Rivest Cipher Research Articles

Enhancement RC4 Algorithm Based on Logistic Maps with Multi-Parameters

This paper aims at overcoming the shortcomings of RC4 (Rivest Cipher 4) algorithm that mainly resides in the "key scheduling algorithm" (KSA) of RC4. This paper is a trial to enhance key generation of RC4 on the basis of logistic maps with multi-parameters named (EKSA), the permutation of array of S improved to base of the generator for the random numbers that depend on three logistic maps with two parameters, three parameters and four parameters, the suggested algorithm result the follow : outcome = T ⊕ generated key ⊕ value that is random from EKSA (Lm4p (w)) The secrecy is tested for the enhancement RC4 with EKSA, in addition to the arbitrariness and variable key size effectiveness and different size of the plaintext regarding to those of the original RC4.The outputs display that original RC4 with KSA is less powerful than the the enhancement RC 4 with EKSA.

Secure data hiding by fruit fly optimization improved hybridized seeker algorithm

The recent growth of World Wide Web (WWW) and development of the next-generation internet facilitates a huge amount of data being conveniently transmitted via wireless networks. The sensitive information transmitted is potentially vulnerable in the communication channel like wireless networks. Unauthorized users could potentially intercept and negatively exploit the true intent of the information being exchanged between legitimate users. The efficient steganography techniques are very useful to prevent such undesirable interception of information. In this work, we propose and evaluate an efficient image steganography using Fruit Fly Optimization hybridized Improved Seeker (FOIS) algorithm. The FOIS provides information security and safeguards the medical data to avoid medical related cybercrimes. FOIS efficiently determines the optimal locations of pixels adaptively in the spatial domain of the cover image. Initially, the cover image is divided into n blocks of $$8 \times 8$$ , on which a permutation combination is applied to find the number of blocks for further processing. This method improves the image quality and secures data. The secret messages are embedded in each block using optimal pixels selection and Least Significant Bit (LSB) of Discrete Cosine Transform coefficients. Moreover, in order to ensure seamless communication over an insecure communication channel, a dual cryptosystem model is developed which consist of the proposed steganography scheme and Rivest Cipher (RC4) cryptosystem. This work validates the security level of the stego image, and finally the performance is compared with state-of-the-art methods such as LSB, Particle Swarm Optimization and Genetic Algorithm. The performance assessment reveals that the proposed steganography model outperforms other optimization based approaches in terms of Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio, embedding capacity and imperceptibility.

A large-scale analysis of HTTPS deployments: Challenges, solutions, and recommendations

HTTPS refers to an application-specific implementation that runs HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) on top of Secure Socket Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS). HTTPS is used to provide encrypted communication and secure identification of web servers and clients, for different purposes such as online banking and e-commerce. However, many HTTPS vulnerabilities have been disclosed in recent years. Although many studies have pointed out that these vulnerabilities can lead to serious consequences, domain administrators seem to ignore them. In this study, we evaluate the HTTPS security level of Alexa’s top 1 million domains from two perspectives. First, we explore which popular sites are still affected by those well-known security issues. Our results show that less than 0.1% of HTTPS-enabled servers in the measured domains are still vulnerable to known attacks including Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4), Compression Ratio Info-Leak Mass Exploitation (CRIME), Padding Oracle On Downgraded Legacy Encryption (POODLE), Factoring RSA Export Keys (FREAK), Logjam, and Decrypting Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) using Obsolete and Weakened eNcryption (DROWN). Second, we assess the security level of the digital certificates used by each measured HTTPS domain. Our results highlight that less than 0.52% domains use the expired certificate, 0.42% HTTPS certificates contain different hostnames, and 2.59% HTTPS domains use a self-signed certificate. The domains we investigate in our study cover 5 regions (including ARIN, RIPE NCC, APNIC, LACNIC, and AFRINIC) and 61 different categories such as online shopping websites, banking websites, educational websites, and government websites. Although our results show that the problem still exists, we find that changes have been taking place when HTTPS vulnerabilities were discovered. Through this three-year study, we found that more attention has been paid to the use and configuration of HTTPS. For example, more and more domains begin to enable the HTTPS protocol to ensure a secure communication channel between users and websites. From the first measurement, we observed that many domains are still using TLS 1.0 and 1.1, SSL 2.0, and SSL 3.0 protocols to support user clients that use outdated systems. As the previous studies revealed security risks of using these protocols, in the subsequent studies, we found that the majority of domains updated their TLS protocol on time. Our 2020 results suggest that most HTTPS domains use the TLS 1.2 protocol and show that some HTTPS domains are still vulnerable to the existing known attacks. As academics and industry professionals continue to disclose attacks against HTTPS and recommend the secure configuration of HTTPS, we found that the number of vulnerable domain is gradually decreasing every year.

Hardware Implementation of Hybrid Model Encryption Algorithm for Secure Transmission of Medical Images

The advancement of medical field needs a more secure function for sharing the medical related images in the present environment. For making secure transmission of medical images the best solution is cryptography algorithm. There are many cryptography algorithm existing in the market out of the entire algorithm we are select the best encryption algorithm which is really suitable for medical images transmission. Transmission of data is easy at the same time secure transmission are meet the different challenges. To full fill the all the challenges we concentrating the encryption algorithm which is highly secure. For making more secure transmission hybrid model encryption algorithm support more compare to single encryption algorithm. Its having capable of providing confidentiality, authenticity and integrity services to medical images exchanged in telemedicine applications. The same hybrid model encryption may implement in real time application using FPGA device. While implementing in hardware the following factors need to be concentrate more such as power, area, throughput, PSNR, Sensitivity etc. keeping all the factors in mind the hybrid model encryption algorithm are developed for secure transmission of medical images. The aim of the research is to encrypt and decrypt medical images efficiently and effectively protect the transmitted data. This research paper presents a model for encrypting transmitted medical image data. This model uses the following encryption algorithm such as Advanced Encryption Standard, Rivest Cipher 4.

Robust and Secured Image Steganography using Improved LSB and RC4 Cryptography with Preprocessing Operation

The security of the transmitted data over the internet has become one of the challenges sharing with data communication over computer network. In this paper, a new stegnography system is developed using Improved Least Significant Bit (ILSB) with preprocessing operation for concealing data. The system mixes several technological rules to enhance the performance of concealing scheme. The original secret image is divided into several segments then rearranged to even and odd. Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4) algorithm is applied on preprocessed image before concealing it on the cover image using ILSB. The proposed systems are simulated using MATLAB software package. The experimental results show that our suggested method successes of concealing data according to PSNR ratio, correlation and elapsed time. Preprocessing operation provides flexibility and robustness to the overall system. Improved LSB is simple and strong method for concealing images. Finally, the proposed system is very active to hide the gray scale image inside the color image

Improved RC6 Algorithm using Two Types of Chaos Maps

RC6 (Rivest cipher 6) is keyblock chipher which consider symmetric imitative from RC5. It was intended to encounter the needs competition of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) . The aim of this work is to add new security layer to RC6 (Rivest Cipher 6) algorithm, because there is some insufficiency in the Key Scheduling Algorithm (KSA) of RC6. This paper presents improved RC6 (IRC6) key generation based on two types of chaotic maps (Chebyshev,2d logistic) to generate N key to N users. The results prove that the average secrecy of IRC6 is better than of traditional RC6, in which: for 32 bits’ key length, and 256 bits’ plaintext size, the average secrecy of IRC6 is (0.536 - 3.907) while for RC6 is (0.254 constant).

PRISEC: Comparison of Symmetric Key Algorithms for IoT Devices.

With the growing number of heterogeneous resource-constrained devices connected to the Internet, it becomes increasingly challenging to secure the privacy and protection of data. Strong but efficient cryptography solutions must be employed to deal with this problem, along with methods to standardize secure communications between these devices. The PRISEC module of the UbiPri middleware has this goal. In this work, we present the performance of the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), RC6 (Rivest Cipher 6), Twofish, SPECK128, LEA, and ChaCha20-Poly1305 algorithms in Internet of Things (IoT) devices, measuring their execution times, throughput, and power consumption, with the main goal of determining which symmetric key ciphers are best to be applied in PRISEC. We verify that ChaCha20-Poly1305 is a very good option for resource constrained devices, along with the lightweight block ciphers SPECK128 and LEA.

Multiscale transform-based secured joint efficient medical image compression-encryption using symmetric key cryptography and ebcot encoding technique

Due to the huge advancement in technology, digitizing the multimedia content like text, images and videos has become easier. Everyday huge amounts of multimedia content are shared through the social networks using internet. Sometimes this multimedia content can be hacked by the hackers. This will lead to the misuse of the data. On the other hand, the medical content needs high security and privacy. Motivated by this, joint secured medical image compression–encryption mechanisms are proposed in this paper using multiscale transforms and symmetric key encryption techniques. The multiscale transforms involved in this paper are wavelet transform, bandelet transform and curvelet transform. The encryption techniques involved in this paper are international data encryption algorithm (IDEA), Rivest Cipher (RC5) and Blowfish. The encoding technique used in this paper is embedded block coding with truncation (EBCOT). Experimental results are done for the proposed works and evaluated by using various parameters like Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE), Image Quality Index (IQI) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), Average Difference (AD), Normalized Cross-correlation (NK), Structural Content (SC), Maximum difference (MD), Laplacian Mean Squared Error (LMSE) and Normalized Absolute Error (NAE). It is justified that the proposed approaches in this paper yield good results.

FPGA Implementation And Analysis Of RC7 Algorithm Using Reversible Logic Gates

Lightweight cryptography is one of the efficient technologies that permit the confidentiality of communication through an insecure channel. Recently, several researchers have made a study on a lightweight block cipher in the field of cryptography. In this research paper we have concentrated on the design of lightweight block cipher with its performance evaluation and security analysis. We introduce RC7-RLGC algorithm, an FPGA implementation of Rivest's Cipher 7 (RC7) algorithm using reversible logic gates to encrypt the messages. The pseudorandom numbers are generated in Reversible Logic Gates Circuits (RLGCs) are used as key; this minimizes the resource utilization in encryption process. The proposed RC7-RLGC architecture has occupied less FPGA device utilization on LP-Virtex-6 device. It has occupied 13.04 % of LUTs, 10 % of flip-flops and 36.363 % of slices less than the existing RC7 algorithm.

Hybrid Encryption using Confused and Stream Cipher to Improved Medical Images Security

The medical image is an image that needs to be protected because it is private and confidential. The more modern technology enables tele surgery, tele diagnosis, and others to demand safe and confidential medical images. This research proposes cryptography method in a medical image by using the combination algorithm of Arnold chaotic map (ACM) and Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4). ACM is a chaotic cryptographic technique superior to attack deferential attack and brute force. The way chaotic cryptography works is to confuse the pixel location. While RC4 is a stream cipher technique that has resistance to statistical attacks and fasts in computing. The purpose of merging these two algorithms is to get stronger encryption techniques, have good performance, and can be computed quickly. Based on the experimental results proved that the use of a combination of these two algorithms can produce satisfactory quality encryption. This is evidenced by several measuring tools such as SSIM, Correlation Coefficient, Entropy, NPCR, UACI, and histogram analysis. Computation time required is also relatively very fast ie less than one second, where computational time is calculated by tic toc function.

Area‐efficient and high‐speed hardware structure of hybrid cryptosystem (AES‐RC4) for maximizing key lifetime using parallel subpipeline architecture

SummaryWith the growth of wireless environments, confidential communication has become an important part of daily life. Generally, a wireless medium uses cryptography techniques when transmitting data to provide end‐to‐end protection. Most of the hardware‐efficient cryptosystems do not satisfy the security requirements. In this paper, we concentrate both on security issues and hardware efficiency and present an area‐efficient, high‐throughput hardware structure to implement a hybrid cryptosystem to avoid security problems. The security enhancements are done using a key enhancement process, and it is achieved by using a hybrid encryption cryptosystem. In this paper, we combine block and stream cipher encryption algorithms to frame the hybrid algorithm. We consider advanced encryption standard (AES) as the block cipher and Rivest cipher‐4 (RC4) as the stream cipher. Due to the hybrid systems, performance metrics, such as area, throughput, and power consumptions, are affected. Moreover, advanced arithmetic logic (ie, field arithmetic) combined with the on‐the‐fly key expansion technique is used to minimize area consumption, and parallel subpipeline technique is used to enhance the system throughput. The proposed hybrid architecture (AES‐RC4) is implemented in a field‐programmable gate array with a Xilinx tool.

Application of Spritz Encryption in Smart Meters to Protect Consumer Data

The ongoing upgrade of the electrical power system into a more powerful system known as Smart Grid has both benefits and costs. Smart Grid relies on advanced communication and hence offers better services through improved monitoring, planning, and control. However, enhanced communications make Smart Grid more susceptible to privacy leaks and cyber attacks. Small meters collect detailed consumer data, such as power consumption, which can then become a major source of privacy leakage. Encryption can help protect consumer data, but great care is needed. The popular RC4 (Rivest Cipher 4) encryption has been implemented in the widely deployed smart meter standard—Open Smart Grid Protocol (OSGP)—but has been shown to have major weaknesses. This paper proposes the use of Spritz encryption. Spritz is an RC4-like algorithm designed to repair weak design decisions in RC4 to improve security. A test on performing one encryption took only 0.85 milliseconds, showing that it is fast enough not to affect the operations of a smart meter. Its ability to withstand brute force attacks on small keys is also significantly greater than RC4’s ability.

MRC4: A Modified RC4 Algorithm Using Symmetric Random Function Generator for Improved Cryptographic Features

The Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4) has been one of the most popular stream ciphers for providing symmetric key encryption, and is now proposed as an efficient cipher within light-weight cryptography. As an algorithm it has been considered to be one of the fastest stream ciphers and one of the easiest to implement. Unfortunately, despite its simplicity of usage, a number of attacks on it have been found. Therefore, various improvements of this algorithm exist in cryptography, but none of them use proper randomness. This paper outlines modified version of RC4 and which has the desirable features of an efficient stream cipher algorithm, and which integrates the Symmetric Random Function Generator (SRFG) method. Though RC4 uses pseudorandom features with an initialisation vector and a seed value, the use of true randomness in RC4 is novel in this domain. Therefore, this paper proposes a modified RC4 as MRC4, and which then evaluates the statistical features of MRC4 based upon parameters such as non-linearity, resiliency, balancedness, propagation and immunity. Further, we have compared the security features and confusion-diffusion attributes with some recent variants of RC4 and have found that MRC4 is efficient in withstanding against attacks. The experimental results show that MRC4 supports a 60% better confusion property and 50% better diffusion as compared to the original RC4 method.

Chaos Based Enhanced RC5 Algorithm for Security and Integrity of Clinical Images in Remote Health Monitoring

The demand for remote health monitoring will significantly increase in the near future due to a decrease in the doctor/patient ratio as the world population grows. In remote health monitoring, one of the major goals is to send patient's data to clinical experts at geographically distant locations. In this scenario, the importance of implementing security on patients' clinical information increases, so that this could not be either changed or read by an unauthorized person. Rivest Cipher (RC5) algorithm is a secure and simple encryption algorithm. Due to its simplicity, fast encryption, and low memory requirements, it is considered as a suitable block cipher for resource constraint environments, such as body area networks (BAN), although it can be broken by various attacks due to poor diffusion. In this paper, we propose a chaotic-based key scheduling algorithm for the RC5 in which round keys are generated based on 2-D chaotic maps and used as a symmetric key during the encryption and decryption process. Cipher feedback mode is adapted to further increase the diffusion property of the cipher. This chaos-based key is very difficult to trace, and the cipher is extremely hard to break. A strict security analysis of the proposed cipher is performed against several attacks. The experimental results have shown that the impact of this approach is significantly better than the conventional security mechanisms in case of BAN when applied to critical clinical images.

Image Encryption Using DNA Encoding and RC4 Algorithm

Nowadays, the rapid development of multi-media technology and digital images transmission by the Internet leads the digital images to be exposed to several attacks in the transmission process. Therefore, protection of digital images become increasingly important. To this end, an image encryption method that adopts Rivest Cipher (RC4) and Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) encoding to increase the secrecy and randomness of the image without affecting its quality is proposed. The Means Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Coefficient Correlation (CC) and histogram analysis are used as an evaluation metrics to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The results indicate that the proposed method is secure against statistical attacks and provides a good security without affecting the quality of the image.

Improved RC4 Algorithm Based on Multi-Chaotic Maps

The aim of this study is to overcome on the weakness points in RC4 (Rivest Cipher 4) algorithm, there are some blemishes in the Key Scheduling Algorithm (KSA) of RC4. This study presented improved RC4 key generation based on multi-chaotic maps. The new version of KSA coined as improved KSA (IKSA), the permutation of the S array modified to depend on the random numbers generator based on three chaotic maps and the proposed algorithm outputs as follows: Output = M XOR Generated key XOR Random value from IKSA (R3w) The improved RC4 with IKSA is tested for its secrecy, randomness and performance over the variable key length and different plaintext size with respect to those of the original RC4.The results show that the improved RS4 with IKSA is better than the original RC4 with KSA.

Implementation of Rivest Shamir Adleman Algorithm (RSA) and Vigenere Cipher In Web Based Information System

Data security and confidentiality is one of the most important aspects of information systems at the moment. One attempt to secure data such as by using cryptography. In this study developed a data security system by implementing the cryptography algorithm Rivest, Shamir Adleman (RSA) and Vigenere Cipher. The research was done by combining Rivest, Shamir Adleman (RSA) and Vigenere Cipher cryptographic algorithms to document file either word, excel, and pdf. This application includes the process of encryption and decryption of data, which is created by using PHP software and my SQL. Data encryption is done on the transmit side through RSA cryptographic calculations using the public key, then proceed with Vigenere Cipher algorithm which also uses public key. As for the stage of the decryption side received by using the Vigenere Cipher algorithm still use public key and then the RSA cryptographic algorithm using a private key. Test results show that the system can encrypt files, decrypt files and transmit files. Tests performed on the process of encryption and decryption of files with different file sizes, file size affects the process of encryption and decryption. The larger the file size the longer the process of encryption and decryption.

An optimal approach for watermarking using MRC4 encryption scheme

As there is rapid revolution in digital multimedia which is in compressed encrypted format, the ability for creating similar and unauthorized data, that can be easily copied, manipulated and distributed has been increased. Hence for copyright management protection, ownership identification, tamper detection and for other security issues watermarking has to be carried out for tamper proofing, quality assessment and copy control for those media content. Thus there is a need for an encryption scheme which could provide security as well as allow us to watermarking these compressed encrypted data. For encryption we propose a stream cipher called Modified Rivest Cipher 4 that overcome several weaknesses of the RC4. The embedding capacity, robustness, perceptual quality and security of the proposed algorithm, using the watermarking schemes: spread spectrum, scalar costa scheme quantization index modulation has been proposed and the comparison based on PSNR, MSE and BER values has been done between various encryption algorithms.

Audio Steganography with Embedded Text

Audio steganography is about hiding the secret message into the audio. It is a technique uses to secure the transmission of secret information or hide their existence. It also may provide confidentiality to secret message if the message is encrypted. To date most of the steganography software such as Mp3Stego and DeepSound use block cipher such as Advanced Encryption Standard or Data Encryption Standard to encrypt the secret message. It is a good practice for security. However, the encrypted message may become too long to embed in audio and cause distortion of cover audio if the secret message is too long. Hence, there is a need to encrypt the message with stream cipher before embedding the message into the audio. This is because stream cipher provides bit by bit encryption meanwhile block cipher provide a fixed length of bits encryption which result a longer output compare to stream cipher. Hence, an audio steganography with embedding text with Rivest Cipher 4 encryption cipher is design, develop and test in this project.

Data Analysis between Various Symmetric Encryption Algorithms on Wireless Security

Security on the wireless networks is the problem analyzed in this paper based on various symmetric encryption algorithms. This research work is mainly designed to achieve safety measures in wireless network. Symmetrical encrypting algorithms use identical keys for processing. This research works analysis data security based on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Rivest Cipher (RC4) encryption algorithms on various platforms and calculates the performance based on time and memory consumption. The given text was encrypted and decrypted using various key sizes and concluded that compared with RC4, AES is more secure for both encryption and decryption while data transmission. The research analysis have been carried for 16 byte data and proved that AES is approximately 3 times faster than RC4 algorithm for encryption, similarly the decryption is double that of encryption. The memory space require for AES is more than RC4 because AES consist of more routines to calculate values for each rounds. This helps the users to choose the encryption techniques depending on their environment and the need for data protection while transmission.