Role In Agricultural Development Research Articles

An overview on the agriculture

Agriculture is back in the news after 20 years of neglect by foreign donors, as rising food prices increase food insecurity and poverty. In the next years, increasing food productivity and output in developing nations, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and with smallholders, will be critical. This, however, necessitates finding viable solutions to a number of complex technical, institutional, and policy issues, such as land markets, seed and input research, agricultural extension, credit, rural infrastructure, market access, non-farm employment in rural areas, trade policy, and food price stabilization. This article examines what has been written on these issues in the economic literature. It examines the role of agriculture in development and the interactions between agriculture and other economic sectors, the determinants of the Green Revolution and the foundations of agricultural growth, issues of farmer income diversification, approaches to rural development, and issues of international trade policy and food security, all of which have been at the heart of the debate.

Microbes Role in Enhancement of Agriculture Production in the World

The study was carried out since 12th December 2020. The major objective of the study was to see the microbe’s role in enhancement of agriculture production in the world. Total 13 articles were downloaded from the net and read many time. The abstract, Conclusion and recommendations were drawn. The analysis indicates that microbes play great role in agriculture production enhancement. Nitrogen fixation bacteria fix the nitrogen to the soil while the yeast and mold play great role in yogurts and wine making while some microbes decompose the organic matter. Algae provide protein to human being. Similarly some microbes create disease in the human and kill to them. The examples are the virus of small Pox and covid-2019 while some microbes spread the T.B in the human. Some virus destroys the leaves of the plant while the example is the mosaic virus in the tobacco. So many million microbes are present in this world and everyone has different duty. Some are beneficial while some are dangerous. These microbes cannot see with the help of common eye while with the help of microscope these microbes are seen. The scientists of microbiologist of the world try how to identify the useful microbes in this world for the beneficial of society but some time some dangerous microbes appear in this world which kill the person. The example is the corona virus, so the world microbiologists try how to invent the vaccine. For this purpose they work in the laboratory and invent the vaccines for controlling the diseases. The study concludes that microbes has great role in the development of agriculture and without microbes the development of agriculture is impossible. So every government of the world try how to identify the useful organism which play great role in agriculture development. Some time plant protectionists spray on plants for pest control while they have no knowledge about the useful microbes which play great role in the growth of the plant and through spray they kill the useful microbes which affect the growth of the plant negatively.So, now a day, more work on this project is run how to escape the useful microbes in this world. The study also explain that microbe improve the soil fertility while also play great role in yogurt and wine making. Without these microbes the product gaining is impossible. Now a day different technologies are used for the identification of the microbes. The well known microbes are the bacteria, Fungi and Virus. It is seen with the help of microscope. So with common eye its seen is impossible. The literature also indicates that it not only keep importance for agriculture purpose but also spread different disease in the world and kill the people. On the basis of agriculture problems it is required for government to established microbes station for invention of microbes; Laboratories should be developed for microbes identification; Vaccine innovation laboratory should be multiplied in the country; For microbes invention research fund should be expanded in the country; Quarantine role should be applied for virus control in the world; Country boundaries should be sealed in the time of Pandemic for virus control.

Constraints and Suggestions Encountered by the Gram Panchayat Members in Performing their Roles in Agricultural Development in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh

Constraints and Suggestions Encountered by the Gram Panchayat Members in Performing their Roles in Agricultural Development in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh

Improvement of sugarcane yield estimation by assimilating UAV-derived plant height observations

Crop yield estimation plays a significant role in agricultural development and management decision making. Simulation of crop growth at field scales requires high-resolution remote sensing (RS) data and an applicable model. However, RS data based on satellite sensors are affected by atmospheric interference, limiting its use in precision agriculture. The objective of this study is to assimilate plant height data into the crop model to improve yield estimation and optimize agricultural water management. The plant height data are monitored regularly in 60 plots at Chongzuo experimental station (Guangxi, China) from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) system and ground-based measurements through a two-year sugarcane experiment (2016 and 2017). A SWAP-PH model (i.e., SWAP model considering plant height simulation) coupled with an iterative ensemble smoother algorithm is constructed to simulate plant height and crop growth procedure. We analyze its performance under the effects of different observation errors, ensemble sizes and development stages on crop growth and yield estimation, and compare the plant height assimilation results from two types of observation platforms. Our results reveal that the crop growth simulation at field scales is improved by incorporating the plant height data into the model. Moreover, incorporating the plant height measurements in the late growth stage with an absolute error of 1–2 cm and ensemble size over 50 could achieve an acceptable crop yield estimation result. In addition, assimilating the UAV-derived measurements could contribute to better yield estimation results than ground-measured plant height data. Finally, we propose a supplemental irrigation and drainage strategy in July and August to maximize the sugarcane yield in Guangxi region.

Cooperative Farming dalam Kebijakan Pemberdayaan Petani di Provinsi Bali

Poverty is found in the majority of people whose inhabitants work in the agricultural sector. The government has made some policy to improve the per- formance of farmers, both those that are on farm and programs that include added value to off-farm. But the results remain inefficient and ineffective. The main prob- lem of all that is the weakness of the farm management system, which is still done individually. The implication of the individualist management system for small- holders is the difficulty of moving from subsistence. In real terms they remain in a weak condition (powerless) in everything. As in land tenure, information, capital provision, procurement of agricultural production facilities, procurement of labor, marketing, processing, and so on. The problem of agricultural development is not the technological device, but the institutional structure in rural communities, which determines whether the technology has a negative or positive impact on income dis- tribution, institutional aspects will continue to play an important role in agricultural development, so a special effort to empower farmers is needed, among others done through cooperative farming.

Effects of reducing chemical fertilizer on the quality components of Tieguanyin tea leaves

Fertilizer plays an important role in agricultural development. However, the soil environment of tea gardens has been deteriorated and the growth of tea trees has been hindered by the long-term excessive chemical fertilizer used in tea gardens. To study effects of reducing chemical fertilizer on the quality components of Tieguanyin tea leaves, Tieguanyin tea garden located in yellow-red soil was treated with three consecutive times and five recipes of chemical fertilizer. The results showed that appropriate reduction of chemical fertilizer applied in tea gardens can increase the contents of potassium and organic matter in soil, polyphenols and water extract in tea leaves. Most of the contents reach their peaks in T3 treatment, which compound fertilizer that the contents of NPK are all 15% was 412.50 kg/ha and urea was 206.25 kg/ha applied in the tea gardens, that 55% of the conventional usage by local farmers. At the same time, with the reducing chemical fertilizer applied in tea gardens, the caffeine in tea leaves was significantly decreased. Therefore, T3 treatment can improve the soil environment of tea gardens and the concentration of Oolong tea soup. Besides, it infers that the amount of chemical fertilizer in T3 treatment is a key control point for the quality of tea. The indirect influence coefficients that the chemical fertilizer effects on the contents of tea water extract, free amino acid and caffeine are all at their peaks of 5.249, 4.245 and 8.594 respectively through the changing of the soil nutrient contents. It is benefit for improving the overall quality of Oolong tea.

ANALISIS KEANGGOTAAN PETANI DALAM KELOMPOK TANI : STUDI KASUS KELOMPOK PEMBUDIDAYA IKAN “ULAM SARI” DESA KALIKIDANG, SOKARAJA, BANYUMAS

Farmer groups become one of the agricultural institutions that have an important role in agricultural development. This study aims to analyze the effect of turnover, education level, length of business, and landholding on the membership of farmers in farmer groups and to analyze the variable that has the greatest effect on farmer membership. Stratified proportionate random sampling is used to select 34 farmers who join farmer group and 51 farmers who do not join farmer group. Stratification is based on landholding. The method used is logistic regression and Mann Whitney analysis using SPSS. The results show that turnover, education level, and landholding significantly influence farmer’s membership. Landholding has the biggest effect on the membership of farmers in farmer groups.
 Keywords: Agricultural institution, farmer group, farmer membership

Is there a role for agricultural production cooperatives in agricultural development? Evidence from China

In recent years, China witnessed a boom in the formation of agricultural cooperatives. While most of them have been set up as agricultural service cooperatives, there is also the option of forming agricultural production cooperatives (APCs). Although both models stem from a similar long tradition, it was argued that production cooperatives were not competitive, thus having no role in agricultural development. Historically, these cooperatives were formed under specific conditions only. However, in recent years, they have been observed in villages characterised by family agriculture. Taking the example of Chongzhou County (Sichuan Province, China), this exploratory study investigates the salient conditions under which farmers voluntarily join such cooperatives. The results show that APCs still have a role to play in agricultural development after all. Certain conditions have to be met, like government support and recruitment of professional farm managers, but particularly a homogeneous membership and transparent decision-making processes.

Uber for Tractors? Opportunities and Challenges of Digital Tools for Tractor Hire in India and Nigeria

Agricultural mechanization can contribute to agricultural transformation. However, there is a need to find institutional solutions allowing smallholder farmers, who play a key role in agricultural development, to access tractors even though they cannot afford their own. Hire markets hold promise for this, but tractor owners are often reluctant to provide services to smallholder farmers because of high transaction costs. To address this problem, start-ups and tractor manufacturers have developed ICT applications that aim to help smallholder farmers access tractors. This model has been coined Uber for tractors, suggesting strong similarities with the Uber service for ride hailing. Although receiving much advance praise, these models have not been rigorously analyzed. Studying Hello Tractor (Nigeria) and EM3 Agri-Services (India), this paper assesses how such models address the challenges of agricultural markets, which are characterized by spatial dispersion, the concentration of demand around peak seasons, and high transaction costs, among other problems. This paper explores the extent to which such models can help to improve tractor utilization and access to services by smallholder farmers. The paper acknowledges the potential of ICT-based tractor hire but finds that many of the thornier challenges of agricultural markets – which urban ride-hailing markets do not face – have yet to be addressed. The paper also finds that analog solutions such as booking agents and phone calls still trump digital ones and highlights the need for a supportive environment such as building (ICT) literacy. Last, the paper suggests that the advantages of ICT-based solutions over more traditional ways of organizing service markets are more mixed than commonly assumed. In brief, while the Uberization of mechanization has appeal, such models are not the silver bullet they are often portrayed to be. More research is needed on how to make such ICT-based efforts work, and it is important not to neglect alternative solutions.

A socio-psychological model of laser levelling impacts assessment

Application of technologies has an important role in agricultural development. Identifying and assessing the impacts of agricultural technologies is necessary. This study aimed at assessing the impacts of laser levelling economically, socially, environmentally, and technically in the viewpoint of the agricultural experts and identifying factors determining their perception of the impacts. The study samples (151 experts) were selected using multi-stage random sampling in Fars Province, Iran. The results revealed that experts considered uniform distribution of water, using conservation tillage, facilitating agricultural activities, decreased water consumption and decrease of water wasting as the most important technical impacts of laser levelling technology. The most environmentally important impacts were the decrease of soil erosion and retention of crop residues. Experts stated the most significant social impacts as improvement in villages living conditions and sense of belonging to rural areas. Besides, an increase of income and reduction of inputs costs were among the economic impacts of laser levelling technology. According to the results, attitude towards water and soil resources conservation and environmental beliefs had the highest direct effect on individual perception toward impacts. Practical recommendations have been presented based on the results of the study.

The impact of agricultural commercialisation on household welfare in rural Vietnam

Commercialisation by smallholder farmers has played a major role in agricultural development in many Asian countries, and while there are assumptions that this has led to welfare improvement, in fact there is relatively little evidence on this question. In this paper we use high quality panel data to examine the welfare impact of agricultural commercialisation in a leading Asian producer, Vietnam. We use the five-wave Vietnam Access to Resources Household Survey (VARHS) panel data set from 2008 to 16, three measures of household welfare and create commercialisation indexes in relation to all crops and to rice specifically. We find a significant positive relationship of commercialisation with household asset accumulation, but a negative association with consumption expenditure.

Implementation of National Technological Absorptive Capacity framework to Motivate High Technology Application in Bac Kan Agricultural Production

The application of high technology in agricultural production plays an important role in agricultural development, promoting economic growth, minimizing natural resources depletion, reducing environmental pollution, creating high quality and competitive products that meet the market demand. However, this implementation faces certain difficulties. This article will analyze the national technology absorption capacity and the struggles of its execution in Bac Kan province, and at the same time, proposes criteria for applying the national technology absorptive capacity framework in Bac Kạn.

Agriculture and nobility in Lombardy. Land, management and innovation (1815-1861)

This article aims to reassess the contribution of the nobility in the nineteenth-century economic transformation of Lombardy in northern Italy, focusing on its role in agricultural development. Relying on ongoing archival research into thousands of documents such as correspondence, notarial deeds, probate records, accounting books, the article attempts to demonstrate that noblemen acted in an entrepreneurial manner, supported the progress of techniques and innovation, and played a leading role in the modernisation of the sector. The article reconsiders the contribution of noble families both to the enhancement and management of their lands and to the elaboration and application of agricultural innovation.

Agricultural water and carbon footprint driving mechanisms at the household scale in North China Plain

AbstractThe North China Plain (NCP) is dominated by intensive household agriculture, and household plays a decisive role in agricultural development. Studying the factors of agricultural water consumption and carbon emissions at the household scale can help solve the problems of agricultural water scarcity and greenhouse gases excessive emissions. This study investigates the agricultural production scenarios of 590 households in the NCP and calculates the household's agricultural water footprint (WF) and carbon footprint (CF). The driving mechanisms of the WF and CF are analysed by a two‐layer, multilevel linear statistical model. The results show that agricultural production conditions will affect a household's WF and CF; family labour and the economy will affect a user's willingness to adopt agricultural water‐saving technology. The results of this study can serve as a reference for the sustainable management of groundwater resources and emissions reductions.

Go urban or stay rural: determinants of young farmers staying in or leaving agricultural field (a case study in Cisondari, West Java, Indonesia)

Although agriculture workforce plays an important role in agricultural development, aging workforce in agriculture is often put in the periphery. The interest of youth in agriculture is declining due to the diminishing popularity of agricultural field compared to non-agriculture sector in term of future personal welfare security. However, Cisondari, a village in Bandung Regency showed an anomaly. Organic farming in that area is proliferating and growing and is motored by the youths. This study aims to identify the determinants of young farmers for choosing to stay in the rural area and develop their agriculture, despite its adjacent location to Bandung city and amid high rate of urbanization; and how their role contributed to the development of organic farming in the area. The study applies sequential exploratory mixed methods, which relies heavily on qualitative approach which is then complemented by quantitative approach. Data were collected through in-depth interview to key informants, participant observation, field observation, document and artefact analysis; while quantitative data were collected through structured interviews to selected respondents. The results showed that farmers characteristics, innovativeness, and environment became the most dominant factors in determining their motives to stay in rural areas.

Analisis Pendapatan Usahatani Sawi Pola Kemitraan dan Non Mitra di Kecamatan Megamendung Kabupaten Bogor Jawa Barat

Partnership is one of the institutions that plays an important role in agricultural development in Indonesia. Contracts in partnerships result in differences in production, productivity, and cultivation techniques. Farmers who have not been able to allocate optimally production factors in their farming production processes will influence the production costs and farmers' income. This study aims to identify factors that influence farmers participating in partnerships, the effect of partnerships on the efficiency of mustard farming, and the factors that influence the inefficiency of mustard farming. This study uses cross section data from 70 samples of mustard farmers, consisting of 35 partner farmers and 35 non-partner farmers. The method used is cost analysis and income analysis. The results showed that the average income of partner farmers for cash costs amounted to Rp 20,932,943 and profits at a total cost of Rp 12,828,443. In non-partner farmers, income from cash costs amounted to Rp. 22,118,483 and revenues from total costs amounted to Rp. 14,492,164. Partner farmer income is lower than non-partner farmers. With participation participating partnering to reduce income because of different input and output prices between partner farmers and non-partner farmers. Keywords: Partnership, farming income, green mustard

Management outputs efficiency comparison: the credit departments within farmer associations in Taiwan and Japan

Farmer associations (FAs) in Taiwan and Japan Agricultural (JA) Cooperatives in Japan play an important role in agricultural development. Both have experienced dramatic changes in the macroeconomic environment, and have faced similar management issues. This study focuses on the comparison of operational management efficiency and productivity between the two agricultural institutions in two different countries, focusing on their respective credit departments. Using financial data covered from 2010 to 2014, a Stochastic Metafrontier Regression Model is adopted to explore how operating performances have influenced the productivity of such institutions. Environmental variables such as number of regional financial institutions, regional location, scale of fixed assets, and population density affect inefficiency. With an overall higher number of input and output variables, results show that the average efficiency of credit department within JA Cooperatives when producing output is at 97%, while that of FAs is lower at 90%. Therefore, FAs have more room for efficiency improvement and technological progress.

Determinants of Sustainable Business with Respect to Agricultural Engineering Manufacturing Companies

Agricultural machinery and equipment manufacturing companies are the integral part of the Agri business sector in India. They play a key role in agricultural development of our country. In the emerging need of buyers’ market, business sustainability plays an important role in the area of Agricultural Engineering Manufacturing Companies. This empirical research aims to identify and address the factors influencing business sustainability of Agri Engineering Manufacturing Companies of Karnataka, India. A pilot study has been conducted to identify the most influencing factors of Agri Engineering Manufacturing Companies. Pilot study result shows that, entrepreneurial competency, business model and innovation are the key influencing factors of business sustainability. As a part of demographic profile analysis, age group of the entrepreneurs, level of education of entrepreneurs, their business tenure, annual turnover and annual profit have been analyzed to ascertain their impact on business sustainability. It is suggested to the entrepreneurs to attend technical training sessions, leadership skills and personality development training programs to enhance their entrepreneurial competencies for business sustainability. It is also required to adopt suitable business model and innovation for business sustainability. However, the additional factors influencing the business sustainability of Agri Engineering Manufacturing Companies would be addressed during further research.

Effective Marketing Channels of Paddy in Keerapalayam Block in Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu

Agricultural marketing plays a vital role in agricultural development which is a pre-requisite for development in other sectors and for the overall development of the economy. The agricultural marketing is defined as the operations involved in the movement of food and raw materials from the farmers to the final consumer and the effect of such operations on producers and middlemen (Singh 1984). In India, there exists an elaborate and inter-connected system of agricultural produce markets through which the produce flows from the producer to the consumer. The market system in India comprises 30,000 rural primary markets, 7,000 wholesale assembling markets at the secondary stage and terminal distribution markets in every urban city or town (Ramaswamy 1995). An efficient marketing is a sine qua non in the economy of all countries, in general and of agricultural countries, in particular. It definitely exerts a powerful influence on country’s production and consumption pattern; it plays a prominent role in regulating supply and demand; and it helps in the elimination of duplication of services and wastages of valuable resources. The present study is confined to the study of marketing system of food crops namely paddy in Cuddalore District. Hence, the present chapter makes an attempt to study the marketing system in terms of storage, marketing channels and the like. Further, an attempt has been made to anlayse marketing cost, marketing margin, price-spread and marketing efficiency. For better exposition, the present study is organised under the following headings: Marketable surplus of paddy; Storage, cost of storage and Net gains earned by storage; Market Structure; Marketing cost, Marketing margin and Price-spread; Marketing Efficiency and Marketing problems

Performance of Primary Agricultural Co-Operative Credit Societies in Kanyakumari District

The cooperative movement in India has been deep rooted in various sectors and is making a significant contribution towards agriculture and economic development of the nation. The primary Agricultural cooperative credit societies play a very important role in agricultural development and it is the backbone of the agricultural development in India. Primary Agricultural Cooperative Credit Societies actively engaged in providing integrated service to the farmers and serve as a point of dissemination of the scientific cultivation practices. In this paper the researcher attempts to study the Performance of Primary Agricultural Cooperative Credit Societies in Kanyakumari district.