Rogers 4003C Substrate Research Articles

Triple-Band MIMO Antenna for 5 G Terminals

In this work, a triple-band, four-element antenna is designed for fifth-generation (5 G) terminals operating in LTE band 42 (3.4–3.6 GHz), LTE band 43 (3.6–3.8 GHz), and the new 5 G radio band (4.8–5.0 GHz). The proposed antenna array consists of two different types of antenna elements: a T-shaped element, which is connected to the feed line, and a C-shaped element, which is used to divide the bandwidth. The overall size of the proposed antenna element is only 10.5 mm × 5 mm. The multiantenna system has four antennas and is built on a 0.5-mm-thick Rogers 4003C substrate. The results for this antenna show a 10 dB measured bandwidth of 650 MHz at the center frequency of 3.6 GHz and 230 MHz at 4.9 GHz, a gain of more than 4 dBi, an isolation of more than 14 dB, and an overall radiation efficiency of more than 82%.

Design of a compact sigma slotted dual-mode UWB antenna for wireless body area network applications

Abstract This article presents the design of a novel sigma slotted circular monopole antenna for wireless body area network applications. The design is proceeded with a sigma-shaped slot etched on the circular radiator with Rogers 4003C substrate. The size of the proposed antenna is 30 × 30 × 1 mm3. With partial ground plane, the bandwidth characteristics of the antenna have been enhanced. The designed antenna covers 2–10 GHz of the ultra wideband, thereby providing more than 106% bandwidth. The antenna exhibits high gain values of 1.95, 3.23, 3.46, and 5.95 dB at 2.45, 3.45, 5.8, and 9.5 GHz, respectively. The proposed design operates on off-body mode at 2.45 GHz and on-body mode at 5.8 GHz, thus acting as a dual-mode antenna. To ensure the health and safety measure, specific absorption rate analysis was done for both low and high values of input power and also with Cartesian and cylindrical human arm models. Bending analysis was also done. The time domain parameter group delay was also analyzed for the proposed antenna for on- and off-body scenarios. The prototype was fabricated, and validation of simulation results was done for free space and on-body scenarios.

Design and analysis of metasurface-based CPW-Fed UWB MIMO antenna for wireless communication systems

A compact 4-port coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with enhanced isolation is proposed to operate from 3.66 GHz to 16.61 GHz with 127.78% impedance bandwidth. The proposed antenna system consists of 4 orthogonal arrays of monopole antennas improved by four iterations. The UWB characteristic of the antenna is obtained from an improved monopole antenna fed by CPW. The final MIMO antenna is machined on a Rogers 4003C substrate with dimensions of mm3. The orthogonal arrangement of antennas brings about the polarization diversity and certain isolation of MIMO antennas. Four rows of orthogonal metasurface elements with via holes and the ring of the backplane further improve the isolation between antenna elements in the MIMO system. The MIMO antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 12.95 GHz with dB and good isolation ( dB and dB). In particular, S31 is always less than −25 dB at frequencies greater than 6 GHz. The measured results of MIMO antenna agree with the simulated results. The optimized MIMO antenna has excellent performance in many aspects, such as UWB, compact size, omnidirectional radiation, enhanced isolation and high efficiency, which means that it has application potential in UWB wireless communication systems.

Design and Performance Investigation of a Temperature Compensated Transmitter With GaN HEMTs for Phased-Array Applications

This article presents a temperature compensated transmitter for phased-array applications. The high-temperature effects on each individual transmitter building block are studied and compensated to mitigate the performance variations. Furthermore, a new active, tunable, and variable gain phase shifter VGPS) architecture is proposed, which features low-performance variation with temperature and high gain without compromising the phase shift range. A temperature sensor is designed to adaptively adjust the critical dc bias voltages to minimize the variation of the active devices. A class- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{F}^{-1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> power amplifier PA) is designed, as the last stage in the transmitter chain, and its performance variation is compensated through the VGPS stage by adaptively tuning its characteristics. Gallium-nitride (GaN)-on-silicon-carbide (SiC) high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) are adopted as the active devices and a voltage-controlled capacitor (varactor) used in the VGPS stage. The transmitter is prototyped on a piece of Rogers 4003C substrate, and the system performance is measured. The transmitter has the minimum and the maximum small-signal gain of 5.2 and 31.5 dB, respectively, with the maximum variation of < 2.3 dB across the temperature range and the frequency range of 2–2.1 GHz. The insertion phase variation also remains below 6.5° across the phase shift, temperature, and frequency range. The maximum output power and power added efficiency (PAE) are measured to be 33 dBm and 58%, respectively, at the maximum ambient temperature of 220 °C. The measurement results also show that the transmitter is able to transmit 64-QAM signals with the data rate of 120 Mb/s at the maximum ambient temperature of 220 °C.

A 28 GHz 2 × 2 Antenna Array with 10 Beams Using Passive SPDT Switch Beamforming Network.

In this paper, a dual-polarized four-port 2 × 2 series fed antenna array operating at 28 GHz with beam-switching capability is proposed. The antenna array uses a simple passive beamforming network to switch the main beam. The presented antenna design is suitable for 5G user equipment and high data rates applications by which it has a compact size with low cost and complexity. The size of the antenna is 37.2 × 37.2 mm including the ground plane, and it produces 10 different switched beams by using only two simple 3 dB/90 couplers which create the required amplitudes and phase excitations for the antenna elements. A one-port simple feeding mechanism including Peregrine PE42525 SPDT switch modules and a power divider is used to generate and measure the 10 switched beams. The antenna design is implemented on a two-layer 0.203 mm thick low-loss ( = 0.0027) Rogers 4003C substrate, and it has a measured 10 dB impedance bandwidth of 4 GHz (14.3%, from 26 GHz to 30 GHz) for all ports. Measured peak isolation between any dual-polarized ports of the antenna is better than 30 dB. The antenna has an average measured realized gain of 8.9 dBi and around 10 dB side lobe level (SLL) for all beams. The antenna has 3-dB coverage of 80 to 90 in 2D space and it has a maximum of ±26 beam-steering angle. The antenna is designed and simulated using Ansys HFSS and fabricated using regular PCB processing.

A CPW-fed wearable antenna at ISM band for biomedical and WBAN applications

In this paper, a Mercedes-Benz logo antenna with a metal plate located at an optimized distance from the proposed antenna is introduced as a wearable antenna to operate in the industrial, scientific, and medical band with center frequency of 2.45 GHz. The metal plate is integrated with the antenna as an isolator and a reflector to improve the radiation performance of the proposed design, reduce the back radiation and reduce the specific absorption rate, when loaded on the human body. The front-to-back ratio improves by 18.2 dB, by adding a metal plate to the structure. The proposed antenna with coplanar waveguide-fed with dimensions of 35 mm × 35 mm × 0.508 mm is printed on a Rogers 4003C substrate, and has an impedance bandwidth from 2.20 to 2.56 GHz, the gain of 7.3 dBi at 2.45 GHz, and SAR levels is less than the criteria set by the FCC and ICNIRP. Nowadays, attention to health as product quality assurance factor along with other technical specifications is the requirements of industrial productions, especially in competition with superior brands. Based on comparisons made with similar works, the proposed wearable antenna structure can be used for wireless body area network.

Bandwidth improvement of planar antennas using a single-layer metamaterial substrate for X-band application

AbstractTo prevent far-field radiation characteristics degradation while increasing bandwidth, an attempt has been made to design and fabricate a microstrip antenna. An electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure, including a layer of a metallic ring on a layer of Rogers 4003C substrate, is used. For a better design, a patch antenna with and without the EBG substrate has been simulated. The results show that the bandwidth can be improved up to 1.6 GHz in X-band by adding the EBG substrate. Furthermore, using this structure, a dual-band antenna was obtained as well. Finally, to validate the simulation results, a comparison has been done between simulation data and experimental results which demonstrate good agreement.

Designs of rectangular-shaped planar Inverted-F antennas at mobile operating frequencies with different ground plane techniques

This article presents the designs of planar inverted-F antennas (PIFAs) at frequencies of 0.835 GHz, 0.9 GHz, 1.8 GHz, 1.9 GHz, 2 GHz, and 2.6 GHz. Initially, the designs of rectangular-shaped PIFAs are determined through the parametric studies concerning the dimensions of the antenna’s patch length, shorting plate, ground plane, and substrate. Afterward, rectangular-shaped slots are introduced into radiating element of two antennas that operate at a lower frequency range of less than 1 GHz, to tune the resonant frequency to the respective 0.835 GHz and 0.9 GHz. Different configurations of partial or full ground plane are implemented to improve the reflection coefficient, &lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt; performance to be below -10 dB in both simulation and measurement. The proposed six PIFAs have gain that are greater than 2 dB with the nearly omnidirectional radiation patterns. All the designs and analyses are performed using the CST Microwave Studio utilizing Rogers 4003C substrate.

Tunable Branchline Coupler Using Microfluidic Channels

A branchline coupler is presented that uses 12 microfluidic channels (3 per branch) to tune its center frequency. A lumped-element equivalent circuit model (ECM) is extracted for the fluidic channels and is used to predict the response of the coupler prior to fabrication. The circuit is realized on a 1.524-mm-thick Rogers 4003C substrate with $\epsilon _{r} = 3.55$ . The microfluidic channels are milled through the ground backplane and are filled with ethyl acetate $(\mathrm {C_{4}H_{8}O_{2}})$ , for which $\epsilon _{r}=6.00$ . Experiments with the coupler show that starting with empty (i.e., air-filled) channels and progressively filling them with the fluid, the center frequency of the coupler can be tuned from 2.19 to 1.80 GHz, yielding a tuning range of 19.5%. A comparison between the modeled and measured results shows that the ECM predicted the coupler tuning range with an error below 2.8%.

Cantilever RF-MEMS for monolithic integration with phased array antennas on a PCB

This article presents the development and operation of a novel electrostatic metal-to-metal contact cantilever radio-frequency microelectromechanical system (RF-MEMS) switch for monolithic integration with microstrip phased array antennas (PAAs) on a printed circuit board. The switch is fabricated using simple photolithography techniques on a Rogers 4003c substrate, with a footprint of 200 µm × 100 µm, based on a 1 µm-thick copper cantilever. An alternative wet-etching technique for effectively releasing the cantilever is described. Electrostatic and electromagnetic measurements show that the RF-MEMS presents an actuation voltage of 90 V for metal-to-metal contact, an isolation of −8.7 dB, insertion loss of −2.5 dB and a return loss of −15 dB on a 50 Ω microstrip line at 12.5 GHz. For proof-of-concept, a beam-steering 2 × 2 microstrip PAA, based on two 1-bit phase shifters suitable for the monolithic integration of the RF-MEMS, has been designed and measured at 12.5 GHz. Measurements show that the beam-steering system presents effective radiation characteristics with scanning capabilities from broadside towards 29° in the H-plane.

A high‐pass filter based on modified double‐sided parallel‐strip lines

AbstractWe present a 6th order pseudo high‐pass filter implemented by a modified version of the double‐sided parallel‐strip line, in which the width of the dielectric substrate is identical to the width of the conducting strips. The filter, the associated compact circular balun, and the SMA connectors are designed and simulated by means of the CST Microwave Studio, and implemented on a Rogers 4003C substrate. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulations, and good scattering properties are achieved. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2691–2694, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24741