Risk Of Spread Research Articles

Retrospective, Observational, Pilot Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Goel's Technique of Laparoscopic Hysterectomy in Endometrial Carcinoma.

Background Laparoscopic hysterectomy is a substitute for the abdominal hysterectomy technique for endometrial carcinoma. Goel's technique is a unique laparoscopic hysterectomy. The main feature of Goel's technique is that vaginal manipulators or myoma screws are not used in the procedure as vaginal manipulators or myoma screws contribute to an increased risk of spread of malignancy in the systemic circulation. Methods In this retrospective, observational, pilot, single-centre study, the patient's baseline demographics, clinical characteristics, and assessment and outcome measures of Goel's technique of laparoscopic hysterectomy were recorded. The following metrics were used to assess the postoperative recovery: average time to discharge the patients after the surgery; postoperative complications/pain assessment; correlation between pain and day of hospital discharge; association between the day of discharge and postoperative pain assessment; association between operation time and complications. Results A total of 35 female patients with early-stage endometrial cancer were included, their mean age being 56.29 years. The mean time to hospital discharge of the patients was 2.94 days. Of the cases,2.9% had a ureteral injuryand ureterovaginal fistula as complications, which were resolved during the follow-up period. On day one, the mean pain score decreased significantly to 50% from day zero (D0), and on day two, the mean pain score showed a significant fall of 91.5% from D0. Ten patients with a mean pain assessment score of 3.60 at D0 were released on the second day, 20 patients with a mean score of 3.80 at D0 were released on the second day, and five patients with a mean score of 5.60 at D0 were released at ≥ four days. Not a single patient developed any wound infection, dehiscence, or herniation for six months. Conclusion Goel's technique helped patients with endometrial carcinoma to recover faster and it reduced hospital stays with fewer postoperative complications.

Determinants of malaria spread among under-five children in Nigeria: results from a 2021 Nigerian malaria indicator cross-sectional survey

BackgroundMalaria is a global disease burden, especially in Africa, with Nigeria having the highest prevalence of malaria, with approximately 50% affecting children. Children under five years of age are vulnerable to the risk of malaria spread. This research aimed to identify the determinants of malaria spread among children under the age of 5 in Nigeria.MethodsThis study used national malaria indicator survey data from 2021 (2021NMIS). The NMIS was implemented by the National Malaria Elimination Programme (NMEP), and data were collected between 12 October and 4 December 2021. This study included 3678 children, and data cleaning and analysis were performed via STATA version 17 software.ResultsThere was a positive association between Child’s age in months of 13–23 (AOR = 2.97; 95% CI = 1.62–5.45), 24–35 months (AOR = 2.64; 95% CI = 1.43–4.88),36–47 months (AOR = 2.18; 95% CI = 1.17–4.08) and months of 48–59(AOR = 2.82; 95% CI = 1.53–5.23), households headed by females (AOR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.54–0.95),households with all children slept in mosquito nets last night (AOR = 2.43; 95% CI = 1.39–4.21), some children slept in the mosquito bed net (AOR = 2.83; 95% CI = 1.50–5.35) and households with no mosquito bed nets (AOR = 2.18; 95% CI = 1.22–3.88),mothers who agreed to have heard or seen malaria messages in the last 6 months (AOR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.62–1.74),respondents with medium level of awareness of malaria prevention messages had (AOR = 2.35; 95% CI = 1.62–3.4), Children from North East (AOR = 0.7; 95% CI = 0.54–0.9), South-South (AOR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.5–0.85) and South West (AOR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.37–0.73) and malaria status of children under five years of age in Nigeria.ConclusionThe government and other concerned malaria prevention organizations should emphasize maternal education programs that are vital for malaria prevention, early symptom recognition, and timely treatment, empowering families to take proactive measures. Collaboration among health, education, and community organizations is also crucial for integrated malaria control and prevention.

Household expenditure on control of urban mosquitoes Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy.

In 2007, the first outbreak of Chikungunya in Italy generated great alarm, highlighting the health risks caused by exotic species recently introduced in Europe and the need to strengthen control actions against the vectors. Besides health risks, mosquitoes cause nuisance, and citizens are required to adopt control measures. While the economic aspects of mosquito control by public agencies have been investigated, the scientific literature on the costs of mosquito protection incurred by families is scarce. This study assessed the households' expenditure on protective measures against mosquitoes in Emilia-Romagna, a region in Northern Italy. A phone questionnaire survey was conducted to collect data on the annual expenditure incurred by households for self-protection against mosquitos in relation to the perceived level of nuisance and the household and dwelling characteristics. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify the main determinants influencing such expenditure, which resulted affected by dwelling characteristics, presence of children under 6 years of age, and health concerns of family members. The average annual household expenditure was estimated at 84.63 euros, about 30 times higher than the expenditure per household supported by regional and local administrations for interventions against mosquitoes in public areas, as calculated in a previous study. Household expenditure is mainly aimed at providing a direct defense against mosquito bites (mosquito nets, adulticides, skin-on repellents, etc.) while spending for more effective measures addressed to reduce mosquito density results marginal: e.g., only 3.5% of the total expenditure was dedicated to larval control. Control activities that lower the mosquito density in both private and public areas could reduce the use of household insecticides in urban environments and the related costs, and the risk of spread of imported arboviruses as well.

Estimating the risk and spatial spread of measles in populations with high MMR uptake: Using school-household networks to understand the 2013 to 2014 outbreak in the Netherlands.

Measles outbreaks are still routine, even in countries where vaccination coverage exceeds the guideline of 95%. Therefore, achieving ambitions for measles eradication will require understanding of how unvaccinated children interact with others who are unvaccinated. It is well established that schools and homes are key settings for both clustering of unvaccinated children and for transmission of infection. In this study, we evaluate the potential for contacts between unvaccinated children in these contexts to facilitate measles outbreaks with a focus on the Netherlands, where large outbreaks have been observed periodically since the introduction of mumps, measles and rubella (MMR). We created a network of all primary and secondary schools in the Netherlands based on the total number of household pairs between each school. A household pair are siblings from the same household who attend a different school. We parameterised the network with individual level administrative school and household data provided by the Dutch Ministry for Education and estimates of school level uptake of the MMR vaccine. We analysed the network to establish the relative strength of contact between schools and found that schools associated with low vaccine uptake are highly connected, aided by a differentiated school system in the Netherlands (Coleman homophily index (CHI) = 0.63). We simulated measles outbreaks on the network and evaluated the model against empirical measles data per postcode area from a large outbreak in 2013 (2,766 cases). We found that the network-based model could reproduce the observed size and spatial distribution of the historic outbreak much more clearly than the alternative models, with a case weighted receiver operating characteristic (ROC) sensitivity of 0.94, compared to 0.17 and 0.26 for models that do not account for specific network structure or school-level vaccine uptake, respectively. The key limitation of our framework is that it neglects transmission routes outside of school and household contexts. Our framework indicates that clustering of unvaccinated children in primary schools connected by unvaccinated children in related secondary schools lead to large, connected clusters of unvaccinated children. Using our approach, we could explain historical outbreaks on a spatial level. Our framework could be further developed to aid future outbreak response.

Dirty lives, wild birds, clean places, and exceptional health: a critical discourse analysis of Danish and Norwegian news coverage of avian influenza risk

Avian influenza outbreaks are recurring worldwide. In Norwegian and Danish media, fluctuating attention has been paid to these outbreaks and the coverage that exists largely portrays the situation as a distant problem, limited to so-called non-Western countries. In the present article, we have analysed news articles from two Norwegian and two Danish newspapers published in 2006/2008, 2017 and 2021 using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). By analysing linguistic articulations of risk and blame for avian influenza in Norwegian and Danish media, we explore how this portrayal creates discursive distinctions between risk and blame ‘here’ in Europe and ‘there’ in Asian and African countries. We discuss these discursive contrasts in light of Bergamo’s theory of ideology of health progress and Douglas’ understanding of hygiene as cultural ideas. Our analysis reveals that dominant portrayals of avian influenza in the news media construct particular discourses of blame, risk, and responsibility for disease emergence and spread that are ideologically underpinned by an understanding of disease management, meat production, and animal health in Norway and Denmark as exceptional. We argue that this may have implications for perceptions of places at risk of emergence and spread of viruses and the nature of responses for pandemic preparedness and disease eradication.

Geographical distribution and molecular identification of cyst nematodes in Bajaur, Pakistan

Summary A survey conducted along the Panjkora river in Bajaur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan, identified seven isolates of nematode populations belonging to the Heteroderidae family among the 25 soil and root samples examined. Within these isolates, three were classified as Heterodera avenae, H. filipjevi and H. zeae, while the remaining four were identified as Globodera pallida. The identification of these cyst nematodes involved a combination of morphological and morphometric analyses, complemented by molecular techniques employing newly designed primers to amplify diagnostic regions from any cyst nematode. This study marks the first molecular characterisation of H. avenae, H. zeae and G. pallida in Pakistan and the initial report of H. filipjevi in the country. The mapping of crop-growing regions with sampling points highlights areas at high risk for further pathogen spread.

Evil and allies: Opportunistic gulls as both spreaders and sentinels of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria in human‐transformed landscapes

Abstract Human‐transformed residuals, especially those derived from human waste (dumps), farmland, and livestock are involved in the emergence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria (ARB) in the environment. Wildlife can act as vectors of ARB dispersal through different environments, but also as sentinels to detect the early spread and determine ARB sources. The development of integrated monitoring programmes focused on wildlife would help to anticipate the risks of ARB to humans and livestock. We used the yellow‐legged gull (Larus michahellis) as a model species to investigate and monitor the spatial patterns of ARB dispersal across an extensive farmland region located in northeastern Spain (Lleida). By integrating GPS tracking data and ARB clinical testing for 26 individuals within a network analysis framework, we modelled the risk of spatial pathogen spread through faeces during the bacteria‐transmission latency period (16 days after sample collection). Additionally, we created a connectivity network to determine the main sources of ARB in the area, focusing on three main habitats of special risk for infection: dumps, livestock facilities, and irrigation ponds. Seven individuals were infected by Escherichia coli, with one also co‐infected with Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. Potential pathogen dispersal distances ranged from 1.13 km to 23.13 km from the breeding colony. Our network analyses revealed 54 main nodes (i.e. high‐risk habitats recurrently visited by tracked gulls) and 1182 links among them. Our findings revealed a high degree of connectivity between the breeding area, located in a shallow lake, and nearby dumps, highlighting them as significant contributors to ARB dispersal. Synthesis and applications: The integration of GPS data, pathogen testing and network analyses can shed further light on pathogen dynamics by creating spatial risk maps and identifying ARB sources. In combination with complementary molecular epidemiology techniques within a One Health framework, our approach can emerge as an important tool for monitoring ARB dynamics within highly human‐transformed ecosystems. This may empower managers for the development of targeted ARB monitoring programmes and effective mitigation strategies, ultimately improving both animal and public health.

Evaluation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) toxic effects on the acute inflammatory response in the medicinal leech Hirudoverbana

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) substances are a large group of chemicals with elevated water and oil-resistance properties, widely implicated in various applicative fields. Due to the extensive use and high resistance to degradative factors, these compounds pose a significant risk of environmental spreading, bioaccumulating also in living organisms. In this context, despite many researches have been performed to demonstrate “legacy” PFAS harmfulness, only few data are still available about all the emerging fluorinated molecules, industrially introduced to replace the previous ones. For this reason, we proposed the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana as consolidated invertebrate model to assess the effects of four different PFAS (HFPO-DA, PFMoBa, PFOA and PFMOPrA) following freshwater dispersion. Morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular analyses demonstrate that, despite all the compounds basically induce an acute inflammatory and oxidative stress response, a different cellular and molecular response has been observed. Whereas for PFOA and PFMOPrA an increase in the tested concentration leads to a corresponding rise in the immune response, HFPO-DA and PFMoBa trigger an entirely opposite effect. Indeed, the significant recruitment of both granulocytes and macrophage like cells, typically involved in the removal of non-self, is inhibited with increasing concentrations of these compounds. The data collected revealed a different sensitivity of the leech immune system following PFAS exposure, requiring to deepen the current knowledge on the potential toxicity of these compounds.

Medical misinformation and fear of recurrence in patients with breast cancer.

354 Background: Fear of recurrence is a common yet underappreciated burden patients experience during and after cancer treatment. Medical misinformation about factors that influence risk of cancer progression/recurrence is also common. Little is known about the spread of medical misinformation and how it affects fear of cancer recurrence. Methods: From 7/2023 to 8/2023 patients completed an anonymous online survey administered by Breastcancer.org. Surveys were available in English and Spanish with eligibility: US resident, age ≥18 years, and breast cancer diagnosis within 10 years. Surveys assessed patient awareness of various factors purported to increase or decrease risk of cancer progression/recurrence and fear of recurrence (via validated FCRI-SF, scored 0-36, higher scores indicate greater fear, score ≥22 indicate clinical relevance). Multivariate analysis (MVA) assessed awareness of misinformation after controlling for age, race and ethnicity, marital status, and level of education. Chi-square assessed association between misinformation exposure and fear of recurrence. Results: Overall, 997 completed the survey. Median age was 62 (IQR 53-69), 86% were White, 5% Black, 4% Hispanic, and 3% Asian. 76% were married and 77% had completed a college or advanced degree. 52% were undergoing active cancer treatment at the time of assessment. Most (65%) reported hearing misinformation regarding factors that may INCREASE risk of cancer progression/recurrence. Specifically, patients heard that sugar (61%), deodorant (22%), vaccines (8%), cell phones (8%), and bra type (8%) could increase risk. Half (54%) reported hearing misinformation regarding factors that may DECREASE risk of cancer progression/recurrence. Specifically, patients heard that eating organic food (41%), oral vitamins/supplements (29%), alkaline diet/alkalized water (12%), vitamin infusions (7%), cleanses (5%), essential oils (5%), and oxygen therapy (4%) could decrease risk. Overall, 76% had reported at least one incorrect factor influencing risk of cancer progression/recurrence. On MVA, younger age (OR 0.99/year of age, 95%CI 0.97-1.00, p=0.044) and Hispanic ethnicity (OR 2.98, 95%CI 1.02-8.25, p=0.047) were associated with hearing misinformation. Fear of recurrence score was available for 695 (70%) patients. Median score was 19 (IQR 13-24), 38% had a clinically significant level of fear (≥22). Awareness of medical misinformation was not associated with clinically significant fear (38% vs. 35%, χ 2 0.53, p=0.469). Conclusions: In a large cohort of patients with breast cancer, medical misinformation about risk of progression/recurrence was common. Fear of recurrence was high in over a third of surveyed patients, but was not associated with awareness of false information. Further understanding of how patients perceive and process medical misinformation is essential, especially in populations at highest risk for misinformation spread.

“Love thy neighbor, but don’t pull down your hedge”: The influence of interdependence with major customers on supplier productivity

This research examines how mutual and relative dependence on major customers impact supplier productivity. We investigate two research questions: (1) Does the extent of mutual dependence between a supplier and its major customer base exhibit a non-linear impact on supplier productivity? (2) How does the combined influence of the supplier’s relative dependence and mutual dependence on major customers affect supplier productivity? Using major customer relationship data from Compustat segment files, we construct a longitudinal dataset in the manufacturing industry for the period 1998–2017. We estimate supplier productivity accounting for selection bias and employ the fixed effect regression approach to examine the effects of mutual dependence and relative dependence on supplier productivity. Moreover, we address potential endogeneity in the model with the control function approach. Our results indicate an inverted curvilinear relationship between a supplier’s mutual dependence on its major customers and its productivity: While increased mutual dependence initially enhances productivity, the marginal returns diminish. Interestingly, the curvilinear effect becomes more prominent when the supplier’s relative dependence increases. Our study’s findings offer three best-practice strategies including (1) spread and anchor risk, (2) reduce relative dependence, and (3) deepen customer understanding, all of which help suppliers manage the interdependence in major customer relationships.

EP.07G.02 Nomogram Model for Predicting Risk of Spread Through Air Space in Stage IA Sub-centimeter Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

EP.07G.02 Nomogram Model for Predicting Risk of Spread Through Air Space in Stage IA Sub-centimeter Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Implementation Machine Learning of K-Means Clustering Method and Linear Regression for Detecting the Risk of Tuberculosis Spread in Bangka Regency

The number of tuberculosis (TB) sufferers in Bangka Regency tends to increase and is becoming a very serious public health problem. In 2023, there will be around 331,581 residents of Bangka Regency, with around 1,489 of them suffering from TB. The high number of TB cases in Bangka Regency requires comprehensive monitoring. Surveillance can be carried out by grouping TB cases by region. One clustering method is K-Means which groups data based on similar criteria. Researchers also used the Linear Regression method to predict the effect of population density on increasing TB prevalence. This research was conducted to cluster the distribution pattern of TB by region and identify the influence of population density variables on the increase in TB. Based on the results of the K-Means method analysis by looking at the Performance Davies Bouldin-Index (Dbi) test, researchers obtained a pattern of TB distribution which was categorized into: Areas with High Prevalence (Sungailiat), Medium Prevalence (Belinyu and West Mendo) and Low Prevalence (Bakam, Merawang, Pemali, Pudding Besar, and Riau Silip). Meanwhile, the prediction results show that there is a positive influence of 81% of the population density variable on increasing the number of TB spreads and 19% is influenced by other variables. The results of this research can be used as a reference for the Bangka District Health Service to assist decision-making in preventing an increase in TB cases.

A SEGURANÇA DO PACIENTE

Objective: Promote training for nursing team professionals to reduce the risks of infections caused by invasive procedures. Methods: This study was based on a quantitative research, of an exploratory nature, conducted through field research. Results: The aim was to decrease hospital-acquired infections by raising awareness among the nursing team about the importance of following safety protocols. This included reducing the percentage of devices that could potentially aggravate risks for clients/patients. Final Considerations: The study highlighted the need for targeted training using the presented approach. It emphasized the importance of the entire team remaining vigilant in hygiene practices, handwashing, equipment cleaning, and proper execution of invasive procedures to minimize the risks of infection transmission and spread.

Seismic Performance of Pile Groups under Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreading: Insights from Advanced Numerical Modeling

Post-earthquake investigations have shown that piles in liquefiable soils are highly susceptible to damage, especially in sloping sites. This study examines the seismic performance of pile groups with lateral spreading through advanced numerical modeling. A three-dimensional finite element model, validated against large-scale shaking table test results, is implemented to capture the key mechanisms driving the dynamic response of pile groups under both inertial and kinematic loading conditions. Parametric seismic response analyses are conducted to compare the behavior of batter and vertical piles under varying ground motion intensities. The results indicate that batter piles experience increased axial compressive and tensile forces compared to vertical piles, up to 70% and 20%, respectively. However, batter piles provide enhanced lateral stiffness and shear resistance compared to vertical piles, reducing horizontal displacements by up to 20% and tilting the cap by 85% under strong ground motion. The results demonstrate that batter piles not only enhance the overall seismic stability of the structure but also mitigate the risk of liquefaction-induced lateral spreading in the near-field through pile-pinning effects. While vertical piles are more commonly used in practice, the distinct advantages of batter piles for seismic stability highlighted in this study may encourage using more advanced numerical modeling in engineering projects.

Recommendation of consensus definition of sea turtle fibropapillomatosis

AbstractSea turtle fibropapillomatosis (FP) is an emerging transboundary contagious disease that affected concomitantly two different marine hot spots in the Northern Atlantic Ocean and in the South China Sea at the beginning of the twentieth century. FP reached a panzootic status in the 1990s in green turtle (Chelonia mydas) populations, with increased risks of emergence and spread of the disease which have been correlated with climate induced terrestrial and oceanic physical and chemical changes. During 2023–2024, scientific experts performed a bibliographic review and recommend the consensus definition of sea turtle fibropapillomatosis. FP is an emerging transboundary viral terrestrial and aquatic contagious neoplastic syndrome involving cancerous molecular transmission pathways, which may affect all species of sea turtles at all life stages. The diagnosis of the most common verrucous form of FP is pathognomonic by visual examination of a sea turtle. We summarize the main clinical characteristics of FP, moderated by a degree of confidence of research findings adapted from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment reports. We recommend the implementation of a universal and transparent monitoring strategy of sea turtle fibropapillomatosis in sentinel bays, under the governance of the World Organisation for Animal Health.

A CRISPR-Cas13b System Degrades SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 RNA In Vitro

In a time of climate change, population growth, and globalization, the risk of viral spread has significantly increased. The 21st century has already witnessed outbreaks of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus (SARS-CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Ebola virus and Influenza virus, among others. Viruses rapidly adapt and evade human immune systems, complicating the development of effective antiviral countermeasures. Consequently, the need for novel antivirals resilient to viral mutations is urgent. In this study, we developed a CRISPR-Cas13b system to target SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, this system was also efficient against SARS-CoV, demonstrating broad-spectrum potential. Our findings highlight CRISPR-Cas13b as a promising tool for antiviral therapeutics, underscoring its potential in RNA-virus-associated pandemic responses.

Population histories of variable reproductive success and low winter precipitation correlate with risk-averse seed germination in a mediterranean-climate winter annual.

Seed germination involves risk; post-germination conditions might not allow survival and reproduction. Variable, stressful environments favor seeds with germination that avoids risk (e.g., germination in conditions predicting success), spreads risk (e.g., dormancy), or escapes risk (e.g., rapid germination). Germination studies often investigate trait correlations with climate features linked to variation in post-germination reproductive success. Rarely are long-term records of population reproductive success available. Supported by demographic and climate monitoring, we analyzed germination in the California winter-annual Clarkia xantiana subsp. xantiana. Sowing seeds of 10 populations across controlled levels of water potential and temperature, we estimated temperature-specific base water potential for 20% germination, germination time weighted by water potential above base (hydrotime), and a dormancy index (frequency of viable, ungerminated seeds). Mixed-effects models analyzed responses to (1) temperature, (2) discrete variation in reproductive success (presence or absence of years with zero seed production by a population), and (3) climate covariates, mean winter precipitation and coefficient of variation (CV) of spring precipitation. For six populations, records enabled analysis with a continuous metric of variable reproduction, the CV of per-capita reproductive success. Populations with more variable reproductive success had higher base water potential and dormancy. Higher base water potential and faster germination occurred at warmer experimental temperatures and in seeds of populations with wetter winters. Geographic variation in seed germination in this species suggests local adaptation to demographic risk and rainfall. High base water potential and dormancy may concentrate germination in years likely to allow reproduction, while spreading risk among years.

Percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy of lung lesions is a safe method associated with a very low risk of pleural recurrence.

Percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy (PTNB), an alternative to bronchoscopic confirmation of lung lesions, is today being associated with a risk of pneumothorax and hemorrhage. Further, there are no data on the possible risk of malignant disease spreading to the pleura at the site of the PTNB. Previous studies have dealt with this risk in stage I non-small cell lung cancer only. The aim of this study was thus to assess the risk of pleural recurrence for all types of lung lesions. Secondary objectives included assessment of diagnostic yield and safety with respect to the incidence of pneumothorax and hemorrhage. Clinical data of all patients from the University Hospital in Pilsen who had undergone PTNB of lung lesions between 1.1.2018 and 31.12.2022 were included in this retrospective study. Following PTNB, ipsilateral pleural effusion occurred in 4.8% of patients without prior pleural infiltration. The effusion was confirmed as malignant in one patient (0.7%). Diagnostic yield of the method was 86.6%. We recorded pneumothorax or hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma or pleural space requiring medical intervention in 3.4% and 1.1% of patients, respectively. In our study, percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy of lung lesions showed high sensitivity and low degree of acute complications requiring an invasive solution. The risk of pleural recurrence after a biopsy was very low. Consequently, we continue to consider this method to be an alternative to bronchoscopy biopsies.

Tantangan dan Solusi Terkini dalam Penanganan Penyakit Menular

Infectious disease management continues to face various dynamic challenges along with environmental changes, human travel patterns, and the emergence of new pathogens. This study aims to analyze and identify current challenges and the solution in infectious disease management through a literature review method. The review covered scientific literature from various relevant sources, including journals, books, and reports from international health organizations. The results of this study show that the main challenges include antimicrobial resistance, and lack of health infrastructure in some regions. In addition, global issues such as climate change and urbanization exacerbate the situation by increasing the risk of disease spread. The study also found that international collaboration, innovations in medical technology, and increased public awareness and education are key to overcoming these challenges. In conclusion, addressing infectious diseases requires a multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral approach to improve the global response to evolving health threats.

Better preparedness for invasive crop pests in changing climate: Assessing the risk of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) colonization in global maize growing regions and future spread dynamics

AbstractThe establishment and spread of alien species in new areas pose a potential threat to global food security. Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte is an invasive maize pest originally from Mexico, causing substantial economic damage to maize production across extensive areas of the United States and Europe. However, it has not yet invaded Asia or other regions. We used the Ensemble Model and Cellular Automaton to analyze the establishment and spread risk of this pest. The pest has not explored novel climates during past invasions, and the climatic ecological niche it occupied in Europe constitutes only a fraction of that in North America, indicating that the species still possesses the potential to spread further in Europe in the future. Currently, approximately 34% of global maize‐growing areas are at risk, with 25.5% facing a high establishment risk. By 2060, a significant northward spread is projected to occur in North America and Europe, while only a sporadic spread is expected in South America, Asia, Africa, or Oceania. Therefore, the adaptation of transnational management strategies may be necessary to prevent and control the risk of introduction and spread of this important maize pest into new areas of global maize production.