River County Research Articles

Transoxiana in A Book “the Right Tracks to Understand the Countries and Kingdoms” by Sibahittt

This research deals with Mohmmed Ben Ali Albarsoury's book entitled the right tracks to understand the countries and Kingdoms. This book is considered to be one of the best geographical classifications for its dependence on the gist of the late and advanced writers. Thus, Albaansoury organized his book according to the alphabetical order of the diction.and to the workbooks of the investigators and auditors works. In this resreach. I introduced the author's origin, his birth ,and geowth. Then I moved to provide an idea about the country of beyond the river including its location, borders, and the most important provinces and countries during the middle ages. Next I addressed the Islamic conquest of this area ,how the geography books and trips described this area by giving us the chanee to discover the history, geography and the traditions of the people of this area,and tounderstand political,cconomic and cultural developments of this area. Finlly, I introduced some of the cities in this area (the beyond river counties)organized according to the alphabetical order of Albansoury's book and I compared these citie with what was mentioned in the geogfaphical rerernees. I coneluded this research with some conclusions and recommendations that might be of help for next generations.

A NEW SPECIES OF MYXOBOLUS (CNIDARIA: MYXOSPOREA: MYXOBOLIDAE) FROM THE BLUE SUCKER, CYCLEPTUS ELONGATUS (LESUEUR) (CYPRINIFORMES: CATOSTOMIDAE: CYCLEPTINAE), FROM ARKANSAS.

During 9-10 February 2018 and 21-22 February 2020, 7 adult Blue Suckers, Cycleptus elongatus, were collected by hoop nets from the Red River, Little River County (n = 3), and the Black River, Lawrence County (n = 4), Arkansas, and their gills, gallbladders, fins, integument, other major organs, and musculature were examined for myxozoans. All 7 (100%) were infected with an unknown species of gill-infecting Myxobolus sp. Twenty formalin-fixed plasmodia (cysts) of Myxobolus cloutmani n. sp. were elliptoidal, 407 μm long × 270 μm wide. Formalin-fixed myxospores were orbicular to broadly elliptoidal, 8.7 μm long × 7.8 μm wide. Two polar capsules were pyriform and subequal in size, extending over halfway in the myxospore. The larger polar capsule was 5.5 μm long × 3.1 μm wide, while the shorter was 5.1 × 2.9 μm. A coiled polar filament possessed 5 or 6 coils. The myxospore was 3.7 μm thick in sutural view, with a distinct sutural ridge. Qualitative and quantitative morphological data were from formalin-fixed as well as ethanol-preserved spores, while molecular data consisted of a 2,010 base pair sequence of the partial 18S ribosomal RNA gene and a 2,502 base pair sequence of the partial 28S ribosomal RNA gene. Phylogenetic analysis grouped M. cloutmani n. sp. with the other catostomid-infecting myxobolids. This is the first myxozoan reported from C. elongatus.

Water use control system in China

ABSTRACTChina is developing a complicated three-aspect water use control system. Spatially, the system includes river basin, province, prefecture, county, permit, and individual users; temporally, it consists of annual average and annual/seasonal frameworks; and in terms of management objectives, it combines abstraction, consumption and use. Technical consistency is required in volume, space, timing, management and reliability. Application in the Yellow River basin reveals consistency problems in targets, indicators, timings and control periods. We suggest improving the system by addressing temporal and spatial inconsistencies, reforming management systems and procedures, strengthening research, and developing a water accounting system.

Rocky River Wetland Usage for Education and Recreation: Early Planning and Implementation in Anderson County, South Carolina

The Rocky River Conservancy, Anderson University, the City and County of Anderson, SC, and local environmental groups are working in partnership to rehabilitate, preserve, and develop ∼200 ha of forested and emergent wetland and contiguous upland located within the city limits of Anderson, SC. The goal of the project is to provide a natural resource usable by the local community for education, and passive and active recreation, while safeguarding this unique and dwindling natural habitat. The environmental advocacy organization, Upstate Forever (Greenville, SC), secured an EPA grant for a hydrology assessment and long-range planning for the site. The long-range vision includes plans for construction of boardwalks, observation platforms, and a discovery center. Anderson University faculty and students have been surveying the site's flora and fauna and collecting water-quality data. Vertebrates documented include 21 species of fishes, 18 species of amphibians and reptiles, 120 species of birds, and 11 species of mammals. A tree-frog mark—recapture program has begun. Clearing of overgrown trails, opening sites for access to wetland margins, removal of trash, addition of trail signage, and trail enhancement are underway. Community and civic groups such as local garden clubs are being made aware of the resources available to them. The Anderson University Life-long Learning program, and local teachers have visited and used the site. Fund-raising, stepwise development without harming or altering the flora and fauna, and continuing to raise community awareness and buy-in of the value of this resource represent ongoing challenges.

Assessment of lymphatic filariasis prior to re-starting mass drug administration campaigns in coastal Kenya

BackgroundLymphatic filariasis (LF) is a debilitating disease associated with extensive disfigurement and is one of a diverse group of diseases referred to as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) which mainly occur among the poorest populations. In line with global recommendations to eliminate LF, Kenya launched its LF elimination programme in 2002 with the aim to implement annual mass drug administration (MDA) in order to interrupt LF transmission. However, the programme faced financial and administrative challenges over the years such that sustained annual MDA was not possible. Recently, there has been renewed interest to eliminate LF and the Kenyan Ministry of Health, through support from World Health Organization (WHO), restarted annual MDA in 2015. The objective of this study was to evaluate the current status of LF infection in the endemic coastal region of Kenya before MDA campaigns were restarted.ResultsTen sentinel sites in Kwale, Kilifi, Tana River, Lamu, and Taita-Taveta counties in coastal Kenya were selected for participation in a cross-sectional survey of LF infection prevalence. At least 300 individuals in each sentinel village were sampled through random house-to-house visits. During the day, the point-of-care immunochromatographic test (ICT) was used to detect the presence of Wuchereria bancrofti circulating filarial antigen in finger prick blood samples collected from residents of the selected sentinel villages. Those individuals who tested positive with the ICT test were requested to provide a night-time blood sample for microfilariae (MF) examination. The overall prevalence of filarial antigenaemia was 1.3% (95% CI: 0.9–1.8%). Ndau Island in Lamu County had the highest prevalence (6.3%; 95% CI: 4.1–9.7%), whereas sites in Kilifi and Kwale counties had prevalences < 1.7%. Mean microfilarial density was also higher in Ndau Island (234 MF/ml) compared to sentinel sites in Kwale and Kilifi counties (< 25 MF/ml). No LF infection was detected in Tana River and Taita-Taveta counties. Overall, more than 88% of the study participants reported to have used a bed net the previous night.ConclusionsPrevalence of LF infection is generally very low in coastal Kenya, but there remain areas that require further rounds of MDA if the disease is to be eliminated as a public health problem in line with the ongoing global elimination efforts. However, areas where there was no evidence of LF transmission should be considered for WHO-recommended transmission assessment surveys in view of stopping MDA.

A Report on a Long Term Research Program on the Bowman site in Arkansas

The Bowman (3LR46) and Bowman/Wallace (3LR50) sites represent a Caddo multi-mound center on the Red River in Little River County, Arkansas. Southeastern researchers may recognize the site name from an engraved shell cup and several additional “SECC” objects found in Mound 2. Hoffman provides a brief summary of digging at the sites and offers a proposed site organization of eight mounds (both burial and “temple mounds”) surrounding a possible plaza area and at least three offmound cemeteries. Material collected from Mounds 1 and 2 and two off-mound cemeteries suggest Haley phase (ca. A.D. 1200-1400) occupations. Additionally, data from Mound 1 have the potential to “reveal a solid sequence of [Caddo] burial and mortuary artifact styles” beginning with the earliest Caddo occupations in the Red River region.

Status, distribution, and genetics of Blair's fencing crayfish,Faxonella blairi(Decapoda: Cambaridae)

Abstract During a multi-year study of the rare Blair's fencing crayfish (Faxonella blairi Hayes and Reimer), we made 87 collections in 10 counties throughout the West Gulf Coastal Plain of southwestern Arkansas. Intensive searches throughout these counties revealed the presence of 36 new populations of F. blairi in Little River, Miller, and Sevier counties. In each of these counties, F. blairi was found to be a locally abundant crayfish. New county records from museum collections were documented for Columbia and Howard counties, Arkansas, and Cass County, Texas. Additionally, we surveyed genetic variation in F. blairi and found them to be a monophyletic group with a sister relationship to Faxonella clypeata but with clear genetic distinctiveness from this sister taxon. There was modest genetic variation within Arkansas, and this genetic variation was greater than that across Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas for F. blairi. Faxonella blairi should be considered as currently stable due to its more widespread di...

Status and Structure of Two Populations of the Bluehead Sucker (Catostomus discobolus) in the Weber River, Utah

Abstract We compared two populations of the bluehead sucker (Catostomus discobolus) during 2007–2009 in the Weber River, Davis, Summit, and Weber counties, Utah. We estimated 225 and 546 individuals in these populations. Based on recaptured, PIT-tagged fish, annual survival of adults (202–575 mm total length) was high (77%); however, our top model indicated mortality increased with size (i.e., senescence). We documented movements ≤15 km downstream and 5 km upstream and 88% of detections from a stationary antenna occurred at night. Despite high rates of survival of adults, recruitment appeared minimal in one of the populations because it was composed primarily of mature adults. Recruitment potentially was limited by interactions with a high density of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and combined effects of an altered hydrograph (magnitude, duration, and timing) and thermal regime. If conservation of these populations is a priority, recruitment must be increased immediately in one of the populations to avoid ext...

Management of the common European viper’s bite

The common European viper is widespread throughout Europe. In Hungary it can be found mainly in the Zemplén Mountains, on the upper course of the Tisza River, and Zala and Somogy counties. Viper's bite is one of the rarest injuries that requires emergency medical care. The venom contains polypeptides and hydrolytic enzymes which have neurotoxic, cytotoxic, hemolytic and hemorrhagic effects. Local symptoms may include double points, pain, swelling, and suffusion at the site of the bite. Very occasionally, particularly in case of small children and elderly people, viper bite can cause life threatening angioedema, as well as shock and, therefore, professional medical help should always be sought preferably in a hospital that has a toxicology and poison control centre. Authors present the history of a 64-year-old nature enthusiast, who, after having been bitten by a viper, lost consciousness and experienced persistent local redness and pain. Soon after the viper bite, the patient suffered another potentially fatal accident, a stroke of lightning that he also survived. In connection with the case, authors provide an overview of the clinical symptoms caused by viper venom, and current issues of professional care.

First Record of the Silver Lamprey, Ichthyomyzon unicuspis (Petromyzontiformes: Petromyzontidae), from Arkansas

Abstract We report the Silver Lamprey (Ichthyomyzon unicupis) from Arkansas for the first time. Fifteen adult I. unicuspis attached to paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) were collected in Apr. 2005 from the White River near the confluence of the Black River, Independence and Jackson counties. Twelve (80%) of the I. unicuspis possessed 3 teeth (including the apex) in the anterior row, while the other 3 had 4 teeth in their anterior row; unicuspid teeth arrangement in the lateral row were 3 + 3 for 11 (73%) lampreys while 4 had 4 + 4 teeth in the lateral row. Two additional specimens collected in Apr. 1972 and May 1998 from the Buffalo and White rivers in Marion and Prairie counties, respectively, and originally identified as Chestnut Lampreys (Ichthyomyzon castaneus), were re-examined and identified as I. unicuspis. The addition of I unicuspis to the lamprey fauna of Arkansas brings to five the number of species currently occurring in the state.

Comparing Child Health, Access to Care, and Utilization of Health Services Between Ohio Appalachia’s River and Non-River Bordering Counties

Appalachia's River and non-River Bordering Counties. Children living in Ohio's Appalachian counties that border the Ohio River are disproportionally exposed to adverse environmental conditions prevalent along the river that may contribute to disparities in health, access to care and care utilization. This study examined if there were differences in health, access to care and care utilization between Ohio's Appalachian children living in counties that border the Ohio River and those living in counties that do not border the river. A secondary analysis of the 28 Appalachian counties from Ohio's 88 counties included in the 2008 Ohio Family Health Survey was conducted using a Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling strategy. Descriptive analyses comparing geographic groups across demographic, health, access, utilization, and health insurance also were conducted. Childhood asthma was more prevalent in the river-bordering counties (16.4%) compared to the non-river counties (9.4%). Children with asthma had more sere symptoms in the river bordering counties (8.2%) compared to the non-river bordering counties (4.4%). Children residing in river bordering counties had higher rates of obesity (24.4%) and overweight (17%). After controlling for child health and insurance status, children living in the river bordering counties had less access to care (est. -7.14, CI=-17.3,0.74) and more difficulty accessing specialty care. Children residing in the non-river counties had more sickness care utilization (est. 0.25, CI=0.01, 0.49). Regardless of region, children with a regular health care provider and place for care were healthier. Differences in child health, access to care and utilization of services exist within Ohio's Appalachian region.

Spread, Growth Parameters, and Reproductive Potential for Brown Flatsedge (Cyperus fuscus)

AbstractBrown flatsedge (Cyperus fuscus) is widely distributed in Europe, Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Mediterranean region of Northern Africa. It was apparently introduced into North America in the late 1800s and has steadily moved southward and westward. Brown flatsedge is reported new to Arkansas and Mississippi herewith. Field observations from early spring until frost were made between 2003 and 2007 from populations present at three sites: Chicot County, Arkansas, and Pearl River and Washington counties, Mississippi. Under natural field conditions, brown flatsedge plants germinated from late March and early April until frost. Inflorescences were observed in mid-May and seed production continued until frost. In field populations, the average numbers of scales per spikelet, inflorescences per plant, and spikelets per inflorescence were 15, 28, and 33, respectively. Greenhouse experiments were established in 2008 at Stoneville, MS, to determine growth parameters and the reproductive potential of brown flatsedge. In greenhouse experiments, by 10 wk after emergence (WAE), brown flatsedge plants were 30.2 cm tall and 63.9 cm in diameter, and dry weights were 1.4, 1.0, 2.0, 0.5, and 1.9 g for roots, culms, leaves, bracts, and inflorescences, respectively. Brown flatsedge culms and inflorescences appeared 5 WAE, and by 9 WAE all plants were producing seed. Brown flatsedge could pose a threat to natural plant communities and rice agriculture in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee, and Texas. Additional research is needed to determine seed longevity and ecological range potential, and to develop inexpensive and effective control methods.

A Range Extension for the Large Carpenter Bee Xylocopa micans (Hymenoptera: Apidae) with Notes on Floral and Habitat Associations

The carpenter bee subfamily Xylocopinae is represented by two genera in the United States, Ceratina Latreille (small carpenter bees) and Xylocopa Latreille (large carpenter bees). Members of both genera bore into plant tissues, either herbaceous or woody, to construct nest galleries for rearing larvae. In the eastern United States, the genus Ceratina is comprised of five species (Daly, 1973), while Xylocopa is represented by two species (Mitchell, 1960). Xylocopa species typically excavate nest galleries in woody plant material, including dead branches, stalks, stumps, and the structural timbers of buildings (Hurd and Moure, 1963; Hurd, 1978; Gerling et al, 1989). Xylocopa virginica Linnaeus is the most widespread of the eastern species, ranging from the northeastern United States south to Florida and west to Texas and Kansas (Hurd, 1978). As shown in Figure 1, the second species, X. micans Lepeletier has a more restricted distribution north of Mexico, ranging from southeastern Virginia to Florida and along the Gulf Coast into Texas (Hurd, 1978). In 2006 and 2007, I collected specimens of X. micans from southwestern Arkansas (Figure 1). These collections extend the species range approximately 250 km to the northwest from the nearest documented occurrence in Louisiana (Hurd, 1955). Localities in Arkansas are as follows: Clark County: 24 May 2006, Terre Noire Natural Area, 34°04'28.90N, 93°10'30.86W (I9). Hempstead County: 24 May 2006, Rick Evans Grandview Prairie Wildlife Management Area, 33°47'55.71N, 93°47'43.60W (29). Little River County: 24 May 2007, White Cliffs Natural Area, 33°45'38.50N, 94°03'06.25W (I9). All specimens were deposited in the University of Arkansas Arthropod Museum. While a great deal of information is available regarding the habits of X. virginica (Ackerman, 1916; Balduf, 1962; Hurd, 1978), substantially less is known about X. micans. Data on habitat associations and nesting sites are scarce. Given the growing awareness of pollinator declines (Committee on the Status of Pollinators in North America, 2007) and the potential value of Xylocopa species as pollinators in natural and agricultural systems (Gerling et al, 1989), such basic information should be documented in order to define a species' potential conservation and/or management needs. Xylocopa micans localities listed above for southwestern Arkansas are situated in the South Central Plains ecoregion (Woods et al , 2004) and are characterized by a mosaic of pine-hardwood forests and remnant blackland prairies. All X. micans specimens were observed in the latter habitat type. In Arkansas, blackland prairies were historically restricted to the southwestern corner of the state, occurring from Little River and Sevier Counties in the southwest, through Hempstead and Howard Counties, to Clark County in the northeast (Foti, 1989). These prairies were small, ranging from less than a hectare to a few hundred hectares in size. Floristically, Schizachyrium scoparium Nash is the dominant plant in these sites, followed to a lesser extent by Sorghastrum nutans Nash, and Dalea purpurea Ventenat among others (Foti, 1989). Little of this habitat type remains in Arkansas today due to agricultural conversion, degradation from overgrazing, and fire suppression (Foti, 1989). The few blackland prairie remnants that still exist are fragmented and isolated. In May 2006 and 2007, D. purpurea was one of the most abundant flowering plants in the blackland prairies from which X. micans were collected. All female X. micans I observed were foraging for pollen from this species' flowers, their hind legs covered in the orange pollen of D. purpurea. Hurd (1978) lists 39 plant taxa that serve as pollen sources for X. micans. Dalea purpurea is not listed among those. This plant species attracts a diverse bee fauna and is thought to be partially self-incompatible making insect pollination critical for sexual reproduction (Cane, 2006). Xylocopa micans has been noted to be an important pollinator ornative plants elsewhere (Olsen, 1997; Liu and Kopter, 2003) and may play a role in the cross-pollination of D. purpurea in blackland prairie remnants of Arkansas.

From Academia to Application

This paper presents an overview of a new architecture for travel demand forecasting models. The new hybrid accessibility-based models are neither traditional trip-based models nor standard activity-based simulation models. Instead, they are a blend of aggregate and disaggregate component models offering much of the sensitivity typical of activity-based models but with more modest development and application costs. This paper presents results from the first full application of the new model design. It documents the experience of the Knoxville (Tennessee) Regional Transportation Planning Organization from the data collection and visioning stage to the stage of investing time and resources to develop the new model. Ultimately, some basic comparisons are made between the new hybrid model and the previous trip-based model. Some key innovations in the new model design are highlighted, making special note of added sensitivity to planning and policy variables. The paper also reports findings related to the effects of residence location on travelers' willingness to travel and the effect of psychological barriers such as river crossings and county lines on stop location choice.

Reproductive Biology of the Northern Madtom, Noturus stigmosus (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) from the Licking River, Kentucky

Abstract The reproductive biology of the northern madtom, Noturus stigmosus Taylor, was examined in the Licking River, Bath and Rowan counties, Kentucky from 2001–2006. Gonadosomatic indices suggest a discrete spawning event in mid-summer, with sexual maturity reached at approximately 60 mm standard length (SL). Clutch size was estimated at 70–110 eggs per female based on examination of mature ovaries. Males and females come into reproductive condition in early summer and exhibit secondary sexual dimorphism typical of madtoms. Four nests were discovered in early to mid-July in water 23–25°C. All nests were in cavities under large slabrocks in a raceway with moderate current (0.36–0.69 m sec−2) above a large riffle. Nests contained 40–87 eggs or embryos; no guardian males were found with any nest. Eggs reared in the lab at 21–22°C hatched about 13 days after fertilization, which is the longest reported for madtoms. Embryonic and larval development were similar to those of other madtoms. Hatchlings were 8.1...

Trends in Florida Citrus with Emphasis on Indian River, St. Lucie, Martin, and Palm Beach Counties

FE636, a 9-page fact sheet by Jackie K White and P.J. van Blokland, examines how hurricanes, freezes, citrus diseases and pests, competition with Brazil, and a booming population growth are affecting the citrus industry of Florida's Treasure Coast. It also examines the efforts of governments, organizations, and individuals to respond quickly and efficiently to these threats to the area's agricultural lands. Published by the UF Department of Food and Resource Economics, June 2006.

Gastrointestinal Helminths of Rafinesque's Big-Eared Bat, Corynorhinus rafinesquii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), from Southwestern Arkansas, U.S.A.

Three new host records and a new locality record are reported for helminth parasites of Rafinesque's big-eared bat, Corynorhinus rafinesquii, from Little River County, Arkansas, U.S.A. Nine of 10 (90%) of the bats harbored 1 or more of 3 parasites, including 1 (10%) with an immature Vampirolepis sp., 1 (10%) with a third-stage larva of Physaloptera sp., and 9 (90%) with female or ova of Capillaria palmata. All represent new host records for these helminths. Capillaria palmata is reported from Arkansas for the first time.

Arkansas Listings in the National Register of Historic Places: Crime Scenes and Criminals

MANY PEOPLE THINK OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES simply as monuments or artifacts, not always realizing that these were places where people lived, worked, and, in some cases, committed crimes. There are numerous Arkansas buildings listed on the National Register that were either scenes of crimes or places where criminals paid for their illegal acts. One such place was the Pottsville Citizens' Bank (Pope County), which opened for business in 1913. On December 13, 1926, a man wearing a Santa Claus mask entered the lobby of the building and shouted Merry Christmas. He then ordered those present to raise their hands. Teller Roy Falls, believing this to be a prank, returned the holiday greeting and told the masked man that he would assist him in a moment. The ersatz Santa once again demanded that the bank's employees and patrons put their hands up in the air. Falls continued to ignore him, helping two customers with their transactions while the would-be robber was kept waiting. Not until the masked man was joined by an accomplice wearing a handkerchief over his face did Falls realize it was no joke. Although the pair escaped with $4,200 in cash, they were later apprehended in Oklahoma. They had used their ill-gotten gains to pay bills and had also shared some of the loot with family members. In March 1928, the Pottsville Citizens' Bank was once again the object of criminal intention when a drifter from Chicago went on a one-man crime spree in the small community. The itinerant desperado burglarized the Falls & Sinclair Store, Henry's Drug Store, the post office, and the train depot before unsuccessfully attempting to break into the bank by cutting a hole into the vault. The local newspaper noted that it took an outsider to smear Pottsville's reputation as a lawful community. The Pottsville Citizens' Bank, having been consolidated with the People's Bank & Trust Company of Russellville, was robbed a third time in the 1980s. The robbers fled the scene aboard an off-road motorcycle. They fared no better than their predecessors, however, and were soon brought to justice. On June 30, 1992, the institution, then a Worthen Bank, ceased operation. The building was then donated to the city for municipal use. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 28, 2002. After serving as, then ceasing to be, the county seat of Little River County, the town formerly known as Rocky Comfort, but more recently dubbed New Rocky Comfort by local residents and Foreman by the postal authorities and the Arkansas and Choctaw Railroad, once again became the county seat in 1902. The first civic building to be constructed was the New Rocky Comfort jail, erected in 1902. It used stacked six-by-two pine boards for the walls. …

Inundative Biological Control ofHelicoverpa zea(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with the Entomopathogenic NematodeSteinernema riobravis(Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)

Abstract The entomopathogenic nematodeSteinernema riobravisCabanillas, Poinar and Raulston (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) was evaluated for inundative biological control ofHelicoverpa zea(Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Arkansas corn fields. Infection ofH. zeawas highly significant in nematode-treated plots of field corn and sweet corn in Little River and Washington Counties, respectively. Mean mortalities fromS. riobravisinfections were 79.2 and 91.3% at treatment levels of 3.7 × 106and 1.2 × 107nematodes/m2of soil, respectively, in Little River County and 78.5 and 94.8% at treatment levels of 5.2 × 105and 5.3 × 106nematodes/m2of soil, respectively, in Washington County. Comparison of irrigated and nonirrigated plots in both counties resulted in no significant differences inS. riobravisinfectingH. zea. S. riobravismay have promise as an inundative biological control agent againstH. zeain Arkansas soils.

Control of Corn Earworm, 1988

Abstract The experiment was located in Little River County, AR, with plants at growth stages R2-4 and approximately 90% canopy closure. Plots size was 2 rows by 50 ft with a 30 inch row spacing. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. All treatments were applied 23 Aug with a Solo backpack sprayer equipped with an adjustable hollow cone nozzle delivering approximately 21 gal/acre at 40 psi. Larval numbers were determined by taking 4, 3 row-ft drop cloth samples/plot immediately before and 2 and 7 DAT.