Risk Reduction Effect Research Articles

Locational boundness of resource, compatibility of production, and downside risks of multinationality

AbstractResearch SummaryWe extend the multinational operational flexibility literature by examining how the characteristics of resources and capabilities within a portfolio of international investments affect its downside risks. We postulate that non‐location bound resources and capabilities within an international investment portfolio are crucial to reducing switching costs and enhancing cross‐country switchability, thus curbing downside risks. Our large sample of Korean multinational corporations reveals that globally sourced production inputs or more technological capabilities help curb downside risks, while locally sourced inputs or more marketing capabilities do not. We additionally find that the positive effect of less locational boundness is more salient when the portfolio has a high product relatedness or standardization.Managerial SummaryThis study provides some managerial implications for international business managers. The findings suggest that the downside risk reduction effect of multinationality varies by heterogeneous resource and production conditions. They indicate that the locational boundness embedded in marketing capability, technological capability, and product type affects cross‐border switchability. IB managers make strategic decisions on resource and product types for their overseas manufacturing subsidiaries in the configuration and coordination processes of their internationalization to maximize multinational operational flexibility. A more effective alignment of resources and capabilities with the strategic intent of boosting geographic fungibility facilitates effective production shifts within the same production network.

Repo haircuts and economic capital: a theory of repo pricing

A repurchase agreement lets investors borrow cash to buy securities. Financier only lends to securities' market value after a haircut and charges interest. Repo pricing is characterized with its puzzling dual pricing measures: repo haircut and repo spread. This article develops a repo haircut model by designing haircuts to achieve high credit criteria, and identifies economic capital for repo's default risk as the main driver of repo pricing. A simple repo spread formula is obtained that relates spread to haircuts negative linearly. An investor wishing to minimize all-in funding cost can settle at an optimal combination of haircut and repo rate. The model empirically reproduces repo haircut hikes concerning asset backed securities during the financial crisis. It explains tri-party and bilateral repo haircut differences, quantifies shortening tenor's risk reduction effect, and sets a limit on excess liquidity intermediating dealers can extract between money market funds and hedge funds.

Evaluation of Leg Injury to Rail Passenger Occupying Walkover Seat in a Train Accident

It is important to enhance the safety to passenger even in a train accident. In order to grasp secondary impact risk to walkover seat occupant, the sled tests that assumed a level crossing accident were carried out. The results of the test made it clear that the severity of the leg injury to the passenger was higher than any other parts of body since the passenger's legs collided with the edge of a seating face of the front seat. To reduce such type of injury risk, the seating face which supported both ends of the aluminum pipe with the urethane elastomer was developed based on the impact test results. The sled tests were carried out to identify the injury risk reduction effect of the seating face with buffer. It was found that the leg injury risk of the seating face with buffer reduced for the conventional seating face more than 60%.

Altered Serum Phospholipids in Atopic Dermatitis and Association with Clinical Status

Circulating phospholipids have been considered as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in multiple disorders. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common inflammatory skin disease. Although there are numerous studies having addressed stratum corneum lipids in the context of epidermal barrier, little is known about the circulating lipids in patients with AD. In this study, we explored the changes of serum phospholipids in AD using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and sought serum lipids’ contribution to clinical status. Several serum levels of phospholipids were altered in the AD group (n = 179) compared with that in healthy controls (n = 47) and patients without AD with atopic comorbidities (n = 22); lipids exhibiting the apparent changes included increased sphingosine, multiple variants of phosphatidylcholine, and decreased ceramide (16:0) in patients with AD. Moreover, serum levels of sphingosine correlated with the severity of AD, and sphingosine and ceramide(16:0) were also detected as the risk-increasing effect and risk-reduction effect of AD, respectively. In summary, alterations in the serum concentration of phospholipids are seen in patients with AD. Although more detailed investigations will be needed to evaluate the significance of the changes in circulating lipids in AD, these findings can provide, to our knowledge, previously unreported insight into AD’s pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies.

Age-Dependent Effect of Ticagrelor Monotherapy Versus Ticagrelor With Aspirin on Major Bleeding and Cardiovascular Events: A Post Hoc Analysis of the TICO Randomized Trial.

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the age‐dependent effect of ticagrelor monotherapy after 3‐month dual‐antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) versus ticagrelor‐based 12‐month DAPT on major bleeding and cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.Methods and ResultsFrom the TICO trial (Ticagrelor Monotherapy After 3 Months in the Patients Treated With New Generation Sirolimus‐eluting Stent for Acute Coronary Syndrome), which randomized 3056 patients (median age, 61 years) to the ticagrelor monotherapy after 3‐month DAPT group or ticagrelor‐based 12‐month DAPT group, this post hoc analysis evaluated the age‐dependent effect of the treatment strategies on the primary end point (a composite of major bleeding, death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, stroke, or target‐vessel revascularization) using the subpopulation treatment effect pattern plot. The cutoff age for distinguishing patients with greater benefit from this strategy was also determined. The risk reduction effect of ticagrelor monotherapy after 3‐month DAPT versus ticagrelor‐based 12‐month DAPT on the primary end point gradually increased with age and was more marked from the subpopulation of age 64 years with the change point. With this cutoff value of 64 years, the occurrence of the primary end point was significantly lower in the ticagrelor monotherapy after 3‐month DAPT group than in the ticagrelor‐based 12‐month DAPT group (4.4% versus 9.0%; P=0.002) in patients aged ≥64 years (n=1278), but it was not different in those aged <64 years (n=1778) with a significant interaction (P‐interaction=0.036).ConclusionsThe age‐dependent increase in the benefit of ticagrelor monotherapy after 3‐month DAPT versus ticagrelor‐based 12‐month DAPT was observed in the patients with acute coronary syndrome. In elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome, ticagrelor monotherapy after short‐term DAPT might be more optimal than ticagrelor‐based 12‐month DAPT.

Is hedge fund a hedge for equity markets?

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted financial markets, triggering a flight from risky to safe-haven assets. This paper analyzes the safe-haven properties of hedge funds. Specifically, we examine the relative change in equity portfolio risk with a proportional allocation to hedge fund. Our analysis indicates that adding a composite hedge fund index to an equity portfolio results in a risk reduction relative to holding equities alone. The result is shown to hold across a range of allocation weightings and periods. The hedging effectiveness, however, varies across hedge funds strategies, downside risk measures, and allocation weightings. The arbitrage and event-type strategies are prone to tail risks and the undesired third and fourth moment of returns attributes reduce the effectiveness of tail risk reduction. This suggests that hedge funds can be used to provide shelter from turbulence in traditional markets, but appropriate strategies need to be selected to achieve effective hedging.

Understanding Preferences for Lifestyle-Focused Visual Text Messages in Patients With Cardiovascular and Chronic Respiratory Disease: Discrete Choice Experiment.

BackgroundSupporting healthy lifestyle changes is a key aim of cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation programs. SMS text messaging programs have demonstrated effectiveness in cardiovascular disease risk reduction, weight loss, increasing physical activity, and smoking cessation. The optimization of SMS text messaging programs may deliver greater population benefits as mobile phone use becomes ubiquitous. Visual messaging (ie, image-based messages) has the potential to communicate health messages via digital technology and result in enhanced engagement.ObjectiveThis study aims to determine and understand patient preferences for lifestyle-focused visual text messages that support cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation.MethodsA discrete choice experiment was conducted in a 4-stage iterative process to elicit patient preferences for visual message features. Attribute and level development yielded 3 attributes (purpose, image type, and web address), and 16 choice sets were subsequently constructed according to a full factorial design. Patients participating in cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation were surveyed (on the web) for their preferences regarding the visual message choice sets. Respondents were asked to choose among 16 pairs of visual messages regarding key lifestyle behaviors, namely, physical activity and nutrition. The data were analyzed using a conditional logit model.ResultsThere was a total of 1728 observations from 54 unique respondents. Two factors that were associated with patient preference were gain-framed purpose compared with no purpose (odds ratio [OR] 1.93, 95% CI 1.40-2.65) and real images compared with cartoon images (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.04-1.54). A loss-framed purpose was less preferred than no purpose (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.42-0.74). Overall, patients preferred positive images that were colorful and engaged with text that supported the image and had a preference for images of real people rather than cartoons.ConclusionsA discrete choice experiment is a scientific method for eliciting patient preferences for a visual messaging intervention that is designed to support changes in lifestyle behaviors. SMS text messaging programs that use visual aids may result in greater patient satisfaction by using a gain frame, using real images, and avoiding a loss frame. Further research is needed to explore the feasibility of implementation and the health and behavioral outcomes associated with such visual messaging programs.

Integrative decision support for accident emergency response by combining MFM and Go-Flow

Emergency response planning associated with written procedures play a key role in the process safety to ensure that accident can be properly managed. Although the extensive use of digital techniques have significantly reduced the accident risk by early warnings and operation guidance, the Fukushima nuclear disaster reminds us that the unexpected events may still exceed existing system capability to indicate appropriate responding measures. A novel digitalized approach is hence required for planning decision support. This article presents a joint utilizing of two modeling and analysis methodologies, which are complementary to each other to provide comprehensive insights for decision-making in the accident emergency response. Multilevel Flow Modeling (MFM) is applied to develop an intelligent reasoning system, which can harness plant’s qualitative functional knowledge to search available equipments and corresponding action sequences potentially being able to manage the accident. Go-Flow is a success-oriented reliability analysis method specially suitable for quantitative risk assessment in the situations involving configuration changes. The underlying configuration of each MFM-driven emergency response measure will update the understanding of goal achievement and modify the Go-Flow chart, by which plan’s effectiveness of risk reduction can be evaluated. Moreover, Go-Flow is also used to conduct the risk matrix assessment for identifying critical components, which can provide a reference for effective assignment of resources in the long-term accident management. This work is expected to strengthen operator’s ability of emergency response planning from perspective of both measure development and optimization. An accident scenario similar to what occurred in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant has been used to demonstrate the application of the propose approach.

Oral contraceptives use reduces ovarian and endometrial cancer risk

One of the greatest problems that patients and medical system confront worldwide nowadays is cancer. Even if there is a great focus on treatment improvement, it is equally or even more important to find cancer prevention pathways. If we concentrate on gynecological malignancies, we have as example cervical cancer which can now be prevented through vaccination, but less is known about prevention methods for endometrial and ovarian cancer. In 1992, Alice S. Whittemore first described the protective role of combined oral contraceptives (COC) use against ovarian cancer. After that, many other studies tried to find out how combined oral contraceptive use influence the risk of gynecological cancers. According to all researches, it is now known that COC are associated with risk reduction in ovarian and endometrial cancers. It was observed that their risk reduction depends on different factors such as length of use, the period of life when they were used, or some other associated risk factors. Moreover, it seems that they offer protection only against some histological types of endometrial and ovarian cancer. This review relates the most important findings regarding COC use and their risk reduction effect on ovarian and endometrial cancer in the recent studies. Even if some certain conclusions were made, such as time-dependent effect, more studies need to be conducted in order to have certain future recommendations.

Number needed to treat for net effect of anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation: Real-world vs. clinical-trial evidence.

The net benefit of oral anticoagulants (OACs) in atrial fibrillation (AF) is poorly understood. We aimed to determine the NNT for net effect (NNTnet ) using calculator of absolute stroke risk (CARS) in anticoagulated patients with AF in real-world and clinical trial cohorts. Post-hoc analysis of patient-level data from the real-world Murcia AF Project and AMADEUS clinical trial. Baseline risk of stroke was determined using CARS. The risk of stroke and major bleeding events with OAC were determined using the number of respective events at 1-year. NNTnet was calculated as a reciprocal of the net effect of absolute risk reduction with OAC (NNTnet =1/(absolute risk reduction of stroke[ARRstroke ] - absolute risk increase of major bleeding[ARIbleeding ])). In total, 3511 patients were included (1306 [37.2%] real-world patients and 2205 [62.8%] clinical trial participants). The absolute 1-year stroke risk was similar across both cohorts. In the real-world cohort, OAC was associated with a 4.0% ARRstroke , 25 NNTbenefit , 1.0% ARIbleeding , 100 NNTharm and 34 NNTnet . In the clinical trial cohort, OAC was associated with a 3.8% ARRstroke , 27 NNTbenefit , 1.6% ARIbleeding , 63 NNTharm and 46 NNTnet . In both cohorts, the NNTnet was significantly lower in patients with an excess stroke risk of ≥2% by CARS. Overall, the NNTnet approach in AF incorporates information regarding baseline risk of stroke and major bleeding, and relative effects of OAC with the potential to include multiple additional outcomes and weighting of events based on their perceived effects by individual patients.

The risk reduction effect of sediment production rate by understory coverage rate in granite area mountain forest

Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) is an important concept to the adaption of climate change for a sustainable life. In Japan, it is anticipated that damages caused by sediment production will be increased as the intensity and amount of rainfall are increased by climate change. Thus, we need to know the Eco-DRR effect of the forest for planning sustainable land use by evidence-based data. In this study, we focused on the relationship between sediment production rate and the understory coverage rate of a low mountain forest in the granite area. From the results of the field survey and statistical meta-analysis, the sediment production rate was reduced by 97% in granite area mountain forest when the understory coverage rate was 60% or more compared to when less than 30% by evidence-based data. Accordingly, we found that it will be necessary to keep forests with an understory coverage rate of 60% or more when considering the risk-reducing effect of sediment disaster in granite area mountain forests for the adaption of climate change.

Risk Assessment Method Combining Independent Protection Layers (IPL) of Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) and RISKCURVES Software: Case Study of Hydrogen Refueling Stations in Urban Areas

The commercialization of eco-friendly hydrogen vehicles has elicited attempts to expand hydrogen refueling stations in urban areas; however, safety measures to reduce the risk of jet fires have not been established. The RISKCURVES software was used to evaluate the individual and societal risks of hydrogen refueling stations in urban areas, and the F–N (Frequency–Number of fatalities) curve was used to compare whether the safety measures satisfied international standards. From the results of the analysis, it was found that there is a risk of explosion in the expansion of hydrogen refueling stations in urban areas, and safety measures should be considered. To lower the risk of hydrogen refueling stations, this study applied the passive and active independent protection layers (IPLs) of LOPA (Layer of Protection Analysis) and confirmed that these measures significantly reduced societal risk as well as individual risk and met international standards. In particular, such measures could effectively reduce the impact of jet fire in dispensers and tube trailers that had a high risk. Measures employing both IPL types were efficient in meeting international standard criteria; however, passive IPLs were found to have a greater risk reduction effect than active IPLs. The combination of RISKCURVES and LOPA is an appropriate risk assessment method that can reduce work time and mitigate risks through protective measures compared to existing risk assessment methods. This method can be applied to risk assessment and risk mitigation not only for hydrogen facilities, but also for hazardous materials with high fire or explosion risk.

Joint effects of children's emotional problems and parental depressive symptoms on the occurrence of internet gaming disorder among children and adolescents: A longitudinal study.

Background and aimsParental depressive symptoms may aggravate the effects of children’s emotional problems on risks for Internet gaming disorder (IGD). Here we examined the joint effects of children’s emotional problems and parents’ depressive symptoms on the incidence of IGD.MethodsA large prospective, population-based cohort tested potential interactions between children’s emotional problems, parents’ depressive symptoms, and incidence of high risk of IGD (HRIGD). Family dyads (n=2,031) that included children who were non-HRIGD at baseline completed assessments of childhood and parental affective symptomatology. HRIGD was assessed at baseline and 12 months. Relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) estimated the magnitudes of interactions.ResultsIn terms of risk for the development of IGD, parental depression was 1.8 times greater, children’s emotional problems were 2.9 times greater, and both risk factors together were 6.1 times greater than the background risk, with the last two findings reaching statistical significance. The expected risk for the development of HRIGD was RR=3.7.Discussion and conclusionsChildren’s emotional problems demonstrated a particularly strong relationship with HRIGD. Joint effects of children’s emotional problems and depressive symptoms in parents on the incidence of HRIGD were stronger than the sum of the independent effects of each factor. The findings suggest that combining interventions for the treatment of children’s emotional problems and parents’ depressive symptoms may have extra risk reduction effects on preventing IGD in children and adolescents.

Effects of a change in the design of cooling water injection on risk reduction in a beam tube rupture

In this paper, the difference between the current design and a newly proposed method for the injection of supplementary cooling water into a nuclear research reactor in response to the rupture of a beam tube is investigated. Here, the newly proposed method or design is to maintain the cooling water in the chimney at a certain level solely by gravitational coolant feeding from the emergency water supply system (EWSS) tank to prevent nuclear fuel damage, without the sump recirculation operations described in the current procedure for the beam tube accident. The reduction of risk to the reactor core, quantified in terms of core damage frequency (CDF), as a result of the proposed changes to the design of the emergency water supply in the event of a beam tube rupture is as follows. 1) The overall CDF for the reactor with the newly proposed design for emergency cooling water injection is about 4.16E-06/yr, approximately 8.6% lower than the CDF of the existing design (4.55E-06/yr). 2) The CDF specifically due to a beam tube rupture is 6.33E-08/yr, representing an 85.9% decrease compared to that with the existing design (4.49E-07/yr). In addition to these risk-reduction effects, it is also worth noting that changing the emergency water injection design allows pure coolant to be supplied to the EWSS tank, eliminating the need to decontaminate the reactor after an accident.

Integrative oncology therapy for adverse treatment effects in young women with breast cancer.

e12504 Background: Breast cancer in young women portends a poorer prognosis and often results in more aggressive treatments, placing patients at a higher risk of adverse treatment effects. Small studies suggest that the use of integrative oncology (IO) as a complementary therapy during standard of care cancer treatment may help reduce adverse treatment effects, improve treatment compliance, and enhance patient well-being. However, the timing of therapies and usage patterns relative to standard treatment are unknown. We sought to offer young women with breast cancer a referral to IO physicians, describe timing of consultation, and identify recommended IO therapies. Methods: Retrospective review of women &lt; 40 years with breast cancer from 2014-2019 in a young women’s breast cancer program at a large, single-institution, tertiary care center. Patients were referred to a fellowship-trained physician in the Department of IO who recommended various integrative therapies as adjunctive treatment to standard of care based on patient-reported concerns. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, operative procedures, adjunctive medical treatments, reasons for seeking IO consultation, timing of consultation, and IO therapies were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: 64 young women (median age 39 years) received an IO consultation: 48 (75%) after starting standard care treatment, 16 (25%) before. Clinical stages Ia, IIa, or IIb, node negative, without metastatic disease were common. Hormone-positive, poorly differentiated, invasive ductal carcinoma was the most observed histology. 42 (65%) patients underwent mastectomy; 18 (29%) underwent breast conservation surgery. 91% of patients received chemotherapy as part of standard care; 70% of patients received chemotherapy prior to their IO consultation. Primary reasons women sought an integrative oncology consultation were cancer risk reduction (63%) and adverse treatment effects (54%). For the latter, patients reported vasomotor concerns (43%), insomnia (34%), weight gain/loss (29%), nutrition (25%), and gastrointestinal problems including chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting (20%). Recommended IO therapies were as follows: acupuncture (34%), massage (29%), and healing touch (28%). Conclusions: Breast cancer in young women tends to be more advanced and more aggressive; these patients are at a higher risk of adverse treatment effects. Our study suggests that young women who receive a consultation by an IO physician express concerns for adverse treatment effects and desire to decrease their future cancer risk. Although the extent to which IO therapies may effect a clinically relevant change in adverse effects or future cancer risk remains unknown, this study serves as preliminary data for more rigorous studies examining the optimal timing of IO therapies as well as specific therapies that may be associated with improved outcomes.

Board gender diversity, firm performance and risk-taking in developing countries: The moderating effect of culture

We examine the moderating effects of culture on the relationship between board gender diversity and corporate risk-taking and firm performance in 27 developing countries and find that board gender diversity is negatively related to both operating and financial risk and positively related to firm performance. We also document a moderating effect of culture on the board gender diversity - risk-taking relationship. In countries that rank high on masculinity, individualism, and long-term orientation and therefore, are prone to taking higher risk, culture attenuates the risk reduction effect of board gender diversity. Uncertainty avoidance reinforces the risk reduction impact of board gender diversity. The years following the financial crisis have witnessed an increase in the number of women on corporate boards and the increase coincides with a moderation in the risk reduction effect of gender-diverse boards. This finding is consistent with prior literature (e.g., Adams and Funk, 2012) that shows that female’s degree of risk aversion may reduce once they have broken through the glass ceiling and have adapted to a male-denominated culture. Our results are robust to the use of different measures of risk and to the correction of endogeneity issues.

Board diversity and firm risk-taking in the tourism sector: Moderating effects of board independence, CEO duality, and free cash flows

This study examines the effect of board diversity on risk-taking for tourism firms and analyzes the moderating effect of board independence, CEO duality, and free cash flows in this proposed relationship. Using a composite index of board diversity and a sample of tourism firms from the US hotel, restaurant, and airline industries, we find that greater board diversity leads to lower risk-taking, measured in standard deviation of return on assets. Moreover, we report that the risk-reduction effect of board diversity is more profound when tourism firms have less board independence and less free cash flows for investments. When board diversity is decomposed into relation-oriented and task-oriented diversity attributes, we find that only the task-oriented diversity is influential in reducing firm risk-taking for tourism firms. Akin to main analysis, the board independence and free cash flows are significant moderators of the relationship between task-oriented diversity and firm risk-taking.

Tamoxifen: Will Less Equal More in Women with Precancerous Breast Disease?

Similar risk reduction but fewer side effects would predict more uptake and compliance with low (5 mg) versus full (20 mg) dose tamoxifen. Benefit with low dose is demonstrated for perimenopausal/postmenopausal women with intraepithelial neoplasia and high lesion Ki-67. Longer follow-up needed to determine benefit with low lesion Ki-67.See related article by DeCensi et al., p. 3576.

Ductal Carcinoma in Situ in Young Women: Increasing Rates of Mastectomy and Variability in Endocrine Therapy Use.

Young women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) represent a unique cohort given considerations for future risk reduction and treatment effects on fertility and quality of life. We evaluated national patterns of care in the treatment of young women and the impact of those treatments on overall survival (OS). Women younger than 50 years of age diagnosed with pure DCIS from 2004 to 2016 in the National Cancer Database (NCDB) were identified. Clinical, demographic, and choice of local therapy are summarized and trended over time. OS was analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models. A total of 52,150 women were identified, and the most common surgical treatment was breast-conservation surgery (BCS; 59%). Bilateral mastectomy (BM) increased in frequency from 2004 to 2016 (11-27%; p<0.001). In women<40years of age, BM (39%) surpassed BCS (35%) in 2010 with a continued upward trend. On multivariable analysis, no OS benefit of BM (hazard ratio [HR] 0.99, p=0.90) or unilateral mastectomy (UM; HR 0.98, p=0.80) was observed when compared with BCS+radiation therapy (RT). Inferior OS was seen with BCS, Black race, estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, and tumor≥2.5cm (p≤0.006). In ER+ patients, there was a significant difference in endocrine therapy (ET) use between BM (11%), UM (33%), and BCS (28%) compared with BCS+RT (64%, p<0.001). The use of BM for DCIS is increasing in younger patients and now exceeds breast-conservation approaches in women<40years of age with no evidence of improved OS. Among ER+ patients, the rates of ET are lower in the BM, UM, and BCS-alone groups compared with BCS+RT.

Restoration and risk reduction of lead mining waste by phosphate-enriched biosolid amendments

Lead (Pb) contamination in environment has been identified as a threat to human health and ecosystems. In an effort to reduce the health and ecological risks associated with Pb mining wastes, a field study was conducted to stabilize Pb using phosphate (P)-enriched biosolid amendments in the contaminated mining wastes (average of 1004 mg Pb kg−1) located within the Jasper County Superfund Site, southwest Missouri. Experiments consisted of six biosolid amendment treatments, including Mizzou Doo compost (MD); Spent mushroom compost (SMC); Turkey litter compost (TLC); Composted chicken litter (CCL); Composted sewage sludge (CSS); and Triple superphosphate (TSP). Kentucky tall fescue seeds were planted following the treatments, and soil and plant samples were collected and analyzed 8–10 years post treatment. Results indicated that, in all cases, the biosolid treatments resulted in significant reductions in bioaccessible Pb (96.5 to 97.5%), leachable Pb (95.0 to 97.1%) and plant tissue Pb (45.5 to 90.1%) in the treated wastes, as compared with the control. The treatments had no significantly toxicological effect to soil microbial community. Analysis of the Pb fractionation revealed that the Pb risk reduction was accomplished by transforming labile Pb fractions to relatively stable species through the chemical stabilization reactions as induced by the treatments. The solid-phase microprobe analysis confirmed the formation of pyromorphite or pyromorphite-like minerals after the treatment. Among the six biosolid amendments examined, SMC and MD treatments were shown most effective in the context of Pb stabilization and risk reduction. This field study demonstrated that the treatment effectiveness of Pb stabilization and risk reduction in mining wastes by P-enriched biosolid amendments was long-term and environmental-sound, which could be potentially applied as a cost-effective remedial technology to restore contaminated mining site and safeguard human health and ecosystems from Pb contamination.