River Tunnel Research Articles

The Comparison and Selection of the Solutions for Liuyang River Tunnel’s Inclined Shaft Entering to the Main Hole and the Key Points of Construction

The construction geological condition is complex in the transition section from the inclined shaft to the main hole. There are two kinds of construction schemes. After the comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the two different construction schemes, it has selected the construction scheme of the rectangular pilot tunnel vertical to the main hole. This paper solve the construction problem of the transition section from the inclined shaft to the main hole of large cross section tunnel of passenger dedicated line under complicated geological conditions. According to the previous research results, the method can be used to large-cross section tunnel. The scaffold design and auxiliary construction measures is detailed. Compared with the expected duration, it completed the transition construction ahead of time with the speed superior to the ones of other similar works, and forming a safe and efficient construction situation.

Seismic Dynamic Response Study of Wuhan Changjiang River Tunnel

This paper presents seismic dynamic response rules of Wuhan Changjiang River tunnel. Bilateral seismic dynamic responses of tunnel typical geology section are studied based on software of ANSYS. Conditions of gravity and water pressure are considered compared with that of no gravity. Some conclusions have been obtained:(1)The node displacement of lining arch crown is the biggest ,which of soffit lining is the least under two-way earthquake. The maximal node displacement not considering initial condition of gravity decreases 34 percent, and the relative displacement reduces 22 percent between the top and the bottom of lining compared with thinking of gravity influence; (2) The maximal equivalent node stress of the former distributes on lining side wall, which decreases 29.4 percent in comparison with the latter under two-direction earthquake;(3) The gravity factor can not be ignored in seismic analysis of underground tunnel.

Durability Design of Tunnel Lining Structures Based on Approximate Probability

This paper introduces durability design method of tunnel lining structures based on approximate probability. According to the method, the corresponding application program, named tunnel lining structures durability design program (TLSDDP), has been developed, which can be used in the similar tunnel lining structures durability design in the future. TLSDDP was applied in Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel lining structures durability design and the tunnel durability design limit state equation was obtained.

Selection of Construction Parameters in Heading Pre-Reinforcement Working Method for Liuyang River Tunnel on Wuhan-Guangzhou High-Speed Railway

The Liuyang River Tunnel on Wuhan-Guangzhou High-Speed Railway goes through the bottom of Liuyang River, the geological condition of which wall rock is not suitable for the construction. The paper proposes the heading pre-reinforcement method, namely pre-reinforcing core soil ahead of heading with fiberglass rockbolt in construction in order to optimize the construction methods and avoid both the deformation inside the tunnel and surface subsidence, and to ensure safety of tunnel construction. In order to determine the reasonable construction parameters, the paper obtains reinforcement density and length of fiberglass rockbolt, pre-reinforcement method on outline of heading, excavation step length and other construction parameters, by the numerical simulation, the indoor model tests and other methods, and analyzes its sensitivity. It is shown by the practices in construction that the selected parameters are reasonable and significantly effective, thus providing valuable experience for promotion and application of heading pre-reinforcement method.

Analysis on the Embankment Settlements Induced by Slurry Shield Under-Tunnelling

Based on field settlement monitoring data in construction of Hangzhou Qiantang River tunnel, the settlements of the embankment induced by two shields respectively were compared. The study shows that: 1.The settlements of the embankment induced by the west shield are larger, which are accounted for sustained rainfall, severe fluctuation of the chamber pressure, lack of construction experience and worse control of shield driving parameters. 2. Peck equation is applicable to settlement fitting in this case history. Trough back-analysis, the traverse tough-width parameter and ground volume loss range from 0.33 to 0.47, 0.99% to 1.57% respectively for the embankment settlements above the west tunnel, and from 0.24 to 0.34, 0.25% to 0.52% for the east tunnel. 3. Good control of shield driving parameters contributes to small disturbance to surrounding soils, thereby decreasing the induced settlements of the embankment.

Analysis on Mechanical Properties of Tunnel Lining on Fire

The paper analyzes the fire-resistant performance of big tunnel structure by setting up the analyzing model of tunnel-surrounding, choosing the characteristics of concrete, according to the lengthways and crosswise temperature distribution in specific scene of fire, analyzing the temperature and stress field of the tunnel structure, and knowing the basic rules and the damage of the lining and inner equipment of the tunnel by high temperature which is set on the Shanghai Yangtze tunnel. Tunnel lining is made up of reinforced concrete duct pieces. Concrete is a kind of non-homogeneous composite material, which would experience complex changing both physically and chemically by the high temperature, and the changing will surely lead to the descent of the carrying capability of the integral mechanical properties. The thesis studies the basic rules of the tunnel on fire and the damage of the tunnel lining structure and the inner equipments by the high temperature, which is set in the Yangtze River Tunnel in Shanghai, thus contributes to analyze the demand of the joint action of the disaster prevention, the ventilation system and other equipment and to reduce the fire loss.

Experimental Investigation on the Polypropylene Fiber Concrete Performance of Yellow River Canal Lining in the Middle Line of South-to-North Water Transfer Project

In order to meet the running needs of the first-stage construction in the middle line of South-to-North Water Transfer Project, the canal lining of both sides of Yellow River Tunnels Project need the use of mechanized equipment construction in order to improve the quality and efficiency of lining construction, there is a need to study the feasibility of the use of polypropylene fiber concrete instead of reinforced concrete in canal lining. This paper analyzes the effect of polypropylene fiber on concrete shrinkage and crack resistance. The results show that all three polypropylene fibers have properties of a low density and high elongation, the dispersivity test results show that dispersivity is better when stirring fiber A after a certain period of time. After the incorporation of polypropylene fibers, the concrete splitting tensile strength is significantly increased, altogether with ultimate tensile value and frost resistance. The incorporation of polypropylene fibers increases the tensile strength of concrete and improve the toughness of it. Compared with standard concrete, the early shrinkage of polypropylene fiber concrete is significantly lower, the incorporation of polypropylene fibers can take the place of steel mesh in concrete cracking, especially in the early control of concrete cracks, it can effectively prevent and suppress the cracks formation and development. This paper recommends the concrete proportioning parameters meeting the requirements of canal lining concrete technology and construction.

The winter effect on formation of PCDD/Fs in Guangzhou by vehicles: A tunnel study

Abstract Prior studies showed that the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) concentrations in the atmosphere are much higher in the winter than in the summer. This so called winter effect was explained via meteorology-dependent factors such as dispersion, mixing and photo chemical degradation or home heating related formation of PCDDs/Fs. In this study, we took vehicle emission as an example to investigate winter effect on PCDD/Fs formation by fossil fuel combustion. We hypothesized that vehicle emission of PCDDs/Fs may be elevated in the winter season due to the promoted supplies of Cl− (via particular matter) in winter. We collected particulate and gaseous samples from the Pearl River Tunnel and its adjacent open air during spring/summer and winter seasons. Chemical analyses of the tunnel samples showed that the PCDD/F concentrations in the tunnel ranged from 18.6 to 20.4 pg m−3 (1.28–1.39 pg I-TEQ m−3) in the winter, which were 3–5 times higher than in the spring/summer. In the open atmosphere adjacent to the tunnel, the PCDD/F concentrations were much lower than in the tunnel; e.g., approximately one fifth of the tunnel air concentrations during the winter. The emission factors (EFs) calculated based on the tunnel data were 3440 (or 230 I-TEQ) and 1580 (or 27.8 I-TEQ) pg km−1 vehicle−1 in winter and spring/summer season, respectively. The much higher PCDD/F concentrations in the tunnel air and much greater EF value during the winter are likely related to higher content of Cl− associated with small size particulates. This suggests that the winter effect observed in the open atmosphere is not only caused by meteorology-dependent factors and home heating, but also may partly results from much greater PCDD/F formation rates during the combustion processes of fossil fuels such as gasoline- and diesel-fuel in the winter.

Grey correlation-hierarchical analysis for metro-caused settlement

Monitoring Shanghai metro tunnels and their surroundings indicates that the maximum settlement caused by metro operation for years has been more than 25 cm in soft soil of tunnel bottom, which has seriously affected the normal operation of subway, and even caused some old house cracking around subway lines. To investigate main influence factors on metro-caused settlement so as to provide the basis for the control of metro-caused settlement, the analytical hierarchy process was adopted to make their weight arrangement. With the experience analogy and grey correlation theory, the grey correlation-hierarchical analysis method was proposed to evaluate the possibility of metro-caused settlement in soft soil of tunnel bottom. The correlation of metro-caused settlement and its influence factors (such as dynamic load conditions of metro, soil conditions, burial conditions of soil prone to dynamic settlement, and hydrogeology conditions) was probed. Taking Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel project in China (it is now the largest shield tunnel in the world) as an example, the division estimation and the comprehensive evaluation of possibility and severity for metro-caused settlement were also done. The results were observed as follows: (1) the severity of settlements caused by dynamic load of metro in soft soil of tunnel bottom at the same position increases as the speed of subway trains increases; (2) On comparison between the foundations of silty clay and clayey silt, the former is generally more prone to the metro-caused settlement under the same conditions as dynamic load conditions of metro, void ratio of soil, natural water content of soil, burial conditions, and hydrogeology conditions; (3) the grey correlation-hierarchical analysis method is more applicable than grey correlation method for the possibility estimation of metro-caused settlement in the soft soil of tunnel bottom; (4) it may provide the reference for the possibility evaluation of metro-caused settlement in other similar projects.

Research on Influence of Longitudinal Gradient to Rigid Base Composite Road of Cross River (Sea) Tunnel under Large Longitudinal Slope

The influences of longitudinal gradient on the large longitudinal slope rigid base composite road of cross river(sea) tunnel are concerned recently. Then the relationships between sheering stresses versus slope angle, load, pavement depth, interlayer touch condition and modulus are discussed separately by a three dimensional FEM model. Calculation and analysis showed: gradient had great influence on the surface tangent load and little influence on design deflection, the base and surface.The maximum tension and sheer on surface were increased with the gradient. On general, the gradient and surface tangent load should be considered in structure analysis for the large longitudinal slope road.

A New Hazard Identification Method-State Transition Graph

It is important and difficult to identify the Hazard before a disaster happen because disaster often happens suddenly. This paper proposes a new method – State Transition Graph, which based on visual data space reconstruction, to identify hazard. The change process of the system state movement from one state to another in a certain period is described by some state transition graphs. The system state, which is safe or hazard, could be distinguished by its state transition graphs. This paper conducted experiments on single-dimension and multi-dimension benchmark data to prove the new method is effectiveness. Especially the result of stimulation experiments, based on the Yangtze River tunnel engineering data, showed that state transition graph identifies hazard easily and has better performances than other method. The State transition graph method is worth further researching.

Influencing Factors Sensitivity Analysis of Carbonization Life of River-Crossing Tunnel Lining Structures

At present, durability of concrete structures has become one of the problems widely concerned by the academic and engineer circles in civil engineering. Shanghai Yangtze River tunnel project is the engineering background of the paper. The sensitivity analysis has been studied on carbonization life's influencing factors of Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel segment structure with the method of grey -correlation theory and uniform design. The results show that concrete cover depth has the most important effect. The other less important influencing factors in turn are as follows: concrete compressive strength, fly ash substitution amount, temperature, relative humidity and CO2 concentration. The research achievement has been using in the design and construction of Yangtze River Tunnel, and good results have been achieved.

Environment Settlements on Embankment in Wuhan Yangtze River Tunnel Construction

Environment settlements should be noted in the city tunnel construction, especially on the Yangtze embankment. Wuhan Yangtze River tunnel is the first one in the world third long river, and the embankment settlements is engineering significant to Wuhan, a city with 9 million people. The Wuhan Yangtze River Tunnel is introduced, and the settlements induced by the shield tunnel are investigated. The tunnel, the soil and the embankment are numerical simulated in FEM model. The settlements of the foundation surface are calculated with difference shield face positions, and engineering advices are obtained based on the calculation.

Stability analysis of large slurry shield-driven tunnel in soft clay

The face stability of large slurry shield-driven tunnels is investigated by an upper bound approach in limit analysis and three-dimensional numerical modelling for the Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel. Both the local failure and global failure in collapse and blow-out are studied. Firstly, the upper bound solution for local stability is presented, taking into account the gradient of slurry pressure. The maximum tunnel diameters for given site conditions could be determined by this solution. Then, the progressive global stability mechanism is studied using a multiblock model of upper bound theorem. The analysis shows that it is necessary to take into account the partial failure in large size slurry shield-driven tunnels, especially in the case of blow-out. The global blow-out of the partial upper part of the tunnel face occurs when the slurry pressure is too great; while the global collapse of the whole tunnel face occurs when the slurry pressure is too small. The failure mechanisms and critical slurry pressures obtained from both the multiblock model to numerical simulations are compared with each other.

Heavy Metal Contamination and Distribution in the Urban Environment of Guangzhou, SE China

Ever-increasing heavy metal accumulation in the urban environment of Guangzhou, the largest light industrial production base and one of the most rapidly developing cities in China, poses a serious threat to environment as well as to human health in the region. As a sink or source, urban deposits are good indicators of the level and extent of heavy metal accumulation in the surface environment. The aim of this preliminary study was to examine the distribution of heavy metal contamination in the urban environment of Guangzhou. It was based on a systematic sampling of road dusts and corresponding gully sediments along major roads running mainly through commercial and residential to industrial districts of the city. In addition to road dusts and gully sediments, ceiling dusts from the Pearl River Tunnel were also collected to characterize anthropogenic emissions dominated by traffic-related activities. In general, the level of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn contaminations were more severe on the industrialized side of Guangzhou than on the western side where heavy traffic and industrial activities were limited. The primary determinants of the level of heavy metal contamination and the distribution of this contamination in the urban environment of Guangzhou were the site-specific conditions of its urban setting, particularly the types of industries, the nature of the traffic flow, sample residence times and variations in grain size of the particulate contaminants. This study highlights the complexity of the urban system and indicates that in just such a system individual urban components should be interlinked to assess the long-term environmental and health effects of heavy metal contamination. Among the heavy metals tested--Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn--the level of Zn contamination was the most severe and widespread, and thus requires immediate attention.

Characterization of particulate organics accumulated on the ceiling of vehicular tunnels in Hong Kong and Guangzhou, China

Ceiling dusts, the particulate matters accumulated on the ceiling surface of vehicular tunnels, collected from Cross-Harbor Tunnel in Hong Kong and Pear River Tunnel in Guangzhou, were analyzed for their organic compositions. Although the overall results revealed that most of the organic compounds of the ceiling dusts of both tunnels are directly derived from vehicular emission, there are significant differences in the organic content and compositions and distribution of hydrocarbon components in the ceiling dusts from these two tunnels. The ceiling dusts from the tunnel of Hong Kong were characterized by high content of organic carbon and unresolved complex matter compared to the much lower numbers in the ceiling dusts of Guangzhou. The distribution of molecular markers from CHT exhibited a 17 α (H)-21 β (H)-30-nor hopane (C 29H) predominance (C 29H>C 30H) and the relative abundance of regular steranes is in an order of C 27>C 29>C 28, whereas for the ceiling dusts from PRT, the hopanes displayed a 17 α (H)-21 β (H)-hopane (C 30H) dominance (C 29H<C 30H) and the regular steranes are in the order of C 29>C 27>C 28. It was also found that there was significant difference in the organic content in the ceiling dusts between the south- and northbound tubes of both CHT and PRT and the reasons for this require further investigation.

Subway Tunnel under the Han River, Seoul

The 1288 m long Han River tunnel connecting Yoido and Mapo - opened on December 30, 1996 - was constructed as a part of the 52 km long Seoul subway line No. 5, to improve the traffic conditions in Seoul. It lies 15.6-30 m below the riverbed. It is the first sub-aqueous tunnel in Korea. The New Austrian Tunneling Method was adopted as a construction method. A permanent monitoring system was installed to maintain the tunnel effectively. In order to monitor earth pressure, water pressure, and deformation of the tunnel cross section, monitoring pins, reflecting mirrors, electro-resistant type of sensors, and optical fiber sensors were installed for the daily measurement on the construction tunnel.

THE NEW ST CLAIR RIVER TUNNEL BETWEEN CANADA AND THE USA.

The new St Clair River tunnel on the Canada-USA border is the world's largest single-track underwater rail tunnel. Completed in 1995, the 1.8 km long 8.4 m dia. tunnel has been to accommodate double-stack container trains and replaces an existing century-old tunnel link. The concrete-lined tunnel was driven by one of the largest ever full-face earth pressure balance machines through soft squeezing clay with shallow cover beneath a fast-flowing river. This paper outlines how the latest soft ground tunnelling techniques combined with novel contractual arrangements brought a successful conclusion to one of North America's most challenging tunnel projects in recent years.

St Clair river tunnel: past and present : A. Finch, Tunnels & Tunnelling, 27(11), 1995, pp 36–38

St Clair river tunnel: past and present : A. Finch, Tunnels & Tunnelling, 27(11), 1995, pp 36–38

Some Considerations on Preservation of Masonry Arch Bridge

In this paper the authors discussed the preservation of a masonry arch bridge “Nishida Bridge” over the Kotsuki River in Kagoshima City. This bridge will be soon removed for river improvement purpose. A masonry arch bridge is a valuable structure which not only plays its own role but harmonizes the environment. The authors made a historical value study and technical investigation about the Nishida Bridge. Flood control projects built for a short time flood prevention purpose possibly impairs historical masonry arch bridges and rows of houses and stores on streets which were preserved for a long time. As a result the authors proposed a construction of underground river tunnel by which preservation of the historical civil engineering heritage may be compatible with prevention of city disasters.