Risk Of Pesticide Residues Research Articles

Pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits from Istanbul by LC-MS/MS

Selected pesticide active ingredients are used in various stages of production of fruits and vegetables in Turkey for the purpose of pest control. Due to their harm to humans, animals and the environment, pesticide active ingredients and their residue limits were determined by legal regulations. The aim of this study was to determine and highlight the pesticide residue risk in fruits and vegetables sold in markets and greengrocers and widely consumed in Istanbul, one of the most populated cities in Turkey. 393 pesticide active ingredients in 100 fruit and vegetable samples (tomatoes, green peppers, cucumbers, strawberries and apples in total) were screened using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) with Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) sample preparation method. The mean recoveries of the pesticides were between 76.5 % and 115.5 %, LOQ for them was 0.01 mg kg-1. Pesticide residue was detected in 43% of the samples. A total of 7 (7%) samples contained pesticide residues above maximum residue limit (MRL). While pesticide residues were detected above MRL in tomato, strawberry and cucumber samples; no pesticide residues were found above MRL in pepper and apple samples. In the samples analyzed, 42 different pesticide residues were detected, the most detected pesticide active substance in the samples examined was Acetamiprid. Phorate Sulfone, one of the banned pesticides, was detected in a strawberry sample.

Pesticide residues on the agricultural products in Dong Thap province during 2016 - 2017

Pesticides have taken an important role and they have had popular use in agricultural cultivation. However, that may increase the risk of pesticide residues in agricultural products. Cross-sectional study, using secondary data on monitoring of pesticide residues on the agricultural products in Dong Thap province during 2016-2017. The study was carried out from October to December 2019. The results show in 2016, the percentage of vegetables and fruits in Dong Thap province with pesticide residues was counted as 12.1 % and 5.3 %, respectively; in 2017 were 29.4 % and 5.6 %, respectively. However, the concentration of pesticide residues on vegetable and fruit samples was found to be mostly under the allowable threshold as prescribed by the Ministry of Health. The monitoring of pesticide residues on agricultural products is a necessary activity to improve the quality of agricultural products and the safety of the community's health.

Research progress on pesticide residues of Panax ginseng

Panax ginseng, a perennial herb, is prone to diseases and insect pests in the growth process, which are primarily prevented and treated by pesticides. However, due to the lack of standardization in the types, frequencies, and doses of pesticides, pesticide residues have become the main exogenous pollutants of P. ginseng. To explore the risk of pesticide residues in P. ginseng, this paper summarized and analyzed the common pesticide residues in P. ginseng, detection techniques, and pesticide residue limit stan-dards based on the published literature in recent years. The results revealed that the main pesticide residues in P. ginseng were organochlorine pesticides, such as tetrachloronitrobenzene, pentachloronitrobenzene, and hexachlorobenzene, and the detection techniques were dominated by gas chromatography(GC), liquid chromatography(LC), or those combined with mass spectrometry(MS). Because of the long half-life and difficulty in degradation, organochlorine pesticides have become the main factor affecting the export of P. ginseng. It is worth mentioning that P. ginseng has been classified as food in Japan, South Korea, the European Union, and other countries, and the standards of pesticide residues and limits are stricter than those in China. The quality and safety of P. ginseng are prerequisites for the efficacy of Chinese medicine and the development of traditional Chinese medicine. The formulation of scientific and effective standards for pesticide application and limits would promote the high-quality development of the P. ginseng industry.

Levels and Health Risk of Pesticide Residues in Chinese Herbal Medicines.

In the present study, 168 pesticides in 1,017 samples of 10 Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) were simultaneously determined by high-performance liquid (HPLC-MS/MS) and gas (GC-MS/MS) chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 89.2% of the samples encompassed one or multiple pesticide residues, and the residue concentrations in 60.5% of samples were less than 0.02 mg kg−1, revealing the relatively low residue levels. The hazard quotient and hazard index methods were used to estimate the health risk for consumers. For a more accurate risk assessment, the exposure frequency and exposure duration of CHMs were involved into the exposure assessment, which was obtained from a questionnaire data of 20,917 volunteers. The results of chronic, acute, and cumulative risk assessment indicated that consumption of CHMs is unlikely to pose a health risk to consumers. Ranking the risk of detected pesticides revealed that phorate, BHC, triazophos, methidathion, terbufos, and omethoate posed the highest risk. Our results also showed that pollution of the aboveground medicinal part was more serious. Although exposure to pesticides in tested CHMs was below dangerous levels, more strict controlled management should be carried out for banned pesticides due to the high detection rate and illegal use in the actual planting practice.

Detection and Risk Assessments of Multi-Pesticides in Traditional Chinese Medicine Chuanxiong Rhizoma by LC/MS-MS and GC/MS-MS.

With the internationalization of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and the increasing use of herbal medicines around the world, there are concerns over their safety. In recent years, there have been some sporadic reports of pesticide residues in Chuanxiong Rhizoma (CX), although the lack of systematic and comprehensive analyses of pesticide residues and evaluations of toxicological risks in human health has increased the uncertainty of the potential effects of pesticides exposure in humans. This study aimed to clarify the status of pesticide residues and to determine the health risks of pesticide residues in CX. The findings of this study revealed that 99 batches of CX samples contained pesticide residues ranging from 0.05 to 3013.17 μg/kg. Here, 6–22 kinds of pesticides were detected in each sample. Prometryn, carbendazim, dimethomorph, chlorpyrifos, chlorantraniliprole, pyraclostrobin, and paclobutrazol were the most frequently detected pesticides, with detection rates of 68.69–100%. Insecticides and fungicides accounted for 43.23% and 37.84% of the total pesticides detected, respectively. Here, 86.87% of the pesticide content levels were lower than 50 μg/kg, and a small number of samples contained carbofuran, dimethoate, and isofenphos-methyl exceeding the maximum residue levels (MRLs). A risk assessment based on the hazard quotient/hazard index (HQ/HI) approach revealed that the short-term, long-term, and cumulative risks of pesticide residues in CX are well below the levels that may pose a health risk. Worryingly, six banned pesticides (carbofuran, phorate sulfone, phorate-sulfoxide, isofenphos-methyl, terbufos-sulfone, and terbufoxon sulfoxide) were detected. This study has improved our understanding of the potential exposure risk of pesticide multi-residues in CX. The results of the study will have a positive impact on improving the quality and safety of CX and the development of MRLs for pesticide residues.

Determination of 31 pesticide residues in wolfberry by LC-MS/MS and dietary risk assessment of wolfberry consumption

A modified QuEChERS method coupled with LC-MS/MS was developed and validated to detect 31 pesticides in wolfberry. The conditions for extraction solvent and QuEChERS purification were optimized. The validated method was applied to analyse pesticides in 200 wolfberry samples. The risk from chronic and acute dietary intake of the detected pesticide residues was assessed by the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and acute reference dose (ARfD), respectively, and the cumulative intake risk posed by the detected residues was assessed by the hazard index (HI). The results showed that 23 pesticides were detected in all wolfberry samples. The risk from chronic dietary intake was between 0.0001% and 1.6067%, and the risk from acute dietary intake was between 0.0010% and 0.4999%, which were all far below 100%. The HI was 0.02569 for chronic dietary intake and 0.015164 for acute dietary intake, which were both far below 1. The results indicated that the pesticide residues in wolfberry would not cause potential risk to human health. This work not only enhances our understanding of the potential exposure risks of pesticide residues in wolfberry, but also provides an effective method for the risk assessment of pesticide residues in other agricultural products.

Eco-friendly application of nano-chitosan for controlling potato and tomato bacterial wilt

Bacterial wilt is one of the main diseases of Solanum spp., which caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (RS), formerly known as Pseudomonas solanacearum. Different concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles have been evaluated as one of the alternative methods of disease management in vitro and in vivo to reduce the risks of pesticide residues. Results in vitro experiment indicated that RS5 isolate was the most virulence one compared to RS1 and RS3. Increasing concentration of nano-chitosan, lead to increase inhibition zone, and this was observed at higher concentrations (100 and 200 µg/ml). In vivo results showed the highest concentration of spraying chitosan nanoparticles increase percentage reduction of disease incidence and severity, in effected potato and tomato plants. Recorded data of disease incidence and severity in treated potato plants were 78.93% and 71.85%, while on tomato plants were 81.64% and 77.63%, respectively compared to untreated infected potato plants were recorded 15.38%, 20.87%, and tomato plants were 20.98% and 28.64%. Results also revealed that 100 µg/ml of chitosan nanoparticles the lowest treatments used as soil amended curative treatments led to incease percentage reduction of disease incidence and severity, respectively on potato and tomato plants, but less than preventive treatment. The results registered that on potato plant were 54.93% and 52.65%, whilst recorded on tomato plants were 59.93% and 56.74%. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrpgraphs illustrated that morphological of healthy R. solanacearum cells were undesirably stained with uranyl. The electron-dense uranyl acetate dye was limited to the cell surface slightly than the cytoplasm, which designated the integrity of the cell film of healthy cells. While bacterial cells treated with nano-chitosan, showed modification in the external shape, such as lysis of the cell wall and loss of cell flagella. Also, the result of using Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR observed that differences in treated Ralstonia solanancearum genotype by nano-chitosan compared to the genotype of the same untreated isolate.

Gut microbiota-involved metabolism and intestinal absorption mechanisms in decreasing bioaccessibility of triadimefon in strawberry and grape

Gut microbiota-involved metabolism and intestinal absorption affecting bioaccessibility of triadimefon in strawberry and grape were investigated for the first time by coupling the in vitro digestion model with the Caco-2 cell model. Results showed that the gut microbiota decreased the bioaccessibility of triadimefon in strawberry by 31.00% but failed in grape, probably due to a negative modulation of the colon bacterial activity by dietary components in grapes. A strain of triadimefon-degrading bacteria, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, was isolated from the gut microbiota and its degradation products were profiled. This study also clarified a significant reduction in transepithelial transport (up to 32.81%) of triadimefon as a result of the barrier effect of gut microbiota. These findings provide new insights on the function of the gut microbiota in pesticide bioaccessibility and highlight the importance of including gut microbiota in pesticide residue risk assessments.

Potential health risk of pesticide residues in greenhouse vegetables under modern urban agriculture: A case study in Beijing, China

This study analyzed the residues of 24 pesticides in greenhouse vegetables grown in Beijing under modern urban agriculture and estimated the potential health risk of consuming these vegetables. The analysis was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). 37.5 % of the vegetables contained at least one pesticide and 1% of the samples contained residues that exceeded the maximum residue limits set by the Chinese government. These values are lower than those in vegetables under traditional agriculture. The banned pesticides chlorpyrifos and phorate in Chinese cabbage and Chinese chive exceeded maximum residue limits, but the target hazard quotient and hazard index indicated that intake of these vegetables may not cause adverse health effects. Modern urban agriculture practices should focus on strict pesticide management to reduce the uptake of these chemicals by the plants. This study can provide basic data for the management of modern urban agriculture in China.

Occurrence of pesticides in white tea and a corresponding risk exposure assessment for the different residents in Fujian, China.

White tea has been of increasing public interest worldwide owing to its health benefits. Based on 2 years of surveillance, the long-term and cumulative chronic exposure risks of pesticide residues through white tea drinking were assessed for different subpopulations in Fujian, China. Twenty-five different pesticides were found, and 74.8% of samples contained at least one pesticide residue. The most frequently detected pesticide was bifenthrin with detection rates of 61.6%. Risk assessment was performed using both the deterministic approach and semiprobabilistic model under the best-case and the worst-case scenarios. The results demonstrated that the dietary risks were extremely low for six different subpopulations in which the risks for adults over the age of 41 were relatively higher. The risk ranking scheme indicated that isocarbophos and triazophos were considered to be of medium risk. The different use suggestions for the 25 positive pesticides are proposed to further minimize the exposure risk to consumer health. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Tea is the second most popular nonalcoholic beverage throughout the world. Pesticides are used to improve the yield of tea. Pesticide residues in tea could be one of the exposure pathways for consumers. Monitoring residual levels and assessing the health risk assessment in tea are thus in an urge.

Research on the perceived risk of pesticide residues and consumption intention of fresh fruits and vegetables

The situation of pesticide residues in fresh fruits and vegetables was analyzed, and the necessity of the study was proposed; the factors influencing the risk perception of pesticide residues were analyzed, and the risk perception level questionnaire was designed and implemented, and the results showed that the higher the age, income, education level and living standard, the higher the risk perception level of pesticide residues; from the perspective of pulling the food consumption of people with high literacy and high income, strengthening the Internet media’s social orientation and supervision responsibilities, and suggesting the government to participate in the supervision and management of the whole food production process, three aspects are proposed to improve the willingness to consume and promote consumption.

Fear of pesticide residues and preference for domestically produced strawberries

Due to an EU directive making integrated pest management (IPM) mandatory, European farmers are expected to reduce their use of chemical pesticides, which may potentially increase production costs and risk of harvest loss. Less pesticide use is appreciated by many consumers and may generate a higher willingness to pay (WTP). However, IPM is a wide concept and it is difficult for consumers to distinguish between products with high and low risk of pesticide residues. As a result, consumers might use other characteristics, such as country of origin, for the identification of safer products. In this study, we investigate if a higher WTP for Norwegian strawberries is associated with a belief that they contain less pesticide residues than imported berries. We use regression analysis to estimate to what extent the difference in WTP for Norwegian and imported strawberries is correlated with various perceptions about strawberries. The analyses reveal that the stronger the belief that Norwegian strawberries have less pesticide risk than imported ones, the higher the WTP for Norwegian strawberries. This means that if consumers believe domestic farmers use little pesticides, domestic products might be able to sell at considerably higher prices than imports. Hence, it may be economically beneficial for farmers to keep pesticide use at a minimum. Furthermore, we find that consumers have a higher WTP for strawberries produced with less use of pesticides, although not pesticide-free, indicating that IPM is appreciated.

Determination and Dietary Intake Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbs and Cultivated Soils.

Pesticide residues in traditional Chinese medicines pose a potential risk to human health. However, little is known about the characteristics of pesticide residues in the fritillariae thunbergii bulbs (FTB). This study aims to establish a method for the determination of pesticide multi-residues in FTB and then measured their residual levels in the FTB collected from nine cultivation regions. A modified QuEChERS method coupled with GC/UPLC was used to determine the residues of 24 pesticides in the FTB and soil samples. The recoveries of these pesticides at three concentrations were 72.17-112.48% in the FTB and 70.92-113.74% in the soil with RSD < 11.83%, and the LOD and LOQ ranged from 0.005-10 μg/kg and 0.011-22 μg/kg, respectively. A total of 13 pesticide residues were detected in the FTB samples with the residual levels of 0.0011-509.63 μg/kg, which were all below the referred MRLs in other Chinese herbs or food. Meanwhile, dietary intake risk assessment showed that the risk of pesticide residues in the FTB was acceptable to consumers. This study developed a method for the determination of pesticide multi-residues in the FTB and cultivated soil samples, and furthermore the dietary intake risk of pesticide residues in the FTB is safe. A modified QuEChERS method was established for the determination of 24 pesticides in the FTB with high sensitivity, accuracy, and precision.

Freeze-drying of a mixture of bacterium and yeast for application in postharvest control of pathogenic fungi

The use of formulations based on microorganisms for the control of phytopathogenic fungi increases continuously, due to the risk of pesticide residues in food and the negative impact on the environment. Herein we present the obtaining by lyophilization of a dry mixed formulation containing two biological control agents, the bacterium Kosakonia radicincitans and the yeast Cryptococcus laurentii for the biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum on stored apple fruit. For the formulation is used a complex cryoprotectant, that consists of 10% skimmed nonfat milk, 0.5% yeast extract, and 1% glucose. Two pre-freezing temperatures and different concentrations of the cryoprotectant are tested. Survival and antagonistic capacity of the formulation are compared with the mix of the bacterium and the yeast separately lyophilized. Results show higher antagonism of the mixture against B. cinerea and P. expansum than each microorganism separately. Concerning survival, it decreases significantly for both microorganisms in comparison when they are lyophilized individually. The bacterium seems the most affected by joint lyophilization. In the lyophilized mixture, the viability of the microorganisms is 38.8% for K. radicincitans and 44.7% C. laurentii. While for microorganisms that are lyophilized individually, the viability is 92.5% for the bacterium and 81.9% for the yeast. The change in concentration of complex cryoprotectant improves survival. K. radicincitans reaches the highest survival value (53.9%), but the survival of C. laurentii is not altered. The antagonistic activity of the lyophilized mixture also improves. The incidence of disease for P. expansum decreases to 26% and for B. cinerea to 16%. The formulation developed could have practical advantages for its commercialization and application since the two biological control agents are present in a single product.

Dietary risk assessment of pesticide residues on Tremella fuciformis Berk (snow fungus) from Fujian Province of China

ABSTRACT To assess the dietary exposure risks of pesticide residues in snow fungus for the general population and young children, 91 snow fungus samples were collected from major production areas in Fujian Province, China and the presence of 44 pesticides was determined. A total of thirteen pesticides were detected; 65.9% of the samples contained one or more pesticide residues. The most frequently found pesticide was carbofuran, followed by acetamiprid and then imidacloprid. Data obtained were used for chronic, acute, and chronic cumulative dietary exposure risk assessments. The chronic hazard quotient (cHQ) was extremely low for both the general population and young children. The %ADI values of cumulative dietary exposures to organophosphorus pesticides and carbamates ranged from 0.53% to 1.49%, and did not exceed their corresponding ADIs. However, the acute dietary risks from all 13 pesticides, especially carbofuran and methamidophos, were of concern due to the relatively high acute hazard quotient. The risk ranking scheme showed that carbofuran could pose a high risk to snow fungus consumers. Finally, suggestions are made about the potential use in snow fungus cultivation of the pesticides with detected residues.

Effects of the cooking modes on commonly used pesticides residue in vegetables and their chronic dietary exposure risk in South China

ABSTRACTEffects of cooking modes on the real intake and chronic exposure risk of pesticide residues in vegetables are usually neglected and largely unknown. Four modes of daily meal preparation; chafing dish, soup, salad and stir-frying were studied in this work to clarify their impact on the residual pesticides in foods. A detection method for 14 types of pesticide residues in different cuisines was developed. In this work, chronic exposure risks of four pesticides were analysed by probabilistic assessment based on data from public health and a pesticide residues investigation conducted. The results showed that chafing dish and soup methods greatly lowered the types, contents and exposure risks from residue pesticides. Salad preserved almost all the pesticide residues, and the risks were also relatively high in the stir-frying method. In chafing dish and soup, pesticide residues were dispersed in the media and posed quite low threats to humans. Considering the age, infants and children were at a higher risk of exposure than other populations. Reassuringly, all of the risks were at acceptable levels. This study clarified how the cooking modes affect chronic exposure risks to pesticide residues in the vegetables. The outcomes also show the effects of cooking method on healthy daily diets.

The association between estimated dietary pesticide residue risk index and mortality in a population-based cohort

TPS 633: Health effects of pesticides, Johan Friso Foyer, Floor 1, August 27, 2019, 3:00 PM - 4:30 PM Background/Aim: Pesticides residues are regularly detected in foods and there is a concern that this might pose a risk to the consumer, but epidemiological evidence is almost lacking. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between dietary exposure to pesticide residues and mortality in a large population-based prospective cohort of women and men. Methods: Food consumption was assessed through a 96-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline (1997) in 69,498 participants (36,546 men and 32,952 women), aged 45–83 years. The pesticide residues measured 1996-1998 in foods on the Swedish market (fruits, vegetables and cereals) were obtained via the monitoring program at the National Food Agency. For each food item, we summed the ratios of each single pesticide residue concentration / acceptable daily intake present in that food, accounting for edible parts and cooking preparations. A pesticide residue risk index was then estimated based on the FFQ for each participant. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), were estimated using Cox regression. Results: A total of 16,776 deaths occurred throughout 2014 of which 5,421 were caused by cancer and 6,338 by cardiovascular disease (CVD). Comparing extreme quartiles, the highest category of the dietary pesticide residue risk index, after confounding adjustments – including the Mediterranean diet score, was not associated with cancer mortality in women, HR, 0.90 (95% CI, 0.79-1.02); while an inverse association was observed among men, 0.85 (0.77-0.98). The corresponding results for CVD mortality were HRs, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.77-0.96) and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.77-0.94), respectively. Conclusions: We observed no indications that exposure to pesticide residues was associated with increased mortality. The beneficial effect of plant food consumption seems to override any potential negative consequences related to pesticide residues at the exposure levels present during the study period.

Screening of multiple pesticide residues in Jinyinhua Formula Granules

To evaluate the pesticide residue risk of Jinyinhua Formula Granules( made from Lonicerae Japonicae Flos) used in the market preliminarily,20 samples of Jinyinhua Formula Granules from 5 manufactures were collected randomly through the national evaluative sampling test program. Totally 262 pesticides( involving 270 chemical monomers) with monitoring significance to traditional Chinese medicinal materials were detected. Samples were extracted by high speed homogenate with acetonitrile as solvent. And their residues were analyzed by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS in MRM mode. No less than 2 groups of characteristic ion pairs were adopted for qualitative detection,and the calibration curve method was used for quantitative detection. The results showed that 20 pesticides were detected in 20 batches of Jinyinhua Formula Granules,with an average of about 9 pesticides detected in every batch,but no restricted pesticide was detected. The detected pesticides were all at the trace level,which was far lower than the limit of the general food standard. Therefore,the safety risk was low in Jinyinhua Formula Granules. In this study,a screening method for pesticide residues in Jinyinhua Formula Granules was established for the first time. The method was accurate and rapid,and the detection indicators were highly targeted. The results could provide theoretical reference for the prevention and control of pesticide safety risks in Jinyinhua Formula Granules and even traditional Chinese medicine formula granules.

Residue levels and health risk of pesticide residues in bell pepper in Shandong

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to investigate pesticide residues in bell peppers from Shandong Province, China. A total of 299 samples were collected from 17 cities in 2016. The concentrations of 26 pesticide residues were determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results showed that there were 25 pesticides (15 OPs, 7 PYs, 3 CBs) found in 86 bell pepper samples, and the total number of positives was 120. The total frequency was 28.76%. The detection frequency for OPs, PYs and CBs was 16.39%, 12.37% and 3.01%, respectively. The most frequently detected pesticide was bifenthrin, with the frequency of 5.02%. 5.35% of samples contained pesticide residues above the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by China. 7.36% of samples contained more than one pesticide. The values of %ADI were below 100, while the %ARfD of carbofuran and methidathion exceeded 100 for children. The cumulative risk was highest for OPs. From the public health point of view, the levels of pesticide residues in bell peppers do not pose a serious health risk to adults, but the acute health risk to children should be paid more attention.

Fipronil residues and risk assessment of Chinese marketed fruits and vegetables: A long-term investigation over 6 years

The presence and risk of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables have been concerned by the general public. Fipronil has been listed as a banned pesticide in China since 2009. However, its residue was still existent. The aim of this study was to investigate the residual level and potential chronic and acute risk of fipronil in marketed fruits and vegetables for adults and children. Sampling was carried out on a nationwide scale in China from 2013 to 2019. A total of 37 kinds of 10551 fruits and 85 kinds of 19966 vegetables were screened by GC-Q-TOF/MS. Based on these data, the diet exposure risks of fipronil through the consumption of fruits and vegetables were assessed. The results showed that there were 0.2% fruits and 0.8% vegetables with fipronil residues. After the risk assessment, the intake of fruits and vegetables did not pose a chronic risk for adults and children. However, 3 kinds of vegetables constituted unacceptable acute risk for both adults and children, and 2 kinds of vegetables posed unacceptable acute risk for children. Among the regions investigated, Tibet and Guangdong posed great acute risk for both general people and children. By the classification, the first category of fruits was the highest risk of litchi, and the first to the forth categories of the vegetables were the vegetables with high risks. The reliable date provided a solid foundation for the further control and management of fipronil residues in fruits and vegetables.