Road Length Research Articles

Analysis of the State of Highways of Regional Importance in the Russian Federation

The purpose of the article is to analyze the regional road network of the Russian Federation, to identify the main factors affecting its condition depending on the federal district. Recently, investments have improved the situation in the field of repair and construction of regional roads, but the condition of regional roads remains unsatisfactory — about half of all regional roads do not meet regulatory requirements. Based on the analysis of the regional road network, it is necessary to make a decision on the investment of a particular road facility. The article examines the relationship between factors such as the percentage of regional highways that do not meet regulatory requirements and the individual rating of the standard of living. The question is also raised about identifying the most problematic places in the regional road network based on mathematical statistics methods, building dependencies of the share of bad regional roads on the length of federal roads, on the road climate zone, on the gross regional product per capita, on population, on the density of the road network and other factors. The main research methods are correlation and regression analysis. As a result of the study, a statistical analysis of the quality of the highway network of regional significance in the federal districts of the Russian Federation for 2007–2022 was carried out, the main patterns and dependencies of the percentage of roads that do not meet regulatory requirements on the density of the road network, gross regional product, and road climate zone were revealed. Conclusions are obtained that at the moment the state of regional highways and the gross regional product are poorly correlated values. On the contrary, the condition of regional roads strongly correlates with the index of quality of life in the region and the length of federal roads. In the first case, there is a strong positive correlation, in the second — a strong negative one.

Selection of Key Socio-Economic Factors for Establishing Relese Criteria Patients after Radioioidine Therapy

Purpose: To assess the association between socioeconomic factors and release criteria after iodine-131 radionuclide therapy in different countries. Material and methods: 15 countries and 104 socioeconomic characteristics were selected for the study. The association between characteristics and the residual activity level at which a patient may be released for different countries was established according to the value of Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (r>0.3). A linear regression model was constructed for the selected characteristics using Microsoft Excel analysis package. The model was used to calculate the acceptable activity level at which a patient may be released for Russia. Results: A fundamental difference between the model used for calculation of release criteria after radionuclide therapy with iodine-131 in Russia and the model recommended by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission was shown: the use of the effective half-life in the second one. Replacing the physical halflife by the effective half life allows increasing the discharge criteria of patients after therapy with Na131I by 30 %. A moderate correlation was found between the value of acceptable activity at patient discharge after radioactive iodine therapy and the following socioeconomic characteristics: scientific activity (r=0.32), quality of higher education (r=0.36), Global Health Security Index (r=0.34), length of roads (r=0.36), population growth rate (r=0.36), average housing area (r=0.38), and average salary per year (r=–0.33). A linear regression was constructed using the factors listed above. The following recommended value of activity and effective dose rate at patient discharge from hospital was obtained: 0.6 GBq and 30 µSv/hour. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that the release criteria for radioactive iodine therapy used in the Russian Federation (0.4 GBq and 20 µSv/h) do not correspond to the standard of living achieved in Russia, which is reflected by the socio-economic factors considered in the paper. The proposed arguments raise the task of revising the currently used model with a consequent increase in the discharge criteria. It was observed that the release criteria in the world are independent of some factors that are directly related to population exposure. The need to develop a unified objective algorithm for establishing release criteria, which takes into account different socio-economic status of states and can be applied for different radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals, including innovative ones, has been identified.

Invasion by common reed in peri-urban wetlands does not affect insectivorous bat activity, despite a negative effect on prey abundance

Common reed (Phragmites australis), an exotic invasive plant in North America, alters wetlands and thus affects the abundance, development and behavior of many animal species. We evaluated the effect of common reed invasion on 1) the abundance of nocturnal flying insects, and 2) the activity of one of their predators, insectivorous bats. As bats are highly mobile, they can be affected by parameters at a broad scale. Therefore, we considered 3) the effect of habitats and roads around invaded and non-invaded sites on bat activity. We selected 28 paired sites located in wetlands in southwestern Quebec: 14 control sites and 14 common reed-dominated sites. Nocturnal flying insects were collected in some sites, using light traps. The activity of bats was measured in all sites using acoustic detectors. Habitats and high-traffic roads around the sampled sites were characterized over several spatial scales, using ArcGISPro. Our results showed that the number of nocturnal flying insects was reduced by 53% in common reed-dominated sites, but there was no influence on the overall activity of insectivorous bats. Instead, a larger relative area of aquatic and woodland habitats, within a respective radius of 1 and 2 km in the vicinity of our study sites, favoured the overall activity of bats. Moreover, bat activity decreased with an increase in the length of high-traffic roads within a radius of 200 m around the studied wetland sites. Our results suggest that invasive plants despite reducing insect prey may not represent a major threat to insectivorous bats. They also highlight the importance of protecting forests and aquatic habitats, as well as the need to implement road mitigation measures for the conservation of insectivorous bats.

Design Strategies to Improve Metro Transit Station Walking Environments: Five Stations in Chongqing, China

While transit-oriented development (TOD) has been widely adopted in urban design alongside the expansion of urban metro transit, the creation of pedestrian-friendly environments has often been overlooked during implementation. This has resulted in a lower walking advantage around metro transit stations. To address this issue and encourage walking and public transport use in metro transit station areas, this study undertook a quantitative comparative analysis of the pedestrian environment in five Chongqing metro transit station areas. The analysis focused on three key dimensions: “comprehensive evaluation”, “basic scale”, and “structural quality”. The comprehensive evaluation considered factors such as the pedestrian catchment area ratio, POI kernel density distribution, and crowd agglomeration. The basic scale dimension comprised floor area ratio, building density, pedestrian road density, and the quantity of station entrances and exits. Finally, structural quality factors included land use type mixing degree, POI function mixing degree, intersection connectivity, median street length, pedestrian route directness, and green view index. Based on these analyses, this study proposes a series of pedestrian environment design strategies including land use and transportation. The strategies for land use advocate for “developing compact and diverse land use”, “strengthening attraction of station center”, “positioning large projects on the edge”, “restricting private transportation capabilities”. The strategies for transportation consist of “increasing pedestrian road density”, “traffic calming organization”, “subdivision of road types”, and “three-dimensional pedestrian traffic system”. These strategies aim to create a more humanized and environmentally friendly pedestrian environment, proactively rise to the challenge of climate change, thereby cultivating sustainable urban development.

Analysis of The Impact of Transportation Infrastructure Investment on Regional Economic Growth of Lombok Barat Regency

The availability of good transportation infrastructure is very important in increasing regional affordability and accelerating regional economic progress and can increase GRDP in a region. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of transportation infrastructure investment, including road infrastructure and port infrastructure on regional economic growth in West Lombok Regency. The research method used is quantitative method. The results of this study indicate that road infrastructure (road length) has a probability value of 0.0343 <0.05 with a coefficient value of -15.39090. Thus it is concluded that road infrastructure (road length) partially has a negative and significant impact on regional economic growth in West Lombok Regency. Then, the port infrastructure variable (ship visits), with a probability value of 0.2356> (0.05) and a coefficient value of -1.868806 so it is concluded that partially port infrastructure (ship visits) has a negative and insignificant impact on regional economic growth in West Lombok Regency. In the overall context (simultaneously), when road length and ship visits are analyzed together, both simultaneously have no significant impact on the regional economic growth of West Lombok Regency, with a probability number of 0.078487 > (0.05).

A conceptual cost estimation model for the pre-design stage of road projects using multiple regression analysis

Purpose The current estimation practice in construction projects greatly needs upgrading, as there has been no improvement in the cost overrun issue over the past 70 years. The purpose of this research was to develop a new multiple regression analysis (MRA)-based model to forecast the final cost of road projects at the pre-design stage using data from 43 projects in New Zealand (NZ). Design/methodology/approach The research used the case study of 43 completed road projects in NZ. Document analysis was conducted to collect data, and statistical tests were used for model development and analysis. Findings Eight models were developed, and all models achieved the required F statistics and met the regression assumptions. The models’ mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was between 21.25% and 22.77%. The model with the lowest MAPE comprised the road length and width, number of bridges, pavement area, cut and fill area, preliminary cost and cost indices change. Research limitations/implications The model is based on road projects in NZ. However, it was designed to be able to adapt to other contexts. The findings suggest that the model can be used to improve traditional conceptual estimating methods. Past project data is often stored by the project team but rarely used for analysing and forecasting purposes. This research emphasises that past data can be effectively used to predict the project cost at the pre-design stage with limited information. Originality/value No research was conducted to adopt cost modelling techniques into the conceptual estimation practice in the NZ construction industry.

Spatial Analysis of Exposure of Roads to Flooding and Its Implications for Mobility in Urban/Peri-Urban Accra

Climate change seriously threatens human systems, properties and livelihoods. Global projections suggest a continuous increase in the frequency and severity of weather events, with severe outcomes. Although the trends and impacts are highly variable depending on location, most studies tend to concentrate on either the urban or rural areas, with little focus on peri-urban areas. Yet, in Sub-Saharan Africa, peri-urban areas display unique characteristics: inadequate infrastructure, unplanned development, weak governance, and environmental degradation, all of which exacerbate flood impact and thus need academic attention. This study contributes to filling this gap by assessing the flood vulnerability of roads in peri-urban Accra and its implications for mobility. Based on the fieldwork, the study delineated and analysed potential zones within the research locations. The researchers calculated roads’ absolute and relative lengths, using a spatial overlay (intersection) of potentially flooded roads with the total road network within the grid cells of 500 m by 500 m. These measures were adopted and used as exposure measures. The findings revealed that over 80% of roads with lengths between 100 m and 500 m were exposed to floods. Some areas had higher exposure indices, with absolute road lengths ranging from 1.5 km to 3.2 km and relative road lengths between 0.8 and 1.0. There were significant variations in road exposure between and within neighbourhoods. Depending on the depth and duration of the floodwater, residents may be unable to access their homes or carry out their daily activities. In conclusion, this study highlights the differential vulnerability of peri-urban areas to road flooding and recommends targeted provision of flood-resilient infrastructure to promote sustainable development.

Risk factors for African swine fever spread in wild boar in the Russian Federation

The analysis and assessment of risk factors associated with the occurrence, spread and persistence of African swine fever (ASF) virus in wild boar population are an important tool in determining the strategic measures aimed at eradicating epizootics and mitigating their consequences. A thorough examination of foreign and domestic literature revealed that wild boar population management factors, socio-economic and environmental ones, that mainly account for the density and number of animals were the most significant and associated with the risk of ASF outbreak occurrence in wild animals. In order to identify risk factors for the spread of the disease in wild boar in the Russian Federation Subjects, a regression model was built to examine the relationship between the annual number of ASF outbreaks in wild boar at the municipal raion level, wild boar population density and some other factors for the period between 2007 and 2022. Based on the Subject-level regression modelling results, a positive association between the intensity of the disease outbreaks and wild boar population density was identified in 42.5% of the model regions of the Russian Federation. Other significant factors were the length of roads, the presence of forest cover and outbreaks in domestic pigs. However, on the whole, for all the infected Subjects, the regression model demonstrated the failure of the wild boar population density factor to explain the observed ASF outbreak distribution, and this may be indicative of the existence of other epizootic drivers of the disease spread in the wild. One of such mechanisms may be the persistence of infectious potential in the external environment and in the formed stationary local foci of African swine fever, despite the anti-epizootic measures taken, including the measures aimed at regulating the number of susceptible population – depopulation.

Research on the Vitality of Public Spaces in Tourist Villages through Social Network Analysis: A Case Study of Mochou Village in Hubei, China

The construction of tourist villages is an important implementation path for promoting the new urbanization strategy in China. The optimization of their spatial pattern and functional adjustment is a key way to achieve high-quality urban development. The purpose of this study is to determine the influencing factors of public space vitality in tourist villages from the perspective of human behavior activities and to provide design support strategies for enhancing the vitality of public spaces in tourist villages. Using Mochou Village as an example, physical and behavioral network models were used to conduct a quantitative study of the vitality characteristics, and Quantitative Analysis of Precedence (QAP) regression was used to investigate the influence factors. The results demonstrate that spatial characteristics, such as “small block size, high street density”, and grid-like street structure and squares, as well as factors such as store concentration, sight lines, street length, spatial openness, and street width, significantly impact the vitality of public spaces in tourist villages. The analysis of the characteristics of the vitality of public space networks in tourist villages and the discussion of the influencing factors of public space vitality in this study can provide guidance for evaluating the vitality of public spaces and designing public spaces with high vitality in tourist villages.

Harnessing AI to unmask Copenhagen's invisible air pollutants: A study on three ultrafine particle metrics

Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are airborne particles with a diameter of less than 100 nm. They are emitted from various sources, such as traffic, combustion, and industrial processes, and can have adverse effects on human health. Long-term mean ambient average particle size (APS) in the UFP range varies over space within cities, with locations near UFP sources having typically smaller APS. Spatial models for lung deposited surface area (LDSA) within urban areas are limited and currently there is no model for APS in any European city. We collected particle number concentration (PNC), LDSA, and APS data over one-year monitoring campaign from May 2021 to May 2022 across 27 locations and estimated annual mean in Copenhagen, Denmark, and obtained additionally annual mean PNC data from 6 state-owned continuous monitors. We developed 94 predictor variables, and machine learning models (random forest and bagged tree) were developed for PNC, LDSA, and APS. The annual mean PNC, LDSA, and APS were, respectively, 5523 pt/cm3, 12.0 μm2/cm3, and 46.1 nm. The final R2 values by random forest (RF) model were 0.93 for PNC, 0.88 for LDSA, and 0.85 for APS. The 10-fold, repeated 10-times cross-validation R2 values were 0.65, 0.67, and 0.60 for PNC, LDSA, and APS, respectively. The root mean square error for final RF models were 296 pt/cm3, 0.48 μm2/cm3, and 1.60 nm for PNC, LDSA, and APS, respectively. Traffic-related variables, such as length of major roads within buffers 100–150 m and distance to streets with various speed limits were amongst the highly-ranked predictors for our models. Overall, our ML models achieved high R2 values and low errors, providing insights into UFP exposure in a European city where average PNC is quite low. These hyperlocal predictions can be used to study health effects of UFPs in the Danish Capital.

Competency of Rural Roads Achieving Targets 3.6 and 11.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals in Bangladesh

Road Transportation is the major mode of transportation and is recognized as a significant contributor to the socio-economic development in many low-and-middle-income countries like in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, this transport system is now responsible for carrying about 70% of passengers and 60% of freights and increasing the share of modalities day by day with the development of road transport systems. The responsibility for the improvement and maintenance of the total road network of the country is assigned mainly to the Roads and Highways Department (RHD) and the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED). But the road network belongs to LGED termed as “Rural Road” which is about 94% of the total road length and in the meantime, more than 40% is improved by mainly flexible pavements. However, the state of road traffic safety on many improved rural roads is poor due to narrow carriageways and shoulders along with roadside hazards. On the other hand, the overall road traffic safety in Bangladesh is poor compared to the developed and motorized countries. However, according to the police report, about 4000 people die and another 5000 people become injured by road traffic crashes in each year in Bangladesh but the World Health Organization estimates the fatalities are more than 25,000. However, Bangladesh has committed to achieving the targets 3.6 and 11.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) assigned by the United Nations (UN) in 2015 concerning the improvement of road traffic safety by halving 50% of fatalities by 2030. Therefore, the achievement of the above two targets depends on the improvement of road traffic safety on highways as well as rural roads. This research highlights the barriers to improving the safety of rural roads to achieve the above two targets by 2030.

Compounding effects of changing sea level and rainfall regimes on pluvial flooding in New York City

AbstractCoastal urban areas like New York City (NYC) are more vulnerable to urban pluvial flooding particularly because the rapid runoff from extreme rainfall events can be further compounded by the co-occurrence of high sea-level conditions either from tide or storm surge leading to compound flooding events. Present-day urban pluvial flooding is a significant challenge for NYC and this challenge is expected to become more severe with the greater frequency and intensity of storms and sea-level rise (SLR) in the future. In this study, we advance NYC’s assessment of present and future exposure to urban pluvial flooding through simulating various storm scenarios using a citywide hydrologic and hydraulic model. This is the first citywide analysis using NYC’s drainage models focusing on rainfall-induced flooding. We showed that the city’s stormwater system is highly vulnerable to high-intensity short-duration “cloudburst” events, with the extent and volume of flooding being the largest during these events. We further showed that rainfall events coupled with higher sea-level conditions, either from SLR or storm surge, could significantly increase the volume and extent of flooding in the city. We also assessed flood exposure in terms of the number of buildings and length of roads exposed to flooding as well as the number of the affected population. This study informs NYC’s residents of their current and future flood risk and enables the development of tailored solutions to manage increasing flood risk in the city.

Handwriting Skills and Their Role in Text Generation: A Longitudinal Study with Graphonomic Measures

<p>This study sought to examine the influence of transcription skills, evaluated using graphonomic measures, on the proficiency of text generation in students attending primary schools in Spain. A longitudinal design was employed involving 278 Spanish students distributed across three cohorts (cohort 1: 1st-2nd-4th grade; cohort 2: 2nd-3rd-5th grade; and cohort 3: 3rd-4th-6th grade). Two data collection points were used to administer the graphonomic measures, and a composition letter task was conducted at the conclusion of the study. Four multigroup structural equation models were employed, examining the direct pathways from graphonomic measures (i.e., pressure, speed, pauses, and road length) on text generation (i.e., length, fluency, planning, revision, and organization). The models demonstrated a good fit to the data. The findings from the four models, analyzed within the three cohorts, indicated that the significant effect of transcription (i.e., handwriting) on text production was primarily observed in Cohort 1 (early grades), while no significant effects were found in Cohort 2 (intermediate grades). This suggests that the importance of handwriting in text production in a transparent orthography may be more pronounced during the initial stages of writing development when students are acquiring foundational writing skills.</p>

Analyzing urban crash incidents: An advanced endogenous approach using spatiotemporal weights matrix

AbstractContemporary spatial statistics studies often underestimate the complexity of road networks, thereby inhibiting the strategic development of effective interventions for car accidents. In response to this limitation, the primary objective of this study is to enhance the spatiotemporal analysis of urban crash data. We introduce an innovative spatial‐temporal weight matrix (STWM) for this purpose. The STWM integrates external covariates, including road network topological measurements and economic variables, offering a more comprehensive view of the spatiotemporal dependence of road accidents. To evaluate the functionality of the presented STWM, random effect eigenvector spatial filtering analysis is employed on Boston's traffic accident data from January to March 2016. The STWM improves analysis, surpassing distance‐based SWM with a lower residual standard error of 0.209 and a higher adjusted R2 of 0.417. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the influence of road length on crash incidents, spatially and temporally, with random standard errors of 0.002 for spatial effects and 0.026 for non‐spatial effects. This is particularly evident in the north and center of the study area during specific periods. This information can help decision‐makers develop more effective urban development models and reduce future crash risks.

Estimating the Flood, Landslide, and Heavy Rainfall Susceptibility of Vaccine Transportation after 2021 Flooding in South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

Vaccine accessibility and availability has been shown to be one of the key factors to ensure rapid responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Increased vaccine coverage is, however, dependent on vaccine supply and transportation, in particular ensuring that road networks have as minimal disruption as possible. In Indonesia, the most common and imminent threats affecting transport flows are due to frequent disasters such as floods, landslides, and high rainfall. This research is novel because it fills in the gap between health and disaster studies in COVID-19-related studies published since 2021. This study presents an analysis of susceptibility of various hydro-meteorological disasters on the trans-provincial roads that span over 856.014 km and cover an area of 38,744.23 km2 over 13 districts in South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The floods that occurred in January and November 2021 inundated an area of around 4000 km2 (10 percent of the total study area) that spans along 13 sub-provincial/district areas. Data collected are analyzed using the geographical information system (GIS) to quantify and classify the impacts in the 13 districts, utilizing different indicators such as topography, road conditions and characteristics, amount of rainfall, and types of disasters that occurred (floods and landslides). The results show that the trans-provincial road, which is also the only road available for transporting vaccines in the South Kalimantan Province, was highly susceptible to various hydro-meteorological disasters. Around 20 percent of the total road length was disrupted by the floods, close to 4% of the road section passes through mountainous areas that make it susceptible to landslides, and about 13% to 23% of the road section is vulnerable to slip risks due to the extreme rainfall. The results presented here demand an overarching solution involving multiple stakeholders from public works and local disaster management offices in terms of disaster mitigation and preparedness strategies, and environmental protection in terms of disaster risk reduction implementation. This research contributes to the health sector particularly through future preparedness to pandemics and wider vaccine distribution and coverage through the identification and mapping of sections of roads impacted by multiple disasters.

ANALISIS TEBAL PERKERASAN LENTUR JALAN DENGAN METODE BINA MARGA

The Tasikmalaya-Karangnunggal road section is one of the roads in Tasikmalaya Regency which is included in the category of provincial road status, the road section is located in the Cibalong-Parungponteng sub-district with a road length of 21,750 Kilometers, a road width of 6.5 meters, and a road shoulder of 2.5 meters. In general, the Tasikmalaya-Karangnunggal road section is in good condition, but at several points damage was found, either with potholes or bumps.As one of the roads that connect vital places, for example in shopping centers, education centers and other activities.With a high intensity of traffic flow and a large traffic load, it must be balanced with good road pavementIn this study the Bina Marga Method Pd T-01-2002-B was used to find the thickness of the flexible pavement. The data needed in finding the thickness of the flexible pavement is in the form of primary data obtained from direct field observations and secondary data obtained from the Department of Highways, Tasikmalaya Regency. The result of a flexible pavement with a design life of 20 years, with traffic growth of 5%, based on the Bina Marga Method Pd T-01-2002-B obtained 3,153,688,757.75Iss/Lajur/UR, the surface layer thickness of AC-WC was 4 cm, AC-BC 6 cm, class A aggregate was 15 cm, and class B aggregate was 26 cm .

Analisis Kerusakan Jalan C. Bangas Kota Palangka Raya

Roads are land transportation which is the main supporting factor for the entire community, especially in the economic sector and other social activities. The damage to the C. Bangas road is like road damage in general, namely that there are many holes in the road caused by rainwater which .will flood the road. This research was carried out using 2 (two) methods, namely the Pavemanet Condition Index (PCI) and the Surface Distress Index (SDI) Method. The research was carried out along Jalan C. Bangas, Palangka Raya City, with a road length of 875 meters and divided into 18 segments with 50 meter intervals. The results of the research will be compared between the 2 (two) methods used. From the results of the research conducted, there are differences in the level of road damage in the PCI and SDI methods. The average PCI value for all roads is 17,278. The PCI value indicates that the condition of the road surface is serious, so it is necessary to upgrade/reconstruct the road. The average SDI value for all roads is 51,389. The SDI value indicates the road surface condition is Medium. So it is necessary to carry out routine maintenance. With this it can be concluded that the 2 (two) methods used got different results, namely the PCI method got serious results (severe damage) and the SDI method got moderate results (moderate damage)..

Landslide vulnerability mapping using multi-criteria decision-making approaches: in Gacho Babba District, Gamo Highlands Southern Ethiopia

The landslide has been a life-threatening natural disaster in most districts of Gamo Highlands. This study was conducted to assess the status of landslide vulnerability in the Gacho Baba district of the Gamo zone in southern Ethiopia. The Geographic Information System Analytical Hierarchy Process and Weighted Linear Combination multi-criteria decision-making approaches were applied. Eight causative factors of landslide, namely, slope, elevation, aspect, distance from the stream, drainage density, soil type, distance from the road, and land use/cover were considered. The weight values of each causative factor were determined by previous studies, field observations, and experts’ judgment. The calculated weight of each causative factor is the slope (23%), elevation (21%), aspect (8%), stream distance and drainage density each (12%), soil type and road length each (9%), and land use/cover (6%). Moreover, the Consistency Index (0.13) and Consistency Ratio (0.08%) were calculated with acceptable values for comparison to weighted overlay analysis to produce a landslide vulnerability map of the study area. The result shows that the vast majority of the study district (86.6%) falls within a very high to moderate landslide susceptibility class and only (13.4%) falls within a very low and low susceptibility. This indicates that almost all the 11 villages in the district, are found within the high to moderate landslide vulnerability class which alerts responsible community and zonal disaster risk prevention and related offices to take action on the identified causative factors to reduce the occurrences of landslide hazard in the study district.

Chloride hydrogeochemistry of the finger lakes in Central and Western New York, USA

Road deicing salts have impacted the hydrogeochemistry of lakes throughout the snow-belt region of the globe. This paper advances our understanding of the historical change in salt concentrations in, and sources to, the Finger Lakes of western and central New York state, and compares the results to other lakes across the globe. Surface water samples from Honeoye, Canandaigua, Keuka, Seneca, Cayuga, Owasco, Skaneateles and Otisco lakes were analyzed for chloride (Cl) concentrations, and augmented with published and unpublished decade, and for the first time, century-scale Cl data for these lakes and Hemlock Lake. A mass-balance model estimated the Cl flux required to match the measured Cl concentrations in each lake. Cl concentration and flux trends defined two groups of lakes. Group 1: A mid-1900′s peak in Cl concentrations was detected in Seneca and Cayuga lakes, that resulted from a short but significant spike of Cl, most likely from salt mine wastes during pre-Environmental Protection Agency times. Group 2: Hemlock, Honeoye, Canandaigua, Keuka, Owasco, Skaneateles and Otisco lakes, revealed smaller yet increasing concentrations and fluxes over time that were interpreted to reflect increasing use of road deicing salts in their watersheds and supported by correlations to their state and federal road lengths, percentage of impervious surfaces, water residence times in each watershed and the production of road salt in the US, but not to their trophic status, nor their percentage of agricultural land. Estimated Cl inputs from municipal wastewater treatment facilities, individual septic systems and the atmosphere (precipitation) were also insignificant in the Finger Lakes region. These results help clarify the processes responsible for increasing Chloride concentrations in lakes globally.

Analysis of The Relationship of Land Transportation With GRDP in Wholesale and Retail Trade Sector, Car and Motorcycle Reparation

Transportation Land transportation influences national economic growth. Due to the existence of land transportation modes, the national economy can continue to grow from year to year. This study analyzed the variable relationship between land transportation through road length data, road condition data, and GRDP in the wholesale and retail trade sectors. The results of this study show that good national road conditions have a very low positive correlation (0.079). And has an insignificant relationship to GRDP (0.665 0.05). National road conditions have a shallow level of positive correlation (0.074). And has a negligible relationship to GRDP (0.679 0.05). Damaged national road conditions have a superficial negative correlation (-0.040). And has an insignificant relationship to GRDP (0.823 0.05). National road conditions severely damaged did not pass the requirements test, normality test results (0.024 0.05). Provincial road conditions are good, with a positive correlation (0.681). And has a significant relationship to GRDP (0.00 0.05). Medium local roads have a good level of positive correlation (0.586). And has a substantial relationship to GRDP (0.00 0.05). The condition of damaged provincial roads has a low negative correlation (-0.103). It has an insignificant relationship to GRDP (0.563 0.05). The condition of the badly damaged national road does not pass the requirements test, the normality test (0.024 0.05). Moderate district/city road conditions have an average positive correlation (0.356). And has a significant relationship to GRDP (0.039 0.05). The condition of district/city roads is damaged and has a shallow correlation level of (0.105). It has an insignificant relationship with GRDP (0.555 0.05). The condition of district/city roads is badly damaged and has a shallow correlation level of (0.105). It has an insignificant relationship with GRDP (0.555 0.05). The condition of district/city roads is damaged and has a shallow correlation level of (0.105). It has an insignificant relationship with GRDP (0.555 0.05). The condition of district/city roads is badly damaged and has a shallow correlation level of (0.105). It has an insignificant relationship with GRDP (0.555 0.05). The condition of district/city roads is damaged and has a shallow correlation level of (0.105). It has an insignificant relationship with GRDP (0.555 0.05). The condition of district/city roads is badly damaged and has a shallow correlation level of (0.105). It has an insignificant relationship with GRDP (0.555 0.05).