Role In History Research Articles

Less-known pages of the history of Georgian-Baltic scientific relations: George Akhvlediani and Jānis Endzelīns

Professor George Akhvlediani (1887-1973) was the great Georgian scholar with multiple interests. He worked in several areas of linguistic inquiry. He wrote major works on general linguistics, general and experimental phonetics, speech therapy, Indo-Europeanand Kartvelian languages, some of them being seminal. After having received higher education at Kharkiv and Petrograd universities, Akhvlediani returned to his homeland and became one of the founders of Tbilisi University (26/1/1918). He pioneered in such disciplines as general linguistics and general phonetics. He was in charge of the Department of General Linguistics which played a historical role in the emergence and development of the linguistics thought in Georgia. It should be noted that Jānis Endzelīns (1873-1961), the great Latvian philologist and linguist, immensely contributed to Akhvlediani’s training as a scholar. He has been aknowledged as a major expert of the Baltic languages and an ornament in the field of comparative-historical linguistics. George Akhvlediani was awarded a gold medal for his oeuvre “An essay of the history of liquid and nasal consonants in Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, and Slavic languages”. Professor Endzelīns wrote a comprehensive review on the work and highly appreciated it. George Akhvlediani always recalled the consideration and care shown by Jānis Endzelīns with great gratitude, evidenced by their correspondence. Five letters, sent by Endzelīns to Tbilisi, addressed to Akhvlediani, are kept in the Museum of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University.

The Human Superorganism: Using Microbes for Freedom vs. Fear

Balanced fear supports human rational decision-making and useful behavioral responses. In contrast, overwhelming, persistent, and unbalanced fear can paralyze the individual and result in heightened anxiety, lack of cognitive flexibility, fear-based public compliance and serious mental health issues. Psychobiotics research has established that a healthy microbiome is required for balanced fear and mental health protection via control of fear extinction. The recent COVID-19 pandemic featured daily, persistent, fear-of-a-single-contagion conditioning on a global scale paired with various behavioral mandates (e.g., lockdowns of the healthy, required wearing of face masks in many locations including schools, isolation from environmental microbes and each other through the closure of beaches and parks, and restrictions on social gatherings including access to family members in hospitals and senior-assisted facilities). Such mandates degraded the human microbiome and isolated us from each other and useful environmental microbes. It also ignored the historic role of secondary bacterial pathogens in pandemic deaths. This narrative review examines how the institutional promotion of fear-of-a-single-contagion, lack of balanced risk communication, and appalling disregard of our fundamental nature (as majority-microbial human superorganisms) resulted in problems rather than solutions. This review illustrates that government-public health-media promotion of pervasive fear and microbiome-degrading behaviors: (1) increased public compliance, (2) reduced cognitive flexibility, and (3) increased risk of mental health conditions. However, a portion of the general public chose a healthier path through their increased consumption of microbiome- and immune-supportive supplements and fermented foods during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. For a healthier future, public health must follow the lead of this population to ensure that human freedom, rather than paralyzing fear, dominates our future.

The Role of History in Technology Fields [Historically Speaking

The Role of History in Technology Fields [Historically Speaking

Social experiments with gypsies and their role in history (Western Europe/Russian Empire/USSR). Pharaonovka and Kair. Decree of October 5, 1956

This article focuses on social experiments that took place both in Western Europe, in the Russian Empire, as well as in the USSR, regarding the Gypsies who led a nomadic or semi-sedentary lifestyle. It is known that Russia regularly pursued a policy of introducing Gypsies to a settled way of life, which was typical for most European countries, but in milder forms. Decrees and directives were issued, which often failed. In particular, during the period of the Russian Empire, allotments of land and funds were allocated for development in the settlements of Pharaonovka and Kair in Bessarabia. During the Soviet era, attempts were made to introduce the Roma to life on collective farms (decrees of 1926, 1928), while the Decree of October 5, 1956, forbade the Roma to roam. Today, this decree is perceived by Western researchers only as a procedure of violence. The gypsies themselves consider these measures to be positive, having saved them from a nomadic life that brings misery and desolation, hardships and troubles. The most part of the Gypsies, who abandoned and forgot about nomadism, easily became settled, which later gave them the opportunity to get housing, jobs, and free education. Over time, in the USSR, the Gypsies gradually integrated into society, retaining the main features of their culture.

Nursing and eugenics in the early 20th century United States

BackgroundResearch has documented how ideas about race, class, ethnicity, ableism, and structural hierarchies determine health outcomes and disparities today. The historical role of nursing practice and education needs further exploration. PurposeThis study aims to better understand how some nurses thought about and interacted with eugenics in the early 20th century. MethodsHistorical analysis of primary and secondary sources. DiscussionIn the early 20th century, reformers of the day, including some nurses, demonstrated much ambiguity of thinking as they pushed for eugenic improvement of the “human race” while also enhancing environmental changes, such as good nutrition and clean, safe housing. ConclusionNursing’s past relationship with eugenics sheds light on the history and construction of the system leading to health disparities among marginalized groups. Nurses must acknowledge the historical roots and context of their education and practice as we engage in critical conversations about social inequities.

Review of Nazianzuslu Grigorius ve Kutsal Ruh’un Tanrılığı Meselesi, by Elif Tokay

Dr. Elif Tokay’s recent book- Gregory of Nazianzus and the Issue of the Divinity of the Holy Spirit- is an important milestone in the study of Christian theology. This book is the first study of Gregory of Nazianzus ever to be written and published in Turkish. It is an insightful, accessible, and thorough examination of Gregory’s profound theological vision, the central argument of which is that the triune nature of God is revealed through God’s plan of salvation for humanity. Because his Trinitarian theology was fundamental to the development of Christian doctrine in general, Gregory’s importance in the history of Christianity cannot be overstated. In addition, his spiritual vision is of particular importance in Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Gregory’s spiritual vision argues that humanity is created for the purpose of union with its Creator, and that the ascetic, contemplative, liturgical, and moral labor of the human individual all work in free cooperation with God’s saving plan. This theological anthropology is foundational to Eastern Orthodox spiritual teaching. Gregory’s works have for centuries been among the most widely read in the entire Eastern Orthodox tradition, and his theology of theosis (which Tokay discusses in detail) has played a key role in Eastern Orthodox religious practice and identity. Tokay’s analysis demonstrates that Gregory’s theology is best understood as a synthesis of doctrine and spirituality, where God’s saving role in history is the key to understanding God’s triune nature as disclosed to humanity in revelation.

Historical role preparedness: A Bourdieusian analysis of the differential positions of professional staff and academics in an Australian managerialised university

This study examines the historical role preparation experiences of professional staff and academics in a managerialised university field. Semi-structured interviews were used to identify the impact of these experiences on the individual's ability to ‘play the game’ of the managerialised university field. The Bourdieusian concepts of habitus, doxa and illusio were used to analyse the data. The results showed that professional staff had a more advantageous position in the managerialised university field due to their pre-existing mastery of the rules of the game, which was attributed to their similarly structured educative role preparation experiences. Conversely, academics had a less advantageous position due to their lack of understanding of the managerialised nature of the university administrative field. This manifests as a heterodoxy, in which academics feel abandoned, disregarded and subordinated by managerial orthodoxy. The results of this case study reveal that managerialised universities in the Anglosphere are in crisis. It is argued that recognising academic heterodoxy could pave the way for their situation to alter and improve.

The Idionomic Future of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: What Stands Out From Criticisms of ACT Development

The present special section critical of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy or Training (ACT in either case) and its basis in psychological flexibility, relational frame theory, functional contextualism, and contextual behavioral science (CBS) contains both worthwhile criticisms and fundamental misunderstandings. Noting the important historical role that behavior analysis has played in the cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) tradition, we argue that CBS as a modern face of behavior analytic thinking has a potentially important positive role to play in CBT going forward. We clarify functional contextualism and its link to ethical behavior, attempting to clear up misunderstandings that could seriously undermine genuine scientific conversations. We then examine the limits of using syndromes and protocols as a basis for further developing models and methods; the role of measurement and processes of change in driving progress toward more personalized interventions; how pragmatically useful concepts can help basic science inform practice; how both small- and large-scale studies can contribute to scientific progress; and how all these strands can be pulled together to benefit humanity. In each area, we argue that further progress will require major modifications in our traditional approaches to such areas as psychometrics, the conduct of randomized trials, the analysis of findings using traditional normative statistics, and the use of data from diverse cultures and marginalized populations. There have been multiple generational shifts in our field's history, and a similar shift appears to be taking place once again.

Deficiencies in China's Fiscal Law Legislation and Countermeasures for Improvement

As the saying goes, "Finance is the mother of common government", the level of finance reflects the level of governance of a country, and a sound and solid financial foundation is the main driving force to support government administration and promote economic and social development and social stability. The 18th Party Congress proposed that "finance is the foundation and important pillar of national governance", which is a turning milestone in the theory that national finance has evolved from a macro-control tool to the foundation and pillar of national governance, and its function has changed from management to governance. In practice, finance is related to the key areas and the whole point of the national governance system, and has a crucial role in comprehensively promoting the modernization level of China's governance system and governance capacity. To assume this major historical role, the fiscal system needs to be further improved and stabilized. China is a country under the rule of law, and the rule of law is the basic way to govern the country, so the starting point to improve China's fiscal system is to improve China's fiscal legislation so that there is a law to follow, and a scientific and perfect fiscal legislation system is the institutional guarantee to achieve the long-term stability of the country. However, the current fiscal legislation in China is at a low level, and there are gaps in some aspects of the legislation, unclear powers and responsibilities, and other defects, so this paper analyzes the defects of fiscal legislation from the perspective of the legal system of fiscal law, and through the study and summary of foreign fiscal legislation, and combined with the actual situation of the country, put forward relevant suggestions for improvement.

Synodic of the Studenitsa Monastery as a historical source

The article analyzes the content of the handwritten Synodic, which has belonged to one of the most important Serbian monasteries — Studenica — since the middle of the XVII century. Such manuscripts are known in single copies in the repositories of the Balkan Peninsula and Greece, all of them reflect the history of Russia’s relations with the South Slavic and other Orthodox peoples of southern Europe during the reign, mainly, of the Romanov dynasty.The value of this manuscript is that it marks the beginning of the establishment of the regular practice of the clergy of the Studenitsa for alms in Russia, which lasted a century. Synodic contains a wealth of material on the genealogy of many Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian and other families that played a historical role in the events of Southern and Eastern Europe in the second half of the XVII-XVIII centuries.

Redefining liberal arts education in the twenty-first century

Redefining liberal arts education in the twenty-first century

Paleoecology provides context for conserving culturally and ecologically important pine forest and barrens communities.

In fire-prone ecosystems, knowledge of vegetation-fire-climate relationships and history of fire suppression and Indigenous cultural burning can inform discussions of how to use fire as a management tool, particularly as climate continues to change rapidly. On Wiisaakodewan-minis/Stockton Island in the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore of Wisconsin, USA, structural changes in a pine-dominated natural area containing a globally rare barrens community occurred after cessation of cultural burning by Indigenous Ojibwe people and the imposition of fire-suppression policies, leading to questions about the historical role of fire in this culturally and ecologically important area. To help better understand the ecological context needed to steward these pine forest and barrens communities, we developed paleoecological records of vegetation, fire, and hydrological change using pollen, charcoal, and testate amoebae preserved in peat and sediment cores collected from bog and lagoon sediments within the pine-dominated landscape. Results indicated that fire has been an integral part of Stockton Island ecology for at least 6000 years. Logging in the early-1900s led to persistent changes in island vegetation, and post-logging fires of the 1920s and 1930s were anomalous in the context of the past millennium, likely reflecting more severe and/or extensive burning than in the past. Before that, the composition and structure of pine forest and barrens changed little, perhaps due to regular low-severity surface fires, which may have occurred with a frequency consistent with Indigenous oral histories (~4-8 years). Higher-severity fire episodes, indicated by large charcoal peaks above background levels in the records, occurred predominantly during droughts, suggesting that more frequent or more intense droughts in the future may increase fire frequency and severity. Persistence of pine forest and barrens vegetation through past periods of climatic change indicates considerable ecological resistance and resilience. Future persistence in the face of climate changes outside this historical range of variability may depend in part on returning fire to these systems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Seville history insight through their construction mortars

Seville is intimately linked to its historic role and extensive cultural heritage. The city has been occupied by Romans, Arabs and Christians, who built important historical buildings. Roman (first–second centuries) and Arabic (eleventh century) buildings, medieval Shipyard (thirteenth century), San Isidoro and Santa Maria de las Cuevas monasteries (fifteenth century), Santa María de las Cuevas (fifteenth century modified in eighteenth century), El Salvador Church (eighteenth century), the Royal Ordnance building (eighteenth century) and Santa Angela de la Cruz convent (twentieth century) performed with lining mortars, and mortars used in building stones (City Hall and Marchena Gate), all of them located in Seville (Spain), have been studied. Ninety-four mortar samples (employed as structural, plaster, coating) originally used or applied in restoration processes have been collected to perform an archaeometry study. The ratio of CO2 mass loss to hydraulic water (H2O) mass loss, and the mineralogical characterization by X-ray diffraction has been used to compare the mortars used in the different historical periods. Mainly hydraulic mortars were widely used in all these studied monuments as most mortars showed CO2/H2O ratios within the 4–10 range. Moreover, the thermal analysis curves also showed a broad temperature range for the thermal decomposition of the carbonate fraction of the mortars.

Reporters’ agency and (de) escalation during the 2011 uprising in Egypt: Re-writing the historical role of the news media during the Arab Spring

After more than a decade of the so-called Arab Spring in Egypt, it is perhaps time to carry out in cold an examination of the role the news media played during the uprising. In so doing, this piece examines the way Egyptian newspapers from the government and opposition reported those events. The study investigates to what extent the newspapers’ coverage of the political events help to de-escalate or escalate tensions. It analyzed the content of two newspapers in Egypt; Al-Ahram, owned by the government and, Al-Wafd, owned by an opposition party. Our analysis included 366 news articles from 105 issues of the selected newspapers during nine weeks of 2011. The finding indicated that the coverage helped to escalate tension, including that of the government-owned newspaper that had more news coverage of this type than the opposition one. We argue that our findings invite further reflection upon normative assumptions regarding the news media editorial position, its relation to power, and individual agency.

Fundamental Information About the Russian State by Lin Zexu in 19th-Century China

This paper is about a unique 19th-century Chinese manuscript Fundamental Information about the Russian State (Eluosiguo Jiyao 俄羅斯國紀要), which was written by the eminent Qing scholar-official Lin Zexu 林則徐 (1785–1850) on the basis of translations made from foreign sources. This and Lin’s other writings were a result of his pursuit to expand the horizons of China’s views about the outside world. One of the main tasks of Lin Zexu’s work was to show the contemporary power of Russia and investigate its origin. As a whole, the manuscript gives a brief description of the Russian empire divided into regions with inner and outer borders, the number of military forces within each region, climate-specific features, religious confessions, local crafts, the customs of the inhabitants, and some historical issues. The present paper provides commentaries on Lin Zexu’s work, which was published in China and wholly devoted to Russia. At the same time, it could be used to investigate the information about and image of Russia that existed in China. The author also discusses the historical role of Qing scholar-officials of the first half of the nineteenth century and their impact upon social thought in China.

‘Hamlet Without the Prince’ – The U.S. Supreme Court on Religious Practice

The Supreme Court of the United States of America has recently issued a decision in several cases that are closely related to First Amendment rights. In doing so, the Court has changed its own set of criteria from its earlier practice. The reasons for these decisions have attracted increased interest among practitioners and academics, as it is a long time since the Court has so clearly distanced itself from its own precedent and called lower courts to account for failing to take certain criteria into account. By analysing the Court’s reasoning on the role of history and tradition and the compelling nature of religious belief, this paper seeks to answer the question whether the change in the Supreme Court’s practice can indeed be considered truly substantial. I argue that the change is significant, but as a process is not without precedent, and is not necessarily unacceptable in terms of its consequences.

Стихотворение Шакарима Кудайбердыулы «”Қазақ” құтты болсын!»: историческая роль и значение

This article notes the historical role and importance of the poem of Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly “Kazakh” kutty bolsyn!” (Congratulations on the release of the Kazakh!). The research material was collections of Kazakh newspapers, which were transcribed from Arabic graphics into Cyrillic, presented by Garifolla Anes and Svetlana Smagulova. The analysis showed that in all publications where this poem is available there are no such words as “podpishik” (subscriber), “pani” (non-permanent), the ethnonym “kyrgyz-kazak”, which is identified in combination with the modern ethnonym “kyrgyz”, is interpreted an erroneous way. The existing inaccuracies continue to wander from one collection of poems to another and require immediate textual analysis by humanities scholars. In order to avoid such inaccuracies in the interpretation of Shakarim’s legacy, it is necessary to use original sources that were published during the poet’s lifetime. Based on the conducted research, the author shows the role and importance of the Kazakh newspaper in the formation and development of the national self-consciousness of the Kazakhs. Based on the study, the author shows the historical role and importance of the Kazakh newspaper in the formation and development of the national identity of the Kazakhs.

Role of Legislatures in the Federations of Australia, Pakistan, and India: An In-depth Overview

This study gives an in-depth examination of the bicameral legislatures of Australia, Pakistan, and India. It investigates the structure, functions, and dynamics of the upper and lower chambers of various countries’ legislative bodies. The study delves into the historical context, constitutional provisions, and roles of the bicameral systems in each nation's governance. It also explores the similarities, distinctions, and main issues that these legislative systems face. The study draws on various primary and secondary sources, including scholarly articles, books, official reports, and constitutional texts, to comprehensively analyze these federations’ bicameral legislatures.

NAHDLATUL ULAMA AND THE TRILOGY OF BROTHERHOOD

Digital technology’s advances are not fully profitable for mankind, but have led to the phenomenon of destructive social change which has changed the mindset and behavior of mankind throughout the world in personal, national and state life. This requires a solution which is a common basic principle in interacting with each other in the digital era. This research looks at the historical role of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) in responding to all social changes that have occurred in realizing peace in the world and reimplementing the spirit of the trilogy of brotherhood (ukhuwah islamiyyah, ukhuwah wathaniyyah, and ukhuwah basyariyyah/insaniyyah) initiated by KH. Ahmad Shiddiq in digital life. This research was conducted by using a literature study approach in gathering data and information, then analyzed and concluded. The results of the study show that there is NU's strong determination and commitment to maintain the world peace through its religious leaders, and the relevance of implementing the ukhuwah trilogy as a basis for thinking, acting and behaving in interactive relationships in the digital era to create world peace.

The historical role of scholars and public intellectuals in Uganda’s post-independence politics: A critical study of the gang of four

This paper explores the contributions of four eminent political figures namely Edward Bitanywaine Rugumayo, Dani Wadada Nabudere, Omwony Ojok and Yashpal Tandon to the post-independence politics of Uganda. The quartet belonged to the anti-Amin groups in exile who participated in the Moshi conference in Tanzania with the support of President Julius Nyerere. They were dubbed the gang of four by President Godfrey Binaisa during his short-lived regime in 1979. The four had been members of the National Consultative Council (NCC) which served as the legislative arm of the UNLF government under Yusuf Lule and Godfrey Binaisa. Edward Bitanywaine Rugumayo chaired the NCC; in other words, he was the speaker of the then National Assembly. During his tenure as the chairman of the NCC, Lule was removed from office after only 68 days. After Lule’s overthrow, Godfrey Lukongwa Binaisa was sworn in as president but shortly, he was also overthrown by the military commission under the leadership of Paulo Muwanga and Yoweri Museveni. The gang of four later to played a very critical role in academia and taught in many universities both within and outside Africa. The four never participated in the 2nd Obote regime; they were all in exile. However, they resurfaced after the fall of the Obote II and two of them; Edward Rugumayo and Omwony Ojok worked closely with President Museveni during his lengthy NRM regime and served in different capacities.