involved in environmental innovation activities on average and the management of the organization invests an average proportion of R & D in environmental innovation. Finally, management often collects information on environmental innovation trends. In addition, several recommendations have been formulated, the most important of which is the formulation of strategies for the implementation of sustainability directed towards creative practices to promote environmental creativity that is compatible with the characteristics of the Iraqi environment and its requirements, The new technologies of sustainability-oriented towards the development of processes and products and sustainability-oriented towards the development of creative competencies support the enhancement of the environmental creativity of the organization in question. This course contributes to achieving the efficient green performance of the organization.

Work-Family Organizational Support as a Predictor of Work-Family Conflict, Enrichment, and Balance: Crossover and Spillover Effects in Dual-Income Couples.

Dual-income families are challenged by several issues in terms of conciliation between the working environment, the family context and the management of children. This paper, consistently with spillover and crossover hypotheses, aimed at examining the intermediate role of work-family balance, linking on work-family organizational support, work-to-family enrichment and conflict as predictors, and on family-life satisfaction of dual-income families’ both partners as final outcomes. It was expected that work-family organizational support would be related to lower work-to-family conflict and higher enrichment and, through them, with higher work-family balance; moreover, a positive association between work-family balance and family-life satisfaction of both partners was assumed. 390 double-income heterosexual couples participated in our study; 76.2% of the couples were parents. Structural equation modelling results showed that work-family balance was negatively predicted by work-to-family conflict and positively predicted by work-to-family enrichment. Furthermore, work-family organizational support positively predicted work-to-family enrichment, which also mediated its effect on work-family balance. Crossover and spillover effects were also confirmed, given that positive associations between work-family balance and family-life satisfaction of both partners were found. Implications for future research and organizational interventions aimed at both improving work-family balance and promoting greater satisfaction in family life are discussed.

Oxidative and nitrosative stresses in cerebral malaria: can we target them to avoid a bad prognosis?

There is currently a global effort to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality. However, malaria still results in the deaths of thousands of people every year. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium spp., parasites transmitted through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Treatment timing plays a decisive role in reducing mortality and sequelae associated with the severe forms of the disease such as cerebral malaria (CM). The available antimalarial therapy is considered effective but parasite resistance to these drugs has been observed in some countries. Antimalarial drugs act by increasing parasite lysis, especially through targeting oxidative stress pathways. Here we discuss the roles of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen intermediates in CM as a result of host-parasite interactions. We also present evidence of the potential contribution of oxidative and nitrosative stress-based antimalarial drugs to disease treatment and control.

ТРИКОМПОНЕНТНІ РЕАКЦІЇ НЕНАСИЧЕНИХ СПОЛУК З СОЛЯМИ АРЕНДІАЗОНІЮ І НЕЙТРАЛЬНИМИ НУКЛЕОФІЛАМИ. АРИЛСУЛЬФОНІЛЮВАННЯ

The results of recent achievements on the interaction of arenediazonium salts with unsaturated compounds in the presence of neutral nucleophiles are summarized. New examples of multicomponent transformations with the participation of such neutral nucleophiles as CO (arylcarbonylation), NO (arylnitrosylation), aceto¬nitrile (aminoarylation), SO2 (arylsulfonylation) and others are given. These reactions can be applied to alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds. Mild reaction conditions allow the use of reagents with different functional groups. Reactions of this type open up the possibility of one-step production of complex poly¬functional compounds. Catalytic systems are quite diverse for these transformations: it is catalysis involving transition metals, platinum group metals. Prospects for the use of arenediazonium salts in multicomponent transfor¬ma-tions according to the concepts of «green» chemistry are outlined – it is photoinitiation by visible and ultraviolet radiation, acid-base catalysis. The role of catalysis in the process, the role of complex intermediates and reaction mechanisms are analyzed. For most processes, the SET reaction mechanism is implemented through the formation of an alkene intermediate ion radical, the stability of which depends on the nature of the substituent near the double bond. Particular attention is paid to arylsulfonylation reactions, because the arylsulfonyl group is one of the many important biologically active molecules. Arylsulfonylation reactions of alkenes with the participation of transition metals or under conditions of metal-free catalysis are considered. Examples of arylsulfonylation of the C=C bond using sulfinic acids, their salts and hydrazides are given. An available method for producing functionalized sulfones is the multicomponent interaction of arenediazonium salts, alkenes and SO2. The arylsulfonylation reaction occurs as a series of successive reactions involving the generation of a catalyst, the decomposition of arenediazonium cations, the addition of an aryl group, a nucleophile to a multiple bond, and the formation of the final products. The use of functionalized alkenes allows to obtain functionalized arylsulfones in one step. This functionalization expands the scope of use of arylsulfones, in particular, for studies of biological activity. The progress made in the development of effective strategies for the production of arylsulfones opens new opportunities for further research.

From topography to hydrology-The modifiable area unit problem impacts freshwater species distribution models.

Species distribution models (SDMs) are statistical tools to identify potentially suitable habitats for species. For SDMs in river ecosystems, species occurrences and predictor data are often aggregated across subcatchments that serve as modeling units. The level of aggregation (i.e., model resolution) influences the statistical relationships between species occurrences and environmental predictors—a phenomenon known as the modifiable area unit problem (MAUP), making model outputs directly contingent on the model resolution. Here, we test how model performance, predictor importance, and the spatial congruence of species predictions depend on the model resolution (i.e., average subcatchment size) of SDMs. We modeled the potential habitat suitability of 50 native fish species in the upper Danube catchment at 10 different model resolutions. Model resolutions were derived using a 90‐m digital‐elevation model by using the GRASS‐GIS module r.watershed. Here, we decreased the average subcatchment size gradually from 632 to 2 km2. We then ran ensemble SDMs based on five algorithms using topographical, climatic, hydrological, and land‐use predictors for each species and resolution. Model evaluation scores were consistently high, as sensitivity and True Skill Statistic values ranged from 86.1–93.2 and 0.61–0.73, respectively. The most contributing predictor changed from topography at coarse, to hydrology at fine resolutions. Climate predictors played an intermediate role for all resolutions, while land use was of little importance. Regarding the predicted habitat suitability, we identified a spatial filtering from coarse to intermediate resolutions. The predicted habitat suitability within a coarse resolution was not ported to all smaller, nested subcatchments, but only to a fraction that held the suitable environmental conditions. Across finer resolutions, the mapped predictions were spatially congruent without such filter effect. We show that freshwater SDM predictions can have consistently high evaluation scores while mapped predictions differ significantly and are highly contingent on the underlying subcatchment size. We encourage building freshwater SDMs across multiple catchment sizes, to assess model variability and uncertainties in model outcomes emerging from the MAUP.

Transcriptional reprogramming strategies and miRNA-mediated regulation networks of Taxus media induced into callus cells from tissues

BackgroundTaxus cells are a potential sustainable and environment-friendly source of taxol, but they have low survival ratios and slow grow rates. Despite these limitations, Taxus callus cells induced through 6 months of culture contain more taxol than their parent tissues. In this work, we utilized 6-month-old Taxus media calli to investigate their regulatory mechanisms of taxol biosynthesis by applying multiomics technologies. Our results provide insights into the adaptation strategies of T. media by transcriptional reprogramming when induced into calli from parent tissues.ResultsSeven out of 12 known taxol, most of flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes were significantly upregulated in callus cells relative to that in the parent tissue, thus indicating that secondary metabolism is significantly strengthened. The expression of genes involved in pathways metabolizing biological materials, such as amino acids and sugars, also dramatically increased because all nutrients are supplied from the medium. The expression level of 94.1% genes involved in photosynthesis significantly decreased. These results reveal that callus cells undergo transcriptional reprogramming and transition into heterotrophs. Interestingly, common defense and immune activities, such as “plant–pathogen interaction” and salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-signaling transduction, were repressed in calli. Thus, it’s an intelligent adaption strategy to use secondary metabolites as a cost-effective defense system. MiRNA- and degradome-sequencing results showed the involvement of a precise regulatory network in the miRNA-mediated transcriptional reprogramming of calli. MiRNAs act as direct regulators to enhance the metabolism of biological substances and repress defense activities. Given that only 17 genes of secondary metabolite biosynthesis were effectively regulated, miRNAs are likely to play intermediate roles in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites by regulating transcriptional factors (TFs), such as ERF, WRKY, and SPL.ConclusionOur results suggest that increasing the biosynthesis of taxol and other secondary metabolites is an active regulatory measure of calli to adapt to heterotrophic culture, and this alteration mainly involved direct and indirect miRNA-induced transcriptional reprogramming. These results expand our understanding of the relationships among the metabolism of biological substances, the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and defense systems. They also provide a series of candidate miRNAs and transcription factors for taxol biosynthesis.