Gut microbiota-involved metabolism and intestinal absorption mechanisms in decreasing bioaccessibility of triadimefon in strawberry and grape

Abstract

Gut microbiota-involved metabolism and intestinal absorption affecting bioaccessibility of triadimefon in strawberry and grape were investigated for the first time by coupling the in vitro digestion model with the Caco-2 cell model. Results showed that the gut microbiota decreased the bioaccessibility of triadimefon in strawberry by 31.00% but failed in grape, probably due to a negative modulation of the colon bacterial activity by dietary components in grapes. A strain of triadimefon-degrading bacteria, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, was isolated from the gut microbiota and its degradation products were profiled. This study also clarified a significant reduction in transepithelial transport (up to 32.81%) of triadimefon as a result of the barrier effect of gut microbiota. These findings provide new insights on the function of the gut microbiota in pesticide bioaccessibility and highlight the importance of including gut microbiota in pesticide residue risk assessments.