Role Of Caste Research Articles

Measuring Electoral Competitiveness: With Application to the Indian States

We consider alternative methods of measuring the competitiveness of a majoritarian electoral system in the context of an analysis of Indian State elections. Our analysis highlights a number of weaknesses in the construction and interpretation of commonly used measures such as the effective number of parties, the first versus second place vote margin and safe seats, while presenting these and their proposed alternatives for 14 major Indian states from 1952 to 2009. The alternative indexes we present are based in part on ideas that are longstanding in the literature but have not been fully adopted within the Indian context. These indexes incorporate vote volatility, allow for multi-party competition at the constituency level, and adjust for asymmetry among parties of safe seats in the legislature. We argue that these newly computed indexes capture distinct but related dimensions of electoral competition better than do the extant commonly used measures. The analysis of these indexes is then extended to consider the role of caste, class, regionalism and level of development to reveal interesting patterns of commonality and difference in electoral competition across the states.

An Assessment of Rights and Affirmative action Policies in India

This article is a contextualized explanation of affirmative action policies and focuses on how the policies have fared in the Indian context. The article has focused on the assessment of the affirmative action or reservation policies as they are referred to in India. The plural Indian society is an ideal example of caste and identity based socio political structure, where contradictions rule strongly and govern the peace of the socio political set up. The reservations have a long history and were seen as a remedy for the diversity discord. Caste had been playing its dominant role as the prime divisive tool and keeping the society heirarchised. The constitution of India had been the central domain of activity where time and again amendments and clauses were added to adjust the provisions for the deprived lot. The Mandal commission brought to light the OBC issue which had been simmering for a while. The OBC demands made the reservation issue highly politicized and complex. Proliferation of groups in the wake of Mandal furore added pressure on the reservation policies and as a result of which, reservation policies were increasingly seen as rights. When assessing the policies, one cannot deny the fact that they have played a significant role in ameliorating the conditions of the underprivileged. There had been redistribution of goods so that those with a history of discrimination were compensated for being deprived of equal moral status. However this had not spread evenly throughout the beneficiary groups. Yet some significant and noteworthy progress has been made, job reservations had enabled them (the deprived lot) to acquire influential roles and their participation had also increased. These positive results are accompanied by their inherent drawbacks. The policies are confronted with the challenge being posed by the narrow sectarian interests who want to use the reservations to foster political ends. The alienation which has been building within the non beneficiaries and the consequent hatred which it amounts to is creating tensions in society. The institutional mechanism of the Indian social and political set up is making every possible effort to have an integrated outlook, and reflect homogeneity as far as respecting individuals without thinking about caste considerations is concerned. What is needed is to make a shift from the rights view and focus on the policy design so as to suit the needs of all. A thorough appraisal of the policy structure is the need of the hour. The article will revolve around the dominant role of caste in the Indian society, followed by the rights and policies as per the Indian constitution and the landmark events in the evolution of reservations in India. The article ends with the assessment of the whole situation prevalent in India.

Caste and Class in Nineteenth-Century Slave Narratives

Scholars of slave narratives have developed a fine-tuned sense of the role of caste—epitomized by the hierarchical power dynamics between enslaver and enslaved—in antebellum narratives. But researc...

Caste and capital in the remaking of Ahmedabad

The city has been eulogized as a liberating space of anonymity where identities of caste and creed dissolve before the might of economic capital. This paper examines how the role of caste is both masked and intensified in the formation of new neighbourhoods in the backdrop of city-remaking projects. Our ethnographic study of Dalit-dominated neighbourhoods in Ahmedabad shows that the emergence of a middle-class neighbourhood in Ahmedabad’s periphery must be seen as a ‘post-liberalization Dalit ghetto’ that is distinct from the pre-liberalization Dalit neighbourhoods in the industrial centre of the city. The new Dalit middle-class neighbourhood of Chandkheda is a result of greater economic mobility among Dalits which continues to be marked by the three exclusionary mechanisms: ‘moving up’ and into segregation; caste vigilantism; and protean forms of intra-Dalit exclusion. The collusion of caste and capital produces unexpected forms of space politics that tend to enhance rather than dissolve distinctions based on micro-caste identities in middle-class residential spaces, all the while hiding new forms of exclusion behind the rhetoric of secularized urban development.

Hierarchical to Gender Egalitarianism: Women Empowerment and Emancipation through Micro Finance in Rural Nepal

The major objective of this paper is to identify the efficacy of Micro Finance in women empowerment and to explore the ramifications of awareness and socioeconomic alterations owing to Micro Finance program. Both quantitative and qualitative data from primary and secondary sources were used in the study. The instruments of primary data collection were questionnaire, observation, interview and focus group discussion. Pedestal on gender theories examining status and power differences related to gender empowerment, role of caste, ethnicity, culture and, to some extent, class status in shaping individuals and problems, this study deduced that gender empowerment is a transformation of gender relations from hierarchal to egalitarian plan rather than just women’s power position and this has been doable through Micro Finance which has proved to be the financial self sustainable paradigm. Microfinance program has supported to women’s income generating and livelihood activities and helped in poverty reduction owing to which rural women’s life style and way of living is altering. Gender empowerment through Micro Finance incorporates emancipation and empowerment of women without creating a misgiving of emasculation of men. Emancipation of women is procuring economic, social and political rights and equality meant for fostering a balance in gender relations as against the one-sided women empowerment approach.Journal of Nepalese Business Studies Vol. 9, No. 1, 2015 pp. 48-62

CASTE IN GLOBALISATION CONTEXT: THE PERCEPTION OF INTERNATIONAL AID AGENCIES

The present paper is an attempt to understand the working of international aid agencies with the marginalized groups of India. I argue that the functioning of these agencies is not innocent and the same can be revealed by critical understanding of the internal dynamics of their operation, particularly in the broader field of empowerment of marginalized communities that they are engaged with. Despite the fact that the International aid agencies have their imprints in India for decades, there is no visible or substantial change in lives of the communities they seek to change. Those, particularly the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, other marginalized communities continue to be at the lower strata of the society devoid of socio- political, economic and welfare measures of the so-called egalitarian state. One reason that led to the failure of these agencies is their un(conscious) inability to understand the socio, political and cultural dynamics of Indian caste system. Without proper understanding of the caste system, one cannot comprehend the resultant systematic exclusion, which in fact led to the perennial poverty of these communities. Furthermore, the paper seeks to understand the institutional setup of these aid agencies in India and argues thereby that any developmental, reformist and empowerment agenda adopted by such agencies is inherently ‘exclusive’ and therefore bound to fail in the promises that they make. This paper critically views the aid agencies’ mainstream perception of caste discourse, their lack of will to include the members of the marginalized communities into their policymaking bodies. Moreover, I argue that any developmental intervention without the active participation of marginalized communities will be a charade in the name of charity. The paper divided into 6 sections. In the first section, I look at the role of caste in modern context, synthesizing the views of scholars such as K Sathyanarayana, Susie Tharu, G Aloysius, Gopal Guru, Sundar Sarukai, N. Sukumar and AS Ajith Kumar and argue that caste is reconfigured and more rampant in modern times. In the second section, I argue that, with the formation of Brahmanical caste based organizations across the countries, caste has become a world problem; third section is about understanding of caste in international aid agencies. In the fourth section, I draw your attention on the caste diversity and staffing practices of international aid agencies in India, which disproportionately occupied and operated by privileged sections with Brahmanic cultural capital. In the fifth section, I argue for the need of challenging the caste in conscious level to symbolic boundaries. The sixth chapter is the conclusion and seventh one is the annexure, list out the Brahmanical caste based organizations formed in the countries across the world, eighth one is the table that indicates the No diversity and No accountability in the aid agencies in India Keywords: Caste, India, Aid Agencies, Modernity, Globalization, Discrimination, Diversity

The role of caste in the implementation of herbal gardens in Bangalore

Over the past few decades home garden research has emphasised the promotion of home gardening for nutritional and other welfare benefits for the poor in urban areas. Still, the urban communities who cultivate plants in their home gardens are in general represented as rather uniform groups, and no distinction is made in terms of caste, ethnic groups, or social class. This article asserts that social stratification represents an important aspect that needs to be taken into account while devising educational programmes and community projects for the promotion of home herbal gardens in urban areas.

Affirmative Action: The Tata Story

The case draws attention to an endemic problem that has challenged the Indian society for centuries namely the role of caste in accessing the various institutions of the society, namely, education, employment and entrepreneurship. This case documents the proactive attempts at Affirmative Action in employment and employability in the group companies held by Tata Sons.In 2004, after the general elections in India , the Congress and its pre-poll allies that included the RJD, DMK, NCP, PMK, TRS, JMM, LJP, MDMK, AIMIM, PDP, IUML, RPI (A), RPI (G) and KC(J) came together to form a United Progressive Alliance (UPA). The UPA government supported by the Left Parties created a National Common Minimum program (NCMP) which outlined the basic principles of Governance. One of the principles related to the reservation of positions for the SC/ST in private sector organizations. This case documents the proactive attempts at Affirmative Action in employment and employability in the group companies held by Tata Sons.

Social Identity and Educational Attainment: The Role of Caste and Religion in Explaining Differences between Children in India

The aim of this article is to gauge the size of the educational gap between children, aged 8–11 years, belonging to the different social groups in India. It is well established that educational attainments vary considerably between India's caste and religious groups with Muslims, Dalits (the Scheduled Castes), Adivasis (the Scheduled Tribes), and the ‘Other Backward Classes’ (the OBC) being the most backward. Using data from the Indian Human Development Survey of 2005 – which tested over 12,300 children, aged 8–11, for their ability to read, write, and do arithmetic at different levels of competence – this study examines inequalities within social groups in the test scores of children to argue that inter-group comparisons of educational attainment should take into account not just the mean level of achievement of the children in a group but, also, the degree of inequality in the distribution of achievements between children in the group. The article then proceeds to enquire why different children have different levels of educational achievement. The central conclusion is that, after controlling for a number of parental, household and school-related factors, children from all the different social groups, when compared to Brahmin children, were disadvantaged, in some or all of the three competencies of reading, arithmetic, and writing. However, this disadvantage was greatest for Muslim, Dalit, and Adivasi children. These children were disadvantaged with respect to all three competencies and their disadvantage embraced failure as well as success. Using a decomposition analysis, the article quantifies the ‘structural advantage’ that Brahmin and High Caste children enjoyed over their Dalit and Muslim counterparts.

Albee in Performance (review)

Reviewed by: Albee in Performance Billy Middleton Albee in Performance. By Rakesh H. Solomon. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010; pp. 304. According to Edward Albee, playwriting is "an affliction you're born with," but directing is "a craft which can be learned" (qtd. on 7). Rakesh Solomon's new book Albee in Performanceexamines Albee's career as a director, a role overshadowed by his fame as a playwright. Solomon points out that performance analyses have been omitted from Albee criticism, and his access to Albee during rehearsals and stagings of key works, along with interviews with the director and frequent collaborators, allows him to fill this gap. Solomon uses performance analysis, theatre history, and textual criticism to examine how Albee transforms his own works into dynamic stage performances. As Solomon relates, Albee's impetus for directing his own plays was sparked by dissatisfaction with what he considered inaccurate representations of his authorial intent. Solomon uses the term "double author" to refer to Albee's dual roles as playwright and director, suggesting that, in his capacity as director, Albee continues to author his texts by refining and clarifying his original intent. This notion of the double author provides a critical framework for Solomon's interpretation of Albee's directorial work throughout the book's eleven chapters. The first two chapters provide an overview of Albee's place in American drama, both as playwright and director. Of particular interest is the second chapter, which focuses on Albee's role in casting. Solomon describes Albee as a playwright who appreciates "a performer's acting skill and intelligence more . . . than his personality traits or physical attributes" (14). He points out that Albee's insistence on having the final word in directorial decisions like casting, even in productions of his work directed by others, often led to conflict with his former frequent collaborator Alan Schneider. While Schneider and others have characterized Albee's involvement as bordering on dictatorial, Solomon suggests that it testifies to Albee's vision of the playwright as the creator of a work that must be realized in production. Chapters 3 through 9 consist of Solomon's performance analyses, including rehearsal notes, for productions of The American Dream, The Zoo Story, Fam and Yam, The Sandbox, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, The Marriage Play, and Three Tall Women, and Albee's forays into experimental dramaturgy with Boxand Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung. The playwright's notes and revisions serve as valuable tools to correct erroneous interpretations by other [End Page 142]directors and Albee scholars. In her analysis of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, for example, critic Anita Stenz has read George's repeated warnings to Martha not to mention their child as attempts to goad her into revealing their secret, suggesting that Martha has made a habit of mentioning their child in the past. But in a 1990 restaging, Albee deleted eight of these warnings, thus ensuring, according to Solomon, that George's act of violence in narrating their son's death is in response to the events of that evening rather than a reaction to Martha's supposed "cumulative breaches or her attempted infidelity" (195). Although Albee has espoused a disinterest in scholarly criticism surrounding his works, Solomon suggests that he seeks to correct critical misinterpretations through such textual changes. Chapter 10 focuses on Albee as double author. Solomon begins this chapter with a quote by British dramatist John Arden, who declares that an author who allows others to direct his work is "merely a playwriter," but a playwrightis "capable of presenting a complete artistic vision upon the stage" (qtd. on 191). Solomon argues that Albee shares an "identical conception" to Arden's, and his intent here is to draw a more explicit connection between Albee's roles as writer and director. Solomon's focus is primarily on directorial choices. References to revisions made during later productions deal largely with staging over script, and these changes are made in response to previous productions, rather than being critical interpretations of the scripts themselves. The final chapter is a compilation of Solomon's interviews with Albee and his collaborators over the decades spent researching this book...

Liberalization’s Children: Gender, Youth, and Consumer Citizenship in Globalizing India (review)

Reviewed by: Liberalization’s Children: Gender, Youth, and Consumer Citizenship in Globalizing India Supriya Baily (bio) Liberalization’s Children: Gender, Youth, and Consumer Citizenship in Globalizing India by Ritty A. Lukose. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009, 284 pp., $79.95 hardcover, $22.95 paper. Kerala, a southern Indian state with a matriarchal society, high literacy rates for both men and women, and progressive social development, has often been touted as a model of development in what used to be considered a developing country. Today, India aggressively pushes back against the label of “developing,” intent to be treated as an equal to other global powers. In the eyes of its growing middle class, India’s rightful place is as a leading figure on the world stage. If achieving this place means that citizens are required to support a consumer culture that promotes international brands, hobbies, and products, the middle class appears to be a willing and ready partner in this quest. In her book Liberalization’s Children, Ritty Lukose explores how youth in Kerala are navigating their civic and educational identities in a globalized and increasingly consumerist India, especially in relation to youth embracement of fashion and romance. Lukose has a strong understanding of Kerala, its history, the confluence of political parties and ideologies, and the role of caste and religion, and she connects all of these issues to the development of youth identities in the early 1990s. She delves deeply into the influence of the Malayalam—the local language—and the Hindi film industries, both of which have had a significant impact on youth and popular culture and fit into the book’s larger narrative of youth roles and responsibilities vis-à-vis the state and the country. Lukose sets the stage for the contradictions faced by young people as they describe how romance is viewed through the influence of the ubiquitous Mills and Boone romance novels and the influx of 1950s U.S.-style ice cream parlors where both friendship and romance thrived. Locating her analysis in this local context, she clearly articulates that it is not her intent to “nest the region within the nation and then within the world” (25), possibly because Kerala has an unusual status of nearly 100 percent literacy for both men and women and is unique in the “rise of the communist left” in this state (31). Shifting back and forth between Lukose’s descriptions of the multiple identities and interests of college students, readers become familiar with the types of interactions young adults have with one another. The relationships developed through the use of “public space” highlights the agency students in [End Page 176] Kerala exercise to advocate for their educational, political, and consumer rights. Her extensive interviews unveil the impact that political contestations have over education in Kerala, the influence that political parties have on college campuses, and the varied involvement of men and women in these processes. Although Lukose explores youth and citizenship, it is explicitly the role of women and their navigation of globalization (namely, Westernization) that is at the heart of this book. The demands of the past and the expectations for the future are critical dimensions of how Lukose positions the temporality of changing gendered roles that are prevalent among college students in Kerala. Especially well-documented are the nuances of how women are expected to walk a fine line between often opposing social and cultural demands: women are expected to be approachable while also modest, independent as well as vulnerable, intelligent and at the same time coy. These multiple identities of individual women nonetheless underscore a larger narrative about national development and nationalism, in that “women bear the burden of authenticity,” which, Lukose argues, “becomes imperative for understanding the dynamics of globalization” (61). The plurality of roles and the struggle between the “modern” (globalized and Western) and “traditional” Indian woman create a narrative that moves beyond the individual into discussions of economic development and national identity as gendered practices. The inextricable involvement of women in multiple and often competing spheres has led to a complex debate over women’s proper role in Indian society, and Lukose has undertaken an ambitious task to articulate it. She does...

Dolores del Río and Lupe Vélez: Working in Hollywood, 1924-1944

This article focuses on Dolores del Rio and Lupe Velez, contextualing their film careers in relation to their reception by their audiences. It focuses on how, despite their generally opposite media representations and personas, they had much in common because they functioned within very similar political-economic con texts. Contributing to their commonalities was the film industry’s role in casting and representing them in a manner that reflected the hyper-sexuality attributed to Latinas, but in a “palatable” ‐for the times ‐ way . Despite different career paths, both were personally involved in transnational circuits, confronted issues of work autonomy, accommodation, resistance and control, and were pressured to play to Hollywood stereo types and to “repre sent” their communities. The author’s analysis is based on an examination of primary materials dating from 1924 to 1934, and relevant period and contemporary readings and web sources . The

The efficacy of serial casting after botulinum toxin type A injection in improving equinovarus deformity in patients with chronic stroke

Introduction: Spasticity is an important early complication of stroke, which may lead to shortening of gastrocnemius and soleus muscles and contracture in the Achilles tendon and soft tissues of the ankle. Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) is a promising drug for the management of focal spasticity. Serial casting is another alternative method for reducing contractures due to spasticity. The present study aimed to determine if serial casting after BTX-A injection could help to limit the development of calf contracture in chronic hemiplegic patients.Method: The records of patients with stroke that were treated in the brain injury rehabilitation clinic between January 2007 and December 2008 were screened. In all, 10 patients that underwent a serial casting programme for 24 days following BTX-A injection were included in the study. Goniometric scores for ankle ROM, Physician Rating Scale (PRS) and Functional Independence Measurement (FIM) scores were recorded.Results: Mean age of the patients was 33.2 years. Mean time interval after stroke onset was 35.0 months. Improvements in ROM were quite significant after serial casting. Moreover, FIM and PRS scores improved significantly.Conclusion: Serial casting may be an appropriate intervention following BTX-A injection to prevent equinovarus deformity and improve the quality of walking in chronic stroke patients. The role of casting and splinting are important topics that require further research.

The Role of Caste in Environmental Movement Dynamics: A study from the Garhwal Himalayas and the Narmada Valley in India

The Role of Caste in Environmental Movement Dynamics: A study from the Garhwal Himalayas and the Narmada Valley in India

Origin and Concept of Caste and Role of Caste in Current Social Practices in India

Origin and Concept of Caste and Role of Caste in Current Social Practices in India

Research on Hindu Women’s Renunciation Today: State of the Field

AbstractThis essay traces the recent development of field‐based research on contemporary women’s renunciation and points to fruitful areas for further work. While women renouncers have probably existed in small numbers since the ancient period in South Asia, there is little concrete information about their lives. Given the importance of marriage in the region, a woman’s rejection of domestic life is likely to arouse opposition from family and society. Given the representation of women as a threat to celibate men, ascetic women cannot assume support from male peers either. Until recently, they have been invisible in both public life and scholarship. Since the 1980s, however, women renouncers and gurus have increased in both number and visibility in the region and worldwide, as has research on the topic. This essay outlines the broader context of renunciation in South Asian religious traditions and then focuses on Hindu asceticism. Starting in the 1980s research on women’s renunciation was published and began to disrupt conventional paradigms for understanding Hindu renunciation. Despite the increase in excellent work on the subject in the last two decades, this survey suggests that future research is needed to address the statistical reality of women’s renunciation, the role of caste and other inequalities, ascetic masculinities, and transnational processes.

‘We are all sondukarar (relatives)!’: kinship and its morality in an urban industry of Tamilnadu, South India

AbstractThis article is concerned with the role of kinship and kin morality in contexts of work in South Asia. It focuses on the highly ambivalent nature of kin morality when mobilised outside the household and the family. Ethnographic evidence from a small-scale industry in Tamilnadu, South India, shows how employers frequently invoke the morality of kinship and caste in an attempt to secure a reliable and compliant labour force and to avoid overt class confrontation. However, employers’ efforts to promote kinship—real or fictive—and its morality in the workplace appear inadequate in the face of high labour turnover and frequently collapsing employer-worker relationships in small-scale industries. While employers’ repeated use of kin ideology succeeds in silencing the workers on the shop floor, it is much less effective in securing a stable labour force in the long run. The argument put forward here points to the limits of kin morality and questions its effectiveness in informal contexts of labour employment. The discussion sheds new light on the role of caste and kinship in recruiting, retaining and disciplining labour in India's informal economy.

Health inequity and women’s self-help groups in India: The role of caste and class

With the United Nations Millenium Declaration of 2000, the establishment of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) has been identified as a significant strategy in addressing the alarming levels of poverty and marginalisation that have accompanied global development. SHGs are small, voluntary associations of people from the same socio-economic background that have been established for the purpose of solving shared social and economic problems through self-help and mutual help. Such grass-roots commonality, it has been assumed, will promote community empowerment and prevent economic marginalisation. Such an assumption is largely based on the global, neo-liberal agenda of seeing the withdrawal of the State from social provisioning. SHGs have been widely adopted in India, especially to eliminate the social exclusion of poor women and improve their access to health. This article reviews the scope and limitations of SHGs in improving women’s health, focusing on their implementation in the State of Bihar in India. It critically assesses the extent to which SHGs can be involved in attaining better health for women and children by exploring the crucial role of caste and class in access to health services. The article concludes that solutions such as SHGs, which emanate from international policy circles, fail to capture local structural contexts such as caste and class and, as a result, develop instrumentalised approaches that are unlikely to produce equitable health services provision to poor and marginalised people.

Earnings Inequality in India: Has the Rise of Caste and Religion Based Politics in India Had an Impact?

Since 1989, there has been a sharp increase in the role of caste and religion in determining political fortunes at both state and federal levels in India. As a consequence, significant intercaste and inter-religion differences in earnings have the potential to stall the process of economic reforms. Yet, the patterns and determinants of such differences remain unexplored. We address this lacuna in the literature, and explore the determinants of the differences in inter-caste and inter-religion earnings in India during the 1987-99 period, using the 43 rd and 55 th rounds of National Sample Survey (NSS). Our results suggest that (a) earnings differences between “upper” castes and SC/ST have declined between 1987 and 1999, (b) over the same period, earnings differences between Muslims and non-Muslims have increased, to the detriment of the former, and (c) inter-caste and inter-religion differences in earnings can be explained largely by corresponding differences in educational endowment and returns on age (and, hence, experience). However, differences in returns on education do not explain inter-caste and inter-religion earnings differences to a great extent.

What Is Happening to Caste? A View from Some North Indian Villages

The role of caste in indian politics is undergoing considerable change. Caste and patron-client links have been regarded traditionally as the building blocks of political organization in India (Brass 1994; Manor 1997; Migdal 1988; Kothari 1988; Weiner 1967), and vertical and horizontal mobilizations by patrons and caste leaders, respectively, have been important influences on political outcomes (Rudolph and Rudolph 1967). There are indications, however, that the influence of patronage and caste might have declined considerably in recent years:[National-level] survey data reveal some important facts that run counter to the conventional wisdom on voter behavior. … In 1996, 75 percent of the sample said they were not guided by anyone in their voting decision. … Of the 25 percent who sought advice, only 7 percent sought it from caste and community leaders … that is,less than 2 percent of the electorate got direct advice on how to vote from caste and community leaders. … The most important survey data show the change over time. In 1971, 51 percent of the respondents agreed that it was “important to vote the way your caste/community does” (30 percent disagreed), but in 1996 the percentages were reversed: 51 percent disagreed with that statement (29 percent agreed). … In 1998, “caste and community” was seen as an issue by only 5.5 percent of the respondents in one poll … and [it] ranked last of nine issues in another. All the evidence points to the fact that these respondents are correct: members of particular castes … can be found voting for every party. … It is less and less true that knowing the caste of a voter lets you reliably predict the party he or she will vote for.(Oldenburg 1999, 13–15, emphasis in original)