Elevated Road Research Articles

Scheduling design of Jakarta-Cikampek II elevated toll road project (P.186 – P.187)

The key to achieving effective and efficient development goals is by increasing the quality of construction management by collecting up-to-date data about the project's resources, mainly about productivity. In this research space, productivity will be discussed, including human resources and their management. The case study is the project of Jakarta-Cikampek II Elevated Toll Road. This project was a developing project to improve the capacity of the existing Jakarta-Cikampek toll road. This elevated structure will be built right in the area (median and side edge) of the existing toll road, making it interesting to discuss how the construction is carried out. Scheduling analysis in this study was carried out at points P.186 to P.187 of the construction project. The analysis includes identifying the productivity index of labor resources and equipment that has a major role in shaping the scheduling concept. The concept will be performed by determining a network diagram that will use the Critical Path Method (CPM) rule. The data used in this analysis are construction drawing, s-curve plan, worker data, weekly job plan, work method, and some interviews with worker and field project manager. These results obtained the large productivity of workers and equipment, and the duration required to complete the construction starting prom point P.186 to P.187 is 248 working days

Efektivitas Penggunaan Metode Moving Formwork by Traveler Terhadap Biaya dan Waktu Pada Pekerjaan Slab Proyek Tol Jakarta-Cikampek II Elevated

The floor plate (slab) is one of the moving formwork methods by a traveler or formwork system, where in the process of moving formwork components using a driving motor to get more effective and efficient results, cost price analysis of the implementation of the moving formwork method by a traveler is obtained from unit price analysis multiplied by the volume of work for the slab, the time duration and work productivity are obtained from the calculation of the cycle time execution time. The cost analysis of the slab on the Jakarta-Cikampek II Elevated toll road project using the moving formwork method by a traveler gets a cost-effectiveness value of 5.54% more efficient than using the usual formwork method, the total cost of slab work with the use of a moving form traveler is Rp. 2,764,000,000.00, From the duration of the implementation of the use of the moving formwork method by the traveler, it was found that the effectiveness of the time was 9 days faster than the usual formwork method.

Modeling the Quarter-Vehicle: Use of Passive Sensor Data for Road Condition Monitoring

In recent years, automated driving has become one of the most important research fields in the automotive industry. A key component for a successful substitution of human driving by vehicles is a real-time model of the current environment including the traffic situation, the guide-way, and the road itself. We propose a solution for measuring road conditions within the spring-damper system of the vehicle. In this paper, we utilize a Vehicle Level Sensor (VLS) and an Acceleration Sensor (AS), both of which are standard components in modern vehicles, for road condition monitoring. Our model-based approach therefore consists purely of additional software. We present a calculation of the Quarter Vehicle Model (QVM) for road elevation measurements to enable each connected vehicle to provide valid data for a potential crowd-sensing approach, where every vehicle contributes past data and consumes data for upcoming segments. The generated data are capable of providing the environment model with real-time data. Our calculations are first validated in a laboratory setup, representing a down-scaled Quarter-Vehicle. The knowledge gained it then applied to a real vehicle. For this purpose, the measurement setup is explained, the model-based calculation and the parameters are adjusted, and the results are compared.

Seasonal and spatial patterns of mammalian road kill in northeastern Cordoba Province, Argentina

ABSTRACT Wildlife–vehicle collisions are a serious conservation issue. In Argentina, wildlife road kill represents a threat to numerous species, especially around protected areas. With the aim of analyzing a possible seasonal and spatial patterns of mammalian death due to road kill, I sampled 97 km of the RP No. 17 in the south of multiple-use natural protected area ‘Bañados del Río Dulce y Laguna Mar Chiquita’ in Cordoba Province, Argentina. I analyzed the frequencies and density of road kill in winter 2015, spring 2015, and summer 2015/2016. The Kilometric Index of Abundance was used to identify the road stretches with elevated road kill. I recorded a total of 190 individuals representing 13 species. Of the mammalian species that inhabit the study area, more than 80% were affected by vehicle collisions. Three critical road stretches were identified. Mammalian mortality suggests a reduction of 42.36% between winter and spring. Lycalopex gymnocercus was the species with a statistically significant reduction (Mann–Whitney U, p = <0.03) in its road kill. Seasonal differences in mammalian mortality were likely due to seasonally variable behavior, abundances, and reproductive activity. This study provides to wildlife managers an opportunity to direct mitigation measures to reduce mammalian road kill.

Predicting disease occurrence of cabbage Verticillium wilt in monoculture using species distribution modeling.

BackgroundAlthough integrated pest management (IPM) is essential for conservation agriculture, this method can be inadequate for severely infected fields. The ability to predict the potential occurrence of severe infestation of soil-borne disease would enable farmers to adopt suitable methods for high-risk areas, such as soil disinfestation, and apply other options for lower risk areas. Recently, researchers have used species distribution modeling (SDM) to predict the occurrence of target plant and animal species based on various environmental variables. In this study, we applied this technique to predict and map the occurrence probability of a soil-borne disease, Verticillium wilt, using cabbage as a case study.MethodsA disease survey assessing the distribution of Verticillium wilt in cabbage fields in Tsumagoi village (central Honshu, Japan) was conducted two or three times annually from 1997 to 2013. Road density, elevation and topographic wetness index (TWI) were selected as explanatory variables for disease occurrence potential. A model of occurrence probability of Verticillium wilt was constructed using the MaxEnt software for SDM analysis. As the disease survey was mainly conducted in an agricultural area, the area was weighted as “Bias Grid” and area except for the agricultural area was set as background.ResultsGrids with disease occurrence showed a high degree of coincidence with those with a high probability occurrence. The highest contribution to the prediction of disease occurrence was the variable road density at 97.1%, followed by TWI at 2.3%, and elevation at 0.5%. The highest permutation importance was road density at 93.0%, followed by TWI at 7.0%, while the variable elevation at 0.0%. This method of predicting disease probability occurrence can help with disease monitoring in areas with high probability occurrence and inform farmers about the selection of control measures.

Monetary evaluation method of comprehensive benefits of complex underground roads for motor vehicles orienting urban sustainable development

Complex underground roads obtain both intrinsic sustainable characters and specific benefits from urban underground space (UUS) utilization, which improves urban sustainability than other wide surface arteries and elevated roads. This paper employs two comparison principles to identify nine sustainability-oriented benefits for complex underground roads during the operation. Based on a general substitute cost method, monetary evaluation models are established and then applied to the case study of the Bund Tunnel in Shanghai, which verifies sustainable development welfares of complex underground roads as CNY 54.672 bn that is USD 8.167 bn, (2020 price, USD 1 ≈ CNY 6.694) from 2010 to 2110 (designed service life), which is 3.60 times of the total cost with a good benefit cost ratio. The quantitative valuation results can be adopted to support the decision making during planning and avoid the short-sighted view that only the direct economic cost and values matter during the scheme selection.

Convolutional neural network–bagged decision tree: a hybrid approach to reduce electric vehicle’s driver’s range anxiety by estimating energy consumption in real-time

To overcome range anxiety problem of Electric Vehicles (EVs), an accurate real-time energy consumption estimation is necessary, which can be used to provide the EV's driver with information about the remaining range in real-time. A hybrid CNN-BDT approach has been developed, in which Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used to provide an energy consumption estimate considering the effect of temperature, wind speed, battery's SOC, auxiliary loads, road elevation, vehicle speed and acceleration. Further, Bagged Decision Tree (BDT) is used to fine tune the estimate. Unlike existing techniques, the proposed approach doesn't require internal vehicle parameters from manufacturer and can easily learn complex patterns even from noisy data. Comparison results with existing techniques show that the developed approach provides better estimates with least mean absolute energy deviation of 0.14.

The role funding based non cash loan in the form of supply chain financing on elevated road project performance (case study join operation project PT.X)

Indonesia infrastructure road development in recent years has experienced a very significant increase, but in its implementation the issue of land acquisition and limited funding are the main problem in realizing this development. Elevated Road Project is one of the way to minimize the effect land acquisition, and also Joint operation (JO) and applying Non Cash Loan (NCL) at the form Supply Chain Financing (SCF) in project can have good performance effect that can be see positif Project Cash Flow (PCF). Supply Chain Financing (SCF) is a financial instrument issued by financial institutions with various terms and conditions applicable to a supply chain that occurs between buyers and sellers, which aims to optimize the management of working capital and company liquidity. However, the selection of the SCF financing scheme also has a weakness where there is a cost of money that must be spent in the process. The purpose of this study was to determine the NCF SCF Cost Structure and evaluate the implementation of the use of SCF facilities on the elevated road project performance with a JO project case study at PT.X. Research methodology using survey and project cases study, while for the conducted to determine cost structure using statistical descriptive analysis. This study produce cost structure table which is majority for material, equipment, and sub contractor can be implemented using NCL SCF, also implementation procurement procedure using SCF until invoicing.

Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a Varying-Speed Road Profiler

Abstract The International Roughness Index (IRI) has been widely used to characterize the road ride quality in the highway engineering community. IRI is commonly obtained via the longitudinal profile data collected by a high-speed inertial profiler. It is well known that the IRI value based on an inertial profiler can be biased under low-speed or varying-speed conditions. This stems from the inherent limitation of the accelerometer embedded in the measurement system. This study proposes a different approach to solving the problem by employing three-dimension laser scanning technology. Without relying on the accelerometer to offset the vehicle vertical dynamics/vibration, the new approach uses the measurement by a line laser to transfer the elevation along the driving direction. Following this principle, a road profiler was developed and installed on a host vehicle. A preliminary evaluation of the newly developed profiler was conducted on two urban road sections in Beijing. The elevation was focused on wavelength, IRI index, and repeatability analysis. The results showed that the proposed profiler could effectively capture road elevation and accurately characterize ride quality. It was indicated that this new equipment could serve as a useful tool to better accommodate the ride quality measurement under varying-speed data collection conditions, particularly in the urban environment.

LAST PLANNER SYSTEM (LPS) IMPLEMENTATION ON JAKARTA-CIKAMPEK II ELEVATED TOLL ROAD PROJECT

In construction industry, its implementation of the construction has its own constraints. A good management or project management system is needed to minimize the risk of these constraints. The latest project management concept that has proven more effective and efficient is Last Planner System method. This study aims to investigate how the implementation of Last Planner System works on Jakarta-Cikampek II Elevated Toll Road Project. With the evaluation of weekly job evaluations using PPC (Percent Plan Completed) and Pareto Variance Constraint analysis, the constraint issues of this project will be identified. Then they are followed up to find the right solution in handling the constraints. The research method is done by conducting literature study, problem formulation, followed by implementing LPS method, which is through work flow control such as phase and pull plan, lookahead plan, constrain analysis, daily huddles, PPC (Percent Plan Completed) calculation, Pareto Chart analysis with data variation of issues that have been obtained. The results show that the average PPC weekly project is 83.04% and the most influential reason that must be concerned its priority is submittals.

Road elevation map estimation based on affine transformation and stereo matching

This paper presents a road elevation map estimation method based on affine transformation. A geometric model of reference plane and stereo rig is proposed. The model showed that the height of 3-D points relative to the reference plane can be described by the proposed disparity relative to the reference plane. The reference plane is implicitly established by performing an affine transformation on target image. A local based stereo matching is applied to estimate subpixel disparity map. The elevation map can be easily estimated from subpixel disparity map using proposed elevation computation model. The experimental results on real-word road scenes show that the proposed method can provide accurate road elevation estimation.

Research on the relationship between urban morphology and air temperature based on mobile measurement: A case study in Wuhan, China

Urban morphology has an important impact on the outdoor thermal environment; studying the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of air temperature and its relationship with urban morphology is the prerequisite for improving the outdoor thermal environment in the urban sectors. In July 2016, the study selected five sectors (C1 is a commercial sector, I1 is an industry sector, and R1-R3 are three residential sectors respectively) in the urban area of Wuhan to carry out the mobile measurement, and used ArcGIS tools to visualize the temporal and spatial distribution of air temperature, and then analyzed the correlation between air temperature and four indicators of urban morphology of the five sectors: building density(BD), vegetation coverage(VC), floor area ratio(FAR) and sky view fraction(SVF). The results suggested that: (1) In general, building density and floor area ratio are positively correlated with air temperature, while vegetation coverage and sky view fraction are negatively correlated with air temperature. (2) In the morning and evening hours, the maximum values of the average air temperature appear in the C1 (31.8 °C in the morning) and R1 (36.8 °C in the evening), which have the largest building density (56.4%) and the highest floor area ratio (4.87), respectively. While the lowest average temperature (27 °C in the morning, 31.5 °C in the evening) occurs in the R3 (a water-front residential sector) with a large lake surface and the lowest building density. In the afternoon, the highest air temperature (41.5 °C) and the maximum temperature difference (4.2 °C) both appear in the R3 sector which has a complex urban morphology, with large area lakes, high-density built-up areas and elevated road. (3) The water body has a significant cooling effect on the air temperature. In the R3 sector, the air temperature near the side of the water body is about 4.8 °C higher than the air temperature far from the side of the water body. (4) The relationship between floor area ratio, building density, sky view fraction and air temperature may not be a simple linear correlation, but there is a certain threshold. When they are greater than this threshold, the relationship between those indicators and air temperature will show an opposite trend. Since this phenomenon only occurs in some sectors, more data is needed to verify it.

Penggunaan CSS-Mortar Busa Sebagai Alternatif Pemilihan Tipe Konstruksi Jalan Layang terhadap Biaya Konstruksi

The elevated road construction which is originally intended to overcome congestion at the intersection of the highway/train, actually sometimes worsen the congestion that exists during the construction period. Therefore, a new construction method and technology is needed to minimize the congestion and provide a short construction period. CSS-Mortar Foam is a new technology introduced by the Research Center of the Ministry of PUPR (Pusjatan) in 2016 which has been applied to the construction of the Antapani flyover in Bandung. A study is needed to compare the construction cost of this technology with the technology of the overpass structure which is commonly used, namely PCI-Girder. Data collection process in this study are planning and DED data, inventory of work items and volumes, and the unit price. The next step is the construction-costs calculation process of the proposed alternative-construction types. The calculation of construction costs was carried out using the Work Unit Price Analysis (AHSP) which is developed by the Directorate General of Highways based on the third revision of 2010 General Specifications. The results showed that the alternative CSS-Mortar Foam construction types was able to reduce the construction costs of flyovers by 44.7% compared to the PCI-Girder construction type. Thus, CSS-Mortar Foam construction can be used as a more efficient alternative for flyovers/bridges construction.

Development of an optimized game controller for energy saving in a novel interconnected air suspension system

In this study, the focus is on reducing the energy that is consumed by a compressor for providing high air pressure in the reservoir. A new air suspension configuration is presented that is titled active interconnected air suspension with outsourced air pressure. In this configuration, a compressor is used to charge the tank; meanwhile, the air springs are connected. For minor excitation, first, the air flows between air springs to control roll angle and height adjustment. If the situation of body position gets worse, the compressed air tank compensates to keep the body not generating roll angle and bounce. This methodology has a benefit. This configuration conserves compressed air in the tank in minor road elevation. The optimized controllers are designed to control roll angle and bounce, but they determine the outsourced air mass flow rate. For switching between interconnection and outsourced mode, there are some rules defined based on game theory for a trade-off between high dynamical performance quality of the vehicle and reduction of energy consumption. The optimization is done on the rules to keep both aspects minimum as much as possible. A three-axle heavy truck is used, and its performance is under discussion on an uneven rough road. Roll angle is improved progressively in novel air suspension configuration, and the energy consumption is reduced. In the default condition, the roll angle is improved 72% from the passive case and 39% from the conventional configuration. Furthermore, the energy consumption optimized version reduces 14% from the non-optimized case and 46% from the outsourced mode. By importing road power spectral density type E and type G, as the short domain and high-frequency vibrations, to two sides of the truck, it is inferred that the vehicle could remain on interconnection mode entirely without using the compressor.

Identifying landscape predictors of ocelot road mortality

For depleted wildlife populations, understanding and effectively mitigating the direct and indirect impacts of roads can be a key component of recovery efforts. The ocelot is a federally endangered wild felid at risk of local extinction in south Texas, where vehicle collisions are their largest known source of mortality. To support road mortality mitigation, we evaluated mortality risk across the south Texas road network. We also assessed whether a sympatric carnivore, the bobcat, could serve as a surrogate to inform mortality risk. We used several presence-only species distribution models to evaluate a suite of candidate landscape and road attributes and identify those associated with elevated road mortality risk using a 35-year wild felid road mortality dataset. Consensus predictions among models identified high-risk road segments for ocelots and bobcats. We compared predictions between species to determine overlap of high-risk areas. Areas where core ocelot habitat intersected roadways represented the greatest mortality risk, reflecting ocelot reliance on intact habitat and avoidance of degraded and fragmented landscapes. Bobcat road mortality risk had similar relationships to landscape features, with nearly all areas classified as high-risk for ocelots also identified as high-risk for bobcats. Ocelots are vulnerable to road mortality in areas where roads intersect their intact scrub habitat. Bobcats, with appropriate data filters in place, are an acceptable surrogate for informing ocelot road mortality, particularly when ocelot mortality data are limited and for time-sensitive conservation decision-making. For ocelots and other fragmentation-intolerant carnivore species, wildlife underpasses and fencing in focused areas where roads and intact habitat intersect may be feasible options to reduce road mortality.

Spatial distribution of greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) on expressways in the megacity Shanghai, China.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are the two major greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere that contribute to global warming. Vehicle emissions on expressways cannot be neglected in the megacity Shanghai because oil accounts for 41% of the total primary energy consumption, and the expressway network carries 60% of the total traffic volume. The spatial distributions of CO2 and CH4 concentrations were monitored in situ on the expressways and in road tunnels using a mobile vehicle. The average CO2 and CH4 concentrations were 472.88 ± 34.48 ppm and 2033 ± 54 ppb on the expressways and 1308.92 ± 767.48 ppm and 2182 ± 112 ppb in the road tunnels in Shanghai, respectively. The highest CO2 and CH4 concentrations appeared on the Yan'an Elevated Road and the North-South Elevated Road, respectively, while their lowest values both occurred on the Huaxia Elevated Road passing through the suburban area. The hotspots of CO2 and CH4 were not consistent, suggesting that they have different sources. Tunnels had a "push-pull effect" on GHGs, and the traffic-congested Yan'an East Road Tunnel showed a dramatically increasing trend of GHG concentration from the entrance to the exit. This traffic-congested tunnel could accumulate a very high concentration of GHGs as well as other pollutants, which could introduce unhealthy conditions for both drivers and passengers. Significant correlations between CO2 and CH4 mostly appeared on the expressways and in the tunnels in Shanghai, suggesting the influences of vehicle exhaust. ΔCH4/ΔCO2 (the slope of the linear regression between CH4 and CO2) and the CH4/CO2 ratio could be used as indicators of vehicle exhaust sources because it increases from sources (e.g., road tunnels) to the observatories in the urban area.

Analisis Perencanaan Tebal Perkerasan Kaku Lajur Pengganti pada Proyek Pembangunan Jalan Tol Jakarta-Cikampek II Elevated

Road widening is a construction phase of Jakarta-Cikampek II elevated Toll Road construction project. Improving the effectiveness and road service capability influence the traffic activity. This study aimed to analyze alternative rigid pavement design and thickness based on the Road Pavement Design Manual (MDPJ) 2017 and American Association of State High-way and Transportation Officials Guide for Design of Pavement Structures (AASTHO) 1993. This research was conducted on March – May 2019. Based on the obtained data, a rigid pavement design alternative using the MDPJ 2017 method showed concrete plate thickness of 305 mm and using the AASHTO 1993 concrete plate thickness was 320 mm. In actual condition the concrete plate thickness was 300 mm.

Comfort optimization of a new type of foot mechanism for lower extremity exoskeleton

In order to reduce the impact caused by the contact between the foot and the ground when wearing the lower extremity exoskeleton under the condition of high load, this paper proposed an exoskeleton foot mechanism for improving the foot comfort, and optimized the key index of its influence on the comfort. Firstly, the physical model of foot mechanism was established based on the characteristics of foot stress in gait period, and then the mathematical model of vibration was abstracted. The correctness of the model was verified by the finite element analysis software ANSYS. Then, this paper analyzed the influence of vibration parameters on absolute transmissibility based on vibration mathematical model, and optimized vibration parameters with MATLAB genetic algorithm toolbox. Finally, this paper took white noise to simulate the road elevation as the vibration input, and used the visual simulation tool Simulink in MATLAB and the vibration equation to construct the acceleration simulation model, and then calculated the vibration weighted root mean square acceleration value of the foot. The results of this study show that this foot comfort mechanism can meet the comfort indexes of vibration absorption and plantar pressure, and this paper provides a relatively complete method for the design of exoskeleton foot mechanism, which has reference significance for the design of other exoskeleton foot and ankle joint rehabilitation mechanism.

Penerapan Fahp Pada Pemilihan Metode Pelaksanan Erection Box Girder

Many parties are involved in a construction project, so in deciding a method of implementing the box girder erection many criteria are taken into consideration. Consequently, decision making is not easy for decision makers. A simple, frequently-used, and popular method for decision making is Fuzzy-Analytical Hierarchy Process (F-AHP) which is designed to overcome the problem of multi criteria decision making (MCDM) in the subjective assessment process. This study aims to obtain the correct method of implementing the box girder erection to be used. Based on previous research, the criteria for determining box girder erection method are the criteria for job risk, work quality, implementation time, implementation process, work safety, and work costs. The alternatives compared are the tandem crane method and the launching gantry method. The data in this study were collected through questionnaires distributed to the expert parties involved in Jakarta - Cikampek II Elevated Toll Road Project. F-AHP analysis is based on the weighting of quantitative criteria as a result of normalized calculations and qualitative criteria from the results of the respondents questionnaires which were then made pairwise comparisons assisted by Microsoft Excel software. The results of the analysis show that the occupational safety criteria are the most influential criteria with a weight of 0.454, then followed by job risk criteria (0.169), implementation time (0.119), work quality (0.114), implementation process (0.084), and work costs (0.061). The most appropriate method used in the work of the box girder erection at Jakarta - Cikampek II Elevated Toll Road Project is a launching gantry method with a value of 0.597, while the tandem crane method has a value of 0.403.

Nonstationary coherence characteristics of dual track road profile data

The ability to accurately simulate the vibratory motion of transport vehicles is of great importance when designing vehicle components and product containment systems. Direct measurement and analysis of the vibrations is not always practical and laboratory testing using synthesized road elevation data is a common alternative, as is numerical simulation. However, no technique exists to generate realistic nonstationary dual track road elevation data.This research focuses on uncovering statistical distributions that describe the nonstationary relationships between the left and right wheel-paths. Analysis of the short-time (nonstationary) coherence functions and instantaneous International Roughness Index (IRI) of measured road profile data provided distributions which describe variations in left to right wheel-path correlation and roughness variations for both tracks. The resulting distributions can be described with a three-parameter Weibull distribution and can be adopted to generate nonstationary dual wheel-path profile data that can be used to excite numerical vehicle models and physical vehicles via multi-axis simulators.