Road Signs Research Articles

Pengabdian Kepada Masyakarat Melalui Program Pembuatan Papan Petunjuk Jalan di Desa Kerumut

Real Work Lectures (KKN) are a concrete manifestation of students' duties to fulfill life skills with the guidance of lecturers. One of the aims of the KKN program carried out in Kerumut Village is to create street name boards which are an important means of providing information about the location and names of streets in an area. There are no street signs yet, which makes it difficult for outsiders to find locations in the area. KKN STKIP and STEI Hamzar East Lombok students have planned a solution to overcome this problem by making directional signs, especially in Kerumut Village. The method used is direct partner solution, namely making road signs which include 8 signboards, with the size of each board being 50 cm x 30 cm. After completing the plaque making, it was continued with painting which was then continued with the installation of the board which was carried out by students and assisted by the local community. Installation of signboards includes signs for village officials' houses, directional signs to important places as well as signs for RT and RW area boundaries in Kerumut Village. Activities carried out in 4 hamlets, namely Toron hamlet, Gubuk Daya hamlet, Benteng hamlet and Dasan Lendang hamlet, were carried out well with the support and assistance of the village residents. There were no significant obstacles in the process of preparation, implementation and evaluation of activities, it's just that the process took a long time. Making and installing road signs or plaques is a form of participation, coordination and active involvement of students, lecturers and local village residents.

Real-time vehicle detection system on the highway

Locating and classifying different types of vehicles is a vital element in numerous applications of automation and intelligent systems ranging from traffic surveillance to vehicle identification, with deep learning models now dominating the field of vehicle detection. However, vehicle detection in Bangladesh remains a relatively unexplored research lacuna. One of the main goals of vehicle detection is its real-time application, with “You Only Look Once” (YOLO) models proving to be the most effective. This paper compared real-time vehicle highway detection systems using YOLOv4, Faster R-CNN and SSD algorithms to determine the best performance. A vehicle detection and tracking system was also developed that improved highway safety. Vehicle trials compared the real-time performances of the YOLO, Faster R-CNN and SSD algorithms in detecting and tracking highway vehicles by measuring precision, recall, F1-score and operating speed. Models for each algorithm were constructed and each model was trained and tested, with performance measured using a confusion matrix. This statistical tool assessed the efficiency of the system using a prepared test dataset and evaluated the results using appropriate indicators such as real-time road lines, traffic signs and vehicle detection false positive rates. Results showed that the YOLOv4 algorithm outperformed Faster R-CNN and SSD in real-time vehicle detection and tracking on highways. YOLOv4 also processed the results more quickly and proved superior in detecting and tracking objects in real time. The Faster R-CNN algorithm gave high object detection, tracking accuracy and recall while reducing the number of locations needing detection, with the SSD algorithm providing high precision, recall and good image detection results.

Job Cat Egory Prioritization and Selection in PT.MAI 88 Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)

PT. MAI 88, one of the government company divisions in the Pekanbaru City which operates in the fields of Public Works, Spatial Planning, Housing, Settlement Areas and Land. PT.MAI 88 experienced difficulties, namely that material resources were not allocated properly. With the main aim of prioritizing the procurement of goods for road and bridge construction maintenance, this research focuses on one of the uses of Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM), namely the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the ranking of each construction goods procurement job. The AHP method itself has been discussed with stakeholders involved in the project. It has four categories and thirteen subcategories that have been determined and lead to 12 job alternatives. The results of the AHP show that the criteria with the highest weight starts from Urgency followed by Public Satisfaction, Quality, and Cost Management. Then for the Sub criteria with the highest weight, namely Reports from local public, followed by Traffic Management, Long-term Durability and Reliability, Compliance with specifications and Standards, Labor Cost, Public Safety, Rent Construction Equipment, Resources Availability, Material Cost, Public Engagement and Communication, Stakeholder Expectations, Ease of Installation and Integration, and finally Subcontractor Cost. The alternatives with the highest weight are Procurement of Road Signs, Procurement of “Urugan Pilihan”, Procurement of Base A Stones, Procurement of Base B Stones, Procurement of Several Construction Equipment, Procurement of Asphalt Concrete Binder Course, Procurement of Non-subsidized diesel fuel , Procurement of Dump Truck, Procurement of Binder Absorbent layer, Procurement of material for Culvert Channels and Boxes, Procurement of Construction Retaining Wall, Procurement of Cementation Work.

MEMORIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND THE POLITICAL ECONOMIES OF FOOD-BASED LIVING MEMORY

ABSTRACT All memorials emerge in place from the work of individuals with vested interests in their commemoration. Geographers have long paid attention to the intricacies and connections of memory, heritage, and commemoration; however, not all memorials take the form of a street sign, statue, or building name. The increasing use of living memorials, such as survivor trees, gardens, and heirloom plants complicate existing understandings of the political economy and political ecology of living memory. One overlooked area of intrigue is the use of varieties of food-based plants to commemorate individuals. This paper, using archival methods to build a database of 259 named varieties, traces the memorial entrepreneurs of living memory across time and space in the Global North to better understand political and economic motivations, and their linkages with the food systems that create them. As food systems increasingly industrialize, we see similar patterns of commercialization and resilience in the practice of living memorialization.

Study on the Safety Management of Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Test Roads Based on the Evaluation of Traffic Safety Facilities

More and more connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) open test roads reconstructed on the basis of traditional roads have appeared in China. However, the management policies vary, which makes the traffic environment complicated. This paper takes CAV test road safety management as the research aim and investigates the open test condition through the evaluation of the traffic safety facilities. Indicators were rigorously screened, then the game theory model was used to determine the combination weight of the indicators, and the set pair analysis was applied to solve the uncertain problems. A case study for the CAV test road network of a city in central China was implemented and the results show, regarding the traffic safety facilities’ condition, among the 20 sections of the city’s CAV test road network, 15% of which are at an excellent level, 75% of which are at a good level and 10% of which are at a moderate level; road signs, guardrail facilities, isolation facilities and road features are the main limiting factors affecting the level of traffic safety facilities. Based on the results, recommendations have been made for the transport management authorities in the aspects of safety management policy-making and facilities maintenance.

AIoT-CitySense: AI and IoT-Driven City-Scale Sensing for Roadside Infrastructure Maintenance

The transformation of cities into smarter and more efficient environments relies on proactive and timely detection and maintenance of city-wide infrastructure, including roadside infrastructure such as road signs and the cleaning of illegally dumped rubbish. Currently, these maintenance tasks rely predominantly on citizen reports or on-site checks by council staff. However, this approach has been shown to be time-consuming and highly costly, resulting in significant delays that negatively impact communities. This paper presents AIoT-CitySense, an AI and IoT-driven city-scale sensing framework, developed and piloted in collaboration with a local government in Australia. AIoT-CitySense has been designed to address the unique requirements of roadside infrastructure maintenance within the local government municipality. A tailored solution of AIoT-CitySense has been deployed on existing waste service trucks that cover a road network of approximately 100 kms in the municipality. Our analysis shows that proactive detection for roadside infrastructure maintenance using our solution reached an impressive 85%, surpassing the timeframes associated with manual reporting processes. AIoT-CitySense can potentially transform various domains, such as efficient detection of potholes and precise line marking for pedestrians. This paper exemplifies the power of leveraging city-wide data using AI and IoT technologies to drive tangible changes and improve the quality of city life.

Improving road safety at horizontal curves using V2I speed warning messages

Introduction: According to the Federal Highway Administration, a quarter of fatal collisions has occurred at horizontal curves. The average collision rate at horizontal curves was found to be three times higher than other types of highway segments. The lack of compliance with the speed limit and driver-related factors are among the main contributing factors to those collisions. Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communications can address these limitations by providing drivers with valuable in-vehicle warning messages based on operational and safety data. There is limited effort investigating the impact of different types of V2I warning messages at horizontal curves and among different profiles of drivers. This study aims to thoroughly examine drivers’ behavior and compliance with different V2I warning messages when approaching horizontal curves. Methods: A driving simulator experiment and self-reported survey were conducted. Three main hypotheses were analyzed in this study. First, whether supplying drivers with in-vehicle V2I warning messages will positively affect drivers’ behavior at horizontal curves compared to the standard road signs. Second, whether there will be a significant difference in drivers’ behavior when receiving text and audio V2I warning messages. Third, whether seniors and female drivers will comply more with speed limit advisory provided through V2I message than younger and male drivers. Results: The Analysis of Covariance confirmed the first two hypotheses. Two main measures of drivers’ behavior found to be lower in the V2I communication scenarios compared to the base one. The audio warning message was found to be more promising in increasing drivers’ compliance with speed limit advisory when approaching the curves. Analyzing the third hypothesis revealed that younger and male drivers had higher curve initiation speed compared to females and seniors. Practical Applications: The findings of this study can be used by transportation researchers, authorities, and car manufacturers to improve the effectiveness of in-vehicle V2I warning messages among different profiles of drivers.

Determination of the Development Strategy for the Labuan Bajo Waterfront Based on Visitor Satisfaction

The existence of the Labuan Bajo Waterfront is relatively new. However, the Labuan Bajo Waterfront itself has become a tourist attraction in Labuan Bajo. Therefore, a study is needed to determine tourist satisfaction with the Labuan Bajo Waterfront and design a strategy to increase this satisfaction, especially in the attractions, accessibility, and amenities components. The sampling technique used in this study was random sampling with a questionnaire as a data collection technique. This study used the Likert scale to analyze the level of tourist satisfaction and determine the design strategy using the importance-performance analysis (IPA) method. In this study, the data collected came from 194 respondents. The results showed that tourist satisfaction with the Labuan Bajo Waterfront was very satisfied. In addition, the results of the IPA method show that the Concentrate Here Quadrant is related to cleanliness and safety; items in the Keep The Good Work Quadrant are the condition of the pier or walk board, lighthouse, road leading, footpaths in the Water Front area, ease of visiting the Water Front area, seating/rest facilities, and vehicle parking areas; items in the Low Priority Quadrant are road signs leading to the Water Front Area, trash bins, lighting, information boards, and eating and drinking facilities. The Possible Overkill Quadrant is related to tourism/entertainment activities in the Waterfront Area. Thus, even though the satisfaction level of Waterfront visitors is very satisfied, a destination development strategy is needed to improve quality related to cleanliness and safety.

ОСНОВНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ ІНЖЕНЕРНО-ПЛАНУВАЛЬНИХ РІШЕНЬ ТРАНСПОРТНИХ РОЗВ’ЯЗОК ТИПУ «РОЗІРВАНЕ КІЛЬЦЕ» ТА ШЛЯХИ ЇХ УСУНЕННЯ

Introduction. Interchange designs that provide specific benefits to road users will always be of interest. It is extremely interesting a type of interchange in the same level named in literary sources as a «hamburger roundabout» or «throughabout». Usually, two separate lanes run through the extended roundabout, crossing each other inside the interchange. Such intersections can be regulated by both road signs and traffic lights, depending on their size and the intensity of incoming traffic flows. Problem Statement. The analysis of the designs of the intersection at one level by the type of throughabout is insufficiently presented both in the normative documentation for the design of highways and in modern scientific periodicals. However, this type of intersection refers to alternative junctions used in road construction practice in European countries. Thus, an urgent task is to evaluate the operational efficiency indicators and surrogate traffic safety indicators of the throughabout, which can later serve as a basis for making decisions about the need to construct this type of intersection. Purpose – to identify the main problems of the interchange by the type of throughabout based on the analysis of traffic efficiency and safety indicators, carried out by the method of traffic microsimulation.

Przekład intersemiotyczny. Przypadek znaku drogowego, ekfrazy i adaptacji filmowej


 
 
 The article is an attempt to clarify and refine the ways of understanding two basic types of translation: from one language into another ethnic language (translation proper) – i.e. following the principles of translating homo- geneous systems of signs – and from one system of signs to another, e.g. verbal to iconic, or vice versa, which is sometimes called transmutation. Therefore, the starting point for the discussion is Roman Jakobson’s well-known typology of translation, which also took into account cases of intralingual translation within the same language, called rewording. However, the article mainly focuses on various cases of intersemiotic translation and thus transmutation, meaning situations where a text expressed in one system of signs is translated into a system of a different nature. The primary research question concerns what is actually being translated in such a situation and how this type of translation differs from a typical language-to-language translation. The article is chiefly theoretical, and the examples concern the cases of translating verbal signs into iconic ones, such as the rules governing traffic into a road sign, the translation of an image (a painting, photography) into a literary text (ekphrasis and its varieties), and a film adaptation. The equivalence of codes secures the adequacy of a linguistic translation. In the case of ekphrasis, the image is usually replaced by a verbal narrative, and in a film adaptation, the type and sequence of iconic signs must simply be invented because these sign systems are not directly equivalent, as Benveniste and Lotman believe. Examples that illustrate the main theses of the article are Jacek Kaczmarski’s art-inspired songs, several film adaptations of Shakespeare’s Macbeth (Polański, Kurosawa), and Agnieszka Holland’s film adaptation (Pokot [Spoor]) of one of Olga Tokarczuk’s novels.
 
 

Visual complexity of urban streetscapes: human vs computer vision

Understanding visual complexity of urban environments may improve urban design strategies and limit visual pollution due to advertising, road signage, telecommunication systems and machinery. This paper aims at quantifying visual complexity specifically in urban streetscapes, by submitting a collection of geo-referenced photographs to a group of more than 450 internet users. The average complexity ranking issued from this survey was compared with a set of computer vision predictions, attempting to find the optimal match. Overall, a computer vision indicator matching comprehensively the survey outcome did not clearly emerge from the analysis, but a set of perceptual hypotheses demonstrated that some categories of stimuli are more relevant. The results show how images with contrasting colour regions and sharp edges are more prone to drive the feeling of high complexity.

Local languages and the linguistic landscape: the visibility and role of Sardinian in town entry and street name signs

Abstract The present study deals with the presence and role of the Sardinian language in the linguistic landscape of sixteen villages in the province of Oristano, Sardinia. Specifically, their entry signs and street name signs were photographed and analysed using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. In the entry signs, Sardinian was found to have a very strong presence, generating a high degree of bilingualism with Italian, as recommended by national and regional language policies. Systematic bilingualism could not, however, be observed in the street name signs, where Italian clearly prevails. Notwithstanding, the local language is visible in around a quarter of all street name signs. Complying with the provisions of national and regional legislations, Sardinian is used in the majority of street signs to recall the historical memory of the communities. Nonetheless, signs could be found where Sardinian is used in parallel bilingual texts to express exactly the same content as Italian, fostering a modern vision of the minority language. The present work shows how top-down language policies can be locally implemented or re-interpreted in the linguistic landscape; moreover, the article sheds light on how street naming can be exploited to influence society’s perception of minority languages and convey messages of local or regional/national identity.

Application of artificial intelligence in road network inventory and network-wide road safety assessment

This research paper examines the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in road network inventory and network-wide road safety assessment. An overview of current research related to this field is presented and various aspects of the use of AI in road infrastructure and safety assessment are analysed. In today’s world, where the road network continues to develop and grow, the use of AI can offer significant advantages in the inventory and assessment of road infrastructure and safety. AI can be used to process large volumes of data collected from various sources such as geographic data, photos, documentation and more. One of the main aspects that the article looks at is the use of AI to automatically process data and create a digital inventory of the road network. AI systems can analyse geographic data and photos to identify and classify roads, road signs, markings, and other elements of road infrastructure. This can facilitate engineers and competent authorities in the process of road inventory and maintenance. Another important aspect discussed in the paper is the use of AI for the general assessment of road safety. AI models can analyse road infrastructure inventory data, as well as traffic data, crashes, and other factors, to provide a comprehensive assessment of road network safety. This allows the competent authorities to identify vulnerable places, carry out preventive measures and plan appropriate interventions aimed at improving road safety. In conclusion, the paper highlights the possibilities and advantages of using artificial intelligence in road network inventory and network-wide road safety assessment. Such an approach can contribute to more efficient management of road infrastructure and improvement of road safety.

A MODERN SOLUTION THAT HAS A POSITIVE IMPACT ON LOGISTICS SERVICES AND SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES INTERSECTION FATALITIES

Year after year, the problems on the world's roads are getting worse. According to the UN Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) 2006 Report on the 1968 Geneva Convention "Road Signs and Signals", the rules are periodically updated to take into account the growing demands for human safety, environmental protection, and the rapid development of technological progress around the world (Report IEC UN, New York and Geneva, 2007). Unfortunately, for about a hundred years now, no drastic measures have been taken against the causes of road traffic accidents around the world. Our research is focused on reducing intersection congestion, traffic accidents, and related deaths. A new road sign and traffic light were invented. According to the conclusions of domestic and foreign scientists, the invented sign and traffic light should be a great success in practice.

Impact of presbyopia treatment pilocarpine hydrochloride 1.25% on night-driving performance

ABSTRACT Clinical relevance Patients prescribed pilocarpine ophthalmic solution are advised to be cautious when driving at night, but studies evaluating the effects of pilocarpine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution 1.25% (pilo), approved to treat presbyopia, on driving at night are lacking. Background This double-masked, crossover, phase 3b study evaluated night-driving performance with pilo or the placebo once daily. Methods Forty-three adults (40–55 years) with presbyopia impacting daily activities and mesopic, high-contrast, binocular distance-corrected near vision 6/12–6/30 were randomised to bilateral treatment with pilo followed by placebo or placebo followed by pilo (with a ≥7-day washout between interventions). Night-driving performance was evaluated at twilight at a closed-circuit course. Primary efficacy endpoint: overall composite night-driving performance Z score at the end of the 7–14-day intervention period, 1 hour post-instillation. Pilo was considered non-inferior if the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the least squares mean difference (LSMD, pilo minus placebo) was >–0.25. Other efficacy endpoints: individual components of the night-driving performance test (hazard avoidance rate; road sign recognition rate and distance; pedestrians recognition distance; overall driving and lane-keeping times) and night-driving experience questionnaire. Safety included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Results The mean overall composite Z scores were −0.121 (pilo) and 0.118 (placebo). The LSMD (pilo minus placebo) was −0.224 (95% CI, −0.346, −0.103), with 3 of the 7 individual tasks being significantly better with the placebo. The questionnaire did not reveal significant differences between pilo and the placebo. There were no serious or severe TEAEs and no TEAE-related discontinuations. The most common ocular TEAEs were headache and visual impairment with pilo (both 27.9%), and dry eye (7.0%) with the placebo. Conclusion The overall performance of night driving was inferior with pilo, compared with placebo. The study findings are consistent with the current class labelling and provide evidence to inform regulators and assist clinicians considering prescribing pilo to adults who seek treatment of presbyopia symptoms and drive at night. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04837482.

A case study of a virtual reality-based drink driving educational tool

Road traffic accidents are of major concern and could be reduced by better education. This paper describes the development of a virtual reality (VR) app that mimics the effects of alcohol on a driver. It was developed using Unity (version 2019.3.14), smartphone and Google Cardboard™. The user experiences a car following a predetermined route that is lined with trees and objects (traffic lights, road signs and other cars) which they need to spot and react to. By using graphical filters and time delays the driver has a feeling of being under the influence of alcohol. Twenty volunteers (18–60 years old; mean age ± sd 25.5 ± 11.6) participated in its evaluation. Data were collected on concentration times, reaction speed and observation of objects in both the alcohol simulated (impaired) and non-simulated (unimpaired) runs. Data were analysed using paired t-test. The result showed that people spent longer concentrating on objects in the impaired vs unimpaired run (10.72 ± 5.07 vs 5.30 ± 4.22 s n:20; p < 0.0001). The average reaction speed to objects in the unimpaired run was lower than in the impaired run (1.44 ± 0.66 vs 2.66 ± 0.28 s n:20; p < 0.001). Seventeen out of twenty subjects spotted all the required objects in the unimpaired whereas only seven out of twenty spotted all the objects in the impaired run (p < 0.001). The authors have shown that an inexpensive VR app can be used to demonstrate to users the effect that alcohol can have on concentration, reaction speeds and observational skills.

Road Users Fail to Appreciate the Special Optical Properties of Retroreflective Materials.

To determine whether typical road users appreciate the special optical properties of retroreflective materials. Retroreflective surfaces reflect light back towards the source of the illumination. All drivers benefit from retroreflective materials, as they are required on road signs, on large trailers, in lane delineation, and other traffic control devices. Retroreflective markings can also greatly enhance the conspicuity of pedestrians at night, but pedestrians typically underuse retroreflective markings. One possible reason is that pedestrians may not appreciate the special optical properties of retroreflective materials. Two experiments tested whether observers could correctly predict that retroreflective materials appear remarkably bright when illuminated by a source that is aligned with the observers' eyes. Observers used a magnitude estimation procedure to predict how bright retroreflective and non-retroreflective stimuli would appear during a demonstration designed to highlight retroreflectivity. They then judged the brightness again during the demonstration. In general, observers underestimated how bright retroreflective stimuli would be and overestimated how bright diffuse reflective and fluorescent stimuli would be. The underestimates for retroreflective stimuli were particularly striking when the observers had not closely examined the stimuli in advance. The fact that road users do not appreciate retroreflectivity may help explain why pedestrians underuse retroreflective markings at night. Educational interventions could prove useful in this domain.

A 3.0 µm Pixels and 1.5 µm Pixels Combined Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Image Sensor for High Dynamic Range Vision beyond 106 dB.

We propose a new concept image sensor suitable for viewing and sensing applications. This is a report of a CMOS image sensor with a pixel architecture consisting of a 1.5 μm pixel with four-floating-diffusions-shared pixel structures and a 3.0 μm pixel with an in-pixel capacitor. These pixels are four small quadrate pixels and one big square pixel, also called quadrate-square pixels. They are arranged in a staggered pitch array. The 1.5 μm pixel pitch allows for a resolution high enough to recognize distant road signs. The 3 μm pixel with intra-pixel capacitance provides two types of signal outputs: a low-noise signal with high conversion efficiency and a highly saturated signal output, resulting in a high dynamic range (HDR). Two types of signals with long exposure times are read out from the vertical pixel, and four types of signals are read out from the horizontal pixel. In addition, two signals with short exposure times are read out again from the square pixel. A total of eight different signals are read out. This allows two rows to be read out simultaneously while reducing motion blur. This architecture achieves both an HDR of 106 dB and LED flicker mitigation (LFM), as well as being motion-artifact-free and motion-blur-less. As a result, moving subjects can be accurately recognized and detected with good color reproducibility in any lighting environment. This allows a single sensor to deliver the performance required for viewing and sensing applications.

Effect of road markings and road signs quality on driving behaviour, driver’s gaze patterns and driver’s cognitive load at night-time

Night-time conditions are one of the most complex driving situations due to limited availability of visual information in the environment and limitations to the human visual system. In such conditions, road markings and road signs are the main source of information for drivers. Research has shown that road markings and road signs, if properly designed and placed, can positively impact driver behaviour and thus overall road safety. However, it is still not completely clear how different levels of road markings and road signs visibility affect drivers in night-time conditions. For this reason, we used a driving simulator to simulate night-time conditions and different levels of visibility of road markings and road signs in order to analyse the connection between the visibility of these road elements and driver behaviour and cognitive load. The results suggest that the level of road markings and road signs visibility slight increased the driving speed (about 2%), but at the same time it had a positive effect on participants’ cognitive load which was at an optimal level during high visibility. Although there was no significant difference in participants’ eye movements and the number of gazes at road markings, the percentage share of looked road signs was the highest in high visibility conditions, which suggests that the participants were in most cases timely informed and aware of the upcoming situation.

Типографический ландшафт и прагматика типографической вариативности

The present paper suggests a linguistic approach to typography which is understood as a variable communicative resource. Typography acts as one of the semiotic tools for meaning making. A person actively chooses semiotic resources that are adequate in the socio-cultural situation, interprets the meanings and coordinates their communicative competence with socio-cultural norms and traditions of communication. The methodological framework of the study is based on modern explanatory approaches to the pragmatics of meaning that have been developed in media linguistics, discourse linguistics, and is in line with a new sociolinguistic strand typographic linguistics. The typographic variations are involved in the shaping of a semiotic, typographic landscape and generate typographic meanings as a special kind of pragmatic meaning. The typographic meaning is of an indexical nature and can be studied within the framework of social indexicality in line with current approaches in sociolinguistics and metapragmatics to communicative variation. From this point of view, the issue is related to media competence and media literacy as a person's ability to recognize and consciously apply various communicative forms and channels to express meanings in an appropriate situation. The analysis is exemplified by means of modern Russian advertising messages, street signs, announcements. Typographic meaning is created and recognized in the communicative interaction of social actors.