Rivest Cipher Research Articles

A Study on the Simple Encryption of QR Codes Using Random Numbers

Recently, with the widespread adoption of quick response (QR) code payments, there have been incidents of unauthorized use of QR codes presented at the time of payment, due to theft or duplication. As a countermeasure, conventional QR code payment systems are designed to update the QR code periodically. However, there is a problem: it is possible to make a payment using an illegally obtained QR code until the update. Therefore, it is necessary to encrypt the QR code itself to prevent its duplication. The objective of this research is to prevent fraudulent use of QR payments by combining image encryption using random numbers and Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4). In this paper, we perform image encryption using random numbers generated from a uniform distribution for QR codes presented at the time of payment and encrypt the seed value, which is the decryption key, using RC4. As a result, the proposed encryption method prevents unauthorized use of the QR code used for payment by stealing the image, and the processing speed and encryption strength are sufficient. Histogram analysis, key sensitivity analysis, and correlation coefficients were used to measure encryption strength. Finally, the proposed method is expected to enable more secure use of QR payments compared to conventional systems.

A modified RC‐4 cryptosystems to enhance security by using negative key schedule

AbstractAs technology rapidly advances and internet reliance grows for daily activities, the demand for robust and efficient cryptographic protocols is undeniable. Cryptography, the art of secret writing, uses symmetric mathematical functions to secure data in transit or at rest. Stream ciphers, unlike block ciphers, encrypt data sequentially, eliminating the need for padding with extra bits to complete a block. Rivest Cipher 4 (RC‐4) has been one of the most widely used stream ciphers. However, vulnerabilities exploited by attackers in 2014 led to its widespread replacement. In this paper, we introduce a modified version of RC‐4 designed to address and mitigate the security threats of traditional RC‐4. By incorporating negative numbers into the key generation schedule, our preliminary analysis shows promising results. This adaptation not only enhances RC‐4's security features but also revitalizes its applicability in modern cryptographic scenarios, potentially restoring its viability as a secure cryptographic tool.

Performance Analysis Of The Combination Of Blum Blum Shub And Rc5 Algorithm In Message Security

This research aims to enhance message security in the RC5 algorithm by integrating it with the Blum Blum Shub (BBS) algorithm. The rapid growth in data and information exchange, driven by advancements in information and communication technology, demands robust security against attacks such as eavesdropping, interruption, and data modification. Cryptography, particularly with symmetric and asymmetric keys, becomes a solution to maintain message confidentiality. The RC (Rivest Cipher) algorithm, specifically RC5, has become a popular choice in network applications due to its speed and variable key length complexity. This study attempts to improve the quality of encryption keys by integrating the Blum Blum Shub (BBS) method, a mathematical random number generator algorithm. RC5 and BBS are used together to secure messages, producing ciphertext that is difficult to predict and smaller in file size compared to the standard RC5 method. The test results show that the processing speed is independent of the number of characters in the plaintext, while the encrypted file size resulting from the RC5-BBS combination is more efficient than using the default RC5. In conclusion, integrating BBS into RC5 can enhance the security and efficiency of the encryption algorithm, with the potential for widespread application in cryptography-based data security

Electronic Archive Design With RC4 Cryptographic Based File Security

The transformation of archival document storage systems is starting to shift from physical formats that require a lot of space and storage equipment to the electronic or digital realm (often called electronic archives). This is considered to reduce the costs of procuring equipment and storage space. In line with changes in paperless storage patterns, the issue of data security and confidentiality becomes important, so that information from documents to be archived can be maintained and cannot be used by irresponsible people. One technique for securing documents digitally is to use cryptography and the algorithm chosen is Rivest cipher 4. The RC4 (Rivest Chiper 4) algorithm was chosen because the execution speed in file encryption is faster than other algorithms. This article aims to implement the RC4 algorithm into an electronic archive (e-Archieve) application. The application development method uses the waterfall method with 5 stages. The application was built using the PHP programming language and MySQL database, as well as the Rivest Cipher 4 cryptographic algorithm. The result of the application development is an electronic archive website. Every file uploaded to the server can be encrypted by the admin. Encrypted files will change to random characters like a virus. The application was tested using black box testing techniques, where all features worked as expected

Lightweight encryption with data and device integrity using NLFSR and PUF for the Internet of Medical Things

Nowadays the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is in top demand; they communicate with each other in an IoT network, but there are various security issues including privacy preservation, data and device integrity, and authentication. The IoMT devices have challenges like limited computational power and resources, so conventional techniques are not suitable for them. This paper presents a lightweight stream cipher to ensure privacy protection, data integrity, and device integrity using a message authentication code (MAC). The stream cipher is designed using a nonlinear feedback shift register (NLFSR). The cipher is associated with a MAC generated by concatenating a physical unclonable function (PUF) response and the hash of the plaintext to protect the device and data integrity. The use of NLFSR and PUF makes the proposed scheme robust and lightweight for resource-constrained devices like MIoT. To evaluate the quality of the cipher the NIST 800-22 statistical test suite (NIST STS) is used, and results are compared with existing stream ciphers like Rivest cipher 4 (RC4), RC4 based on chaotic mapping (RCCM), and product algebra RCCM (PARCCM). All the tests and comparisons were performed using a Heart Disease Dataset. The scheme ensures the confidentiality and integrity of sensitive medical data which are critical for protecting patient privacy and regulatory compliance. The proposed scheme can also resist cloning attacks on the IoMT devices.

Secure Handover Management Against False Base Station Attacks

False Base Stations attack raises concerns about data privacy during handover process in 5G networks. Broadcasting of measurement reports unveils the need of security assessment since a false base station can send a stronger signal to the User Equipment (UE) to establish a connection with itself. This may cause to the leakage of information. Thus, a fundamental solution is to protect measurement reports with encryption algorithms. In this paper, we identify the security vulnerabilities of handover process and simulate a scenario, where a false base station is deployed and UEs can be connected it during handover process. In order to prevent this, we propose a secure handover scheme to protect measurement reports by using two encryption algorithms; (i) Advanced Encryption Algorithm (AES)-256, and (ii) Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4) Algorithm. Then, we analyze the computation time and show the secure connection to a legitimate base station during handover process.

Crypto-Stegano Color Image Based on Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4) and Least Significant Bit (LSB)

Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4) has the main factors that make this algorithm widely used, namely its speed and simplicity, so it is known to be easy for efficient implementation. The nature of the key in the RC4 algorithm is symmetrical and performs a plain per digit or byte per byte encryption process with binary operations (usually XOR) with a semirandom number. To improve the visual image after the encryption process, in this article we use the Least Significant Bit (LSB). In this study, the quality of the stego image and the original image has been calculated using MSE, PSNR and Entropy. Experiments were carried out by images with a size of 128x128 pixels to 2048x2048 pixels. Experiments using imperceptibility prove that the stego image quality is very good. This is evidenced by the image quality which has an average PSNR value above 53 dB, while the lowest PSNR value is 48 dB with a minimum dimension of 128x128 pixels.

Securing Wireless Communication in Cyber-Physical Systems and the Internet of Things: Addressing Security Challenges

Safeguarding wireless communication in cyber-physical systems (CPS) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is important to stop hackers, data breaches, and system interruptions. Multiple security risks can affect these systems because they are linked together and depend on wireless communication methods. This essay looks at the security issues that mobile and internet-connected things (IoT) have and suggests ways to fix them. Two of the biggest problems are keeping data sent over wifi networks private and secure. You can keep data safe from people listening in or changing it by using encryption methods like Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Rivest Cipher (RC4). Furthermore, security tools like Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and Digital Signatures can confirm the authenticity of devices and make sure that contact is safe. An additional problem is that radio communication methods can be attacked with tactics like man-in-the-middle and repeat attacks. You can make CPS and IoT systems safer by using secure methods like Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Secure Shell (SSH). Protecting radio contact is also important to avoid problems caused by denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. Employing intrusion detection systems (IDS) and firewalls can assist in finding and blocking harmful traffic, ensuring that communication stays unbroken. Lastly, protecting radio transmission in CPS and IoT is important to avoid many security risks. The security of CPS and IoT systems can be improved by using encryption methods, identification mechanisms, and safe protocols to keep data private, secure, and accessible.

A new method based on swarm intelligence with encrypted data in wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technology is one of the most essential Internet of things technologies. It is utilized efficiently in a variety of real-world applications, including healthcare, environmental monitoring, tracking, etc. WSNs are composed of sensor nodes with restricted resources. However, the communication between WSN components is not secure. Therefore, it is necessary to build efficient and lightweight cryptographic algorithms to secure shared data. Our paper comprises proposes a secure protocol called grasshopper optimization algorithm routing protocol (GOARP) with a lightweight encryption method in each sensor called rivest cipher 5 (RC5) to enhance network efficiency and simulation in terms of power consumption, required memory space, and computational time. Subsequently, the network lifetime result achieved in the proposed method is about (70%) more than in GOA elliptic curve cryptographic and Diffie Hellman (GOA-ECCDH).

IoT based secured data monitoring system for renewable energy fed micro grid system

Recently, the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) plays a prominent role in many applications for efficiently monitoring the performance of the system. As the conventional power grid faces multiple issues in the process of power transmission, a smart grid based Internet of Things (IoT), which uses integrated electrical and communication infrastructure is employed in this study. The micro grid using Renewable Energy (RE) resources like wind and solar power is preferred in this work. The major objective of this study is to have perfect monitoring and control of the overall power grid using WSN. By connecting a smart micro grid with IoT, the issue of voltage violation and grid instability caused by power insufficiency is resolved. The IoT-based network integrates grid with the distributed source through WSN, which senses the data and forwards the gathered data to the cloud while taking a backup for future monitoring. Before forwarding, the data is highly encrypted using a hybrid approach known as Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4).The hybrid encryption generates improved ratio of transaction success with respect to malicious ratio indicating the secured data transmission preventing the intrusion of hackers. Simultaneously, the secured data is transmitted at high speed by making use of Pulse Coupled Neural Network (PCNN) along with Remora Optimization algorithm. The inclusion of optimization for the effective selection of the hyperparameters of neural network ensures the generation of global optimal solution which in turn enables the efficient identification of shortest path. The hardware in this system uses Arduino controller and the proposed approach aids in efficient monitoring of smart grid parameters facilitating uninterrupted power availability.

A Cryptosystem for Database Security Based on RC4 Algorithm

Because of vulnerable threats and attacks against database during transmission from sender to receiver, which is one of the most global security concerns of network users, a lightweight cryptosystem using Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4) algorithm is proposed. This cryptosystem maintains data privacy by performing encryption of data in cipher form and transfers it over the network and again performing decryption to original data. Hens, ciphers represent encapsulating system for database tables

Parallel distributed compensation scheme for chaotic masking system via Rivest cipher 4 stream cipher

AbstractThis study presents a design methodology for Takagi‐Sugeno (T‐S) fuzzy models‐based secure communications in multiple time‐delay chaotic (MTDC) systems with Rivest cipher 4 (RC4) algorithm. The main advantage of the RC4 algorithm is that the key length does not affect the encryption and decryption speeds. To block a hacker from stealing a message, this study proposes increasing the complexity of an encrypted message (ciphertext) using a method of double encryption using the RC4 algorithm and chaotic masking. As a result, this more secure communications system can effectively defend the encrypted message (ciphertext). First, the RC4 algorithm and a key are used to encrypt the initial message (plaintext). To enhance security, the encrypted message (ciphertext) is then converted into an encrypted signal, which is a double encryption using chaotic masking. Additionally, an improved genetic algorithm (IGA) is adopted in this study, it can seek better feedback gains of fuzzy controllers to speed up the synchronization. In accordance with the IGA, a model‐based fuzzy controller is synthesized to exponentially stabilize the error systems so that the trajectories of the slave systems can approach those of the master systems. Finally, a numerical example with simulations is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The Design and Implementation of a Secure File Storage on the Cloud using Hybrid Cryptography

In recent years, cloud computing has become a popular way of storing and sharing data. However, security concerns have been raised about the safety of sensitive information stored on the cloud. Hybrid cryptography, which combines symmetric and asymmetric encryption, has been proposed as a solution to these concerns. This paper proposes a new hybrid cryptography approach for secure file storage on the cloud regardless of the type of deployment model i.e., either public cloud, private cloud, or hybrid cloud. The proposed approach uses a combination of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm, Triple Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm, and Rivest cipher 6 (RC6) algorithms are used to provide block-wise security to data. LSB steganography technique is introduced for key information security.

Incorporating the New PRNG in Advance Encryption Standard

This manuscript explores the fusion of two well-known encryption algorithms, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and the Rivest Cipher (RC4), resulting in a novel encryption algorithm called AES-RC4. AES-RC4 is a block cipher that combines the strengths of AES with a variant of RC4 called RC4-GF, developed by ourselves. RC4-GF incorporates additional steps compared to AES, resulting in a more intricate ciphertext generation process.
 The introduction of AES-RC4 brings forth a highly secure encryption technique with increased complexity in the ciphertext compared to traditional AES. By leveraging the combined capabilities of AES and the modified RC4-GF, AES-RC4 offers enhanced encryption strength and improved resistance against cryptographic attacks.

Security of private cloud using machine learning and cryptography

There are increased security challenges that target cloud systems. One of the most important requirements of users in cloud storage is protecting their cloud from attacks and keeping data secure. Modern technologies of machine learning are providing the ability to analyze and classify data perfectly. This paper proposes a model placed between users and the cloud, which is based on two phases. The first of which is protecting the cloud from different types of network attacks and detecting normal and abnormal flow. The second one is categorizing the users' data and then encrypting it based on its importance using different encryption algorithms. The accuracy results of random forest (RF) and decision tree (DT) are 100% of attack detection for each one. For the second phase of classifying data, the algorithms used are the logistic regression (LR) and stochastic gradient descent (SGD) learning which resulted in 98% accuracy for both. Besides, the encryption algorithms that have been adopted are rivest cipher (RC4), triple data encryption (3DES), and advanced encryption standard (AES) for encryption of the classified data according to the importance which will be then stored in the cloud in its secure form.

Transaction Data Security Using AES and RC4

This study discusses the effectiveness of using AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and RC4 (Rivest Chipper 4) as digital data security algorithms to prevent and protect transaction data from irresponsible parties. This needs to be done because the development of sales transactions or other services has used digital technology a lot. This situation causes the need to secure digital data from existing transactions, so that transaction data can be stored safely. Transaction data security is carried out by changing data into ciphers or codes that are difficult to read using the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and RC4 (Rivest Cipher 4) algorithms. This research begins by collecting existing transaction data and then transforming it into ASCII code. The results of the transformation will be used to perform calculations using the AES algorithm. After completing the calculation process using the AES algorithm, then do the calculations using RC4. These results will be stored in the database so that the transaction data that has turned into these codes cannot be known by other parties. The combination of the AES and RC4 algorithms is carried out to strengthen data encryption because there are more and more rotation systems and double security is carried out so that digital data is not easily read and misused. With the presence of this research, it can be shown that the AES and RC4 algorithms are capable of encrypting existing transaction data with multiple levels of security.

Securing Wireless Communication in Cyber-Physical Systems and the Internet of Things: Addressing Security Challenges

Safeguarding wireless communication in cyber-physical systems (CPS) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is important to stop hackers, data breaches, and system interruptions. Multiple security risks can affect these systems because they are linked together and depend on wireless communication methods. This essay looks at the security issues that mobile and internet-connected things (IoT) have and suggests ways to fix them. Two of the biggest problems are keeping data sent over wifi networks private and secure. You can keep data safe from people listening in or changing it by using encryption methods like Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Rivest Cipher (RC4). Furthermore, security tools like Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and Digital Signatures can confirm the authenticity of devices and make sure that contact is safe. An additional problem is that radio communication methods can be attacked with tactics like man-in-the-middle and repeat attacks. You can make CPS and IoT systems safer by using secure methods like Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Secure Shell (SSH). Protecting radio contact is also important to avoid problems caused by denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. Employing intrusion detection systems (IDS) and firewalls can assist in finding and blocking harmful traffic, ensuring that communication stays unbroken. Lastly, protecting radio transmission in CPS and IoT is important to avoid many security risks. The security of CPS and IoT systems can be improved by using encryption methods, identification mechanisms, and safe protocols to keep data private, secure, and accessible.

Hybrid Cryptography: Secure File Storage on using AES, RC6 and Blow Fish Algorithm

In this era, cloud computing is used in various fields like industry, military, college, etc. for various services and storage of huge amount of data. Data stored in this cloud can be accessed or retrieved on the users request without direct access to the server computer. But the major concern regarding storage of data online that is on the cloud is the Security. This Security concern can be solved using various ways, the most commonly used techniques are cryptography and steganography. But sometimes a single technique or algorithm alone cannot provide high-level security. So we have introduces a new security mechanism that uses a combination of multiple cryptographic algorithms of symmetric key and steganography. In this proposed system, RC6 (Rivest Cipher 6), AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and Blowfish algorithms are used to provide security to data. All the algorithms use 128-bit keys. LSB steganography technique is used to securely store the key information. Key information will contain the information regarding the encrypted part of the file, the algorithm and the key for the algorithm. File during encryption is split into three parts. These individual parts of the file will be encrypted using different encryption algorithm simultaneously with the help of multithreading technique. The key information is inserted into an image using the LSB technique. Our methodology guarantees better security and protection of customer data by storing encrypted data on a single cloud server, using AES, RC6 and Blowfish algorithm.

Secure Data Transmission in Internet of Medical Things Using RES-256 Algorithm

In this article, the concept of cryptographic algorithms is used as an efficient access control mechanism for Internet of Medical Things-based health care system. The algorithms, such as Rivest Cipher (RC6), are used to generate the key value, and elliptic curve digital signature algorithm will encrypt the key value from RC6 and the encrypted output is send to secure hash algorithm (SHA256) for hashing process based on cipher value which improves data integrity. Furthermore, these high-security algorithms are used to provide availability and confidentiality to protect sensitive information from implantable devices and strengthen the health care systems through enhanced services. Comprehensive experimental analysis and simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme is more secure against various known attacks, such as denial of service, router attack, and sensor attacks. This proposed system has better resistance protocols in analyzing the safety of patients.

Implementation Of Rivest Chiper 6 and Blowfish Algorithm for Mobile-Based Message Cryptography

The development of technology in recent years has been very rapid, there are still many people who use short message technology, but the security aspect is not guaranteed. People who exchange information are at risk of having information content theft during the delivery process, for that it is necessary to encrypt messages before sending and decrypt them to be read so that they are not easily misused by unauthorized people. With Rivest Cipher 6 and Blowfish cryptographic algorithms, this model is a symmetric key algorithm in the form of a block cipher that can answer message security. This method is suitable for maintaining message security. In this paper, a number of aspects of cryptography will be discussed as well as the basic concepts of cryptography. The purpose of the application is designed to be able to implement the Rivest Ciper 6 and Blowfish algorithms. Rivest Chiper 6 and Blowfish algorithms implemented on android smartphones can encrypt messages before they are sent and decrypt messages when they are received, by using two message security encryption options, users can distinguish the results of the two algorithms and become more secure. In the encryption and decryption process, a key is needed to scramble and restore the contents of the message. The key is obtained when the sender and recipient met previously can also send the key through the application, but the key sent will be immediately deleted by the application so that others do not know the key to open the message.