Risk Of Job Loss Research Articles

Carbon emissions and CEO pay

AbstractOur study examines the link between firms' carbon emissions and their compensation to CEOs and finds a positive association in line with the compensating wage differentials theory. We use Donald Trump's 2016 election win as an exogenous shock to identify a causal relationship. Ruling out managerial power as an alternative explanation, the relations are stronger when firms are better governed and are more likely to be aware of their carbon risk. Additionally, we present evidence that high carbon emissions increase CEOs' risk of job loss, reinforcing the presence of compensating wage differentials as the plausible explanation for the positive association.

Social gradients in employment during and after the COVID-19 pandemic

AbstractWe examine employment effects of the COVID-19 crisis in Norway from March 2020 through June 2022: during the initial lockdown, through the subsequent recovery, and after the dust had settled. While we identify large and socially skewed effects of the crisis through its early phases, we find no long-term effects on employees exposed to early risk of job loss. For those employed at the onset of the pandemic, both the level and the socioeconomic composition of employment quickly returned to normal. In contrast, we find considerable negative long-term employment effects on people who were neither in employment nor in education when the crisis hit. We argue that these patterns can be explained by social insurance policies that gave priority to protecting existing jobs and to distribute benefits to those who were temporarily laid off. Given the extreme increase in the social insurance caseload, an almost unavoidable side-effect was reduced capacity for providing services to the already non-employed.

The fourth industrial revolution and the future of work: Reasons to worry and policies to consider

AbstractA striking feature of the contemporary U.S. economy is the widespread adoption of technologies associated with the 4th Industrial Revolution (IR) including sensors, industrial robotics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. Empirical work investigating the labor market impacts of 4th IR technological advances reveals they are skill‐biased, primarily advancing job opportunities for those with high levels of formal of education, unlike prior industrial revolutions that were skill neutral. This paper explains how the 4th IR has fostered job polarization, greater technological unemployment, and increasing wage inequality. Moreover, we delineate why these developments are worrisome and likely to expand over time. We assert that policy intervention to promote reinstatement of technologically unemployed persons is warranted, because displacement of labor caused by automation creates negative externalities. Consequently, we provide an example of how tax policies could be used to curtail technological unemployment—without creating hurdles for the adoption of 4th IR innovations. We advance and describe a new, innovative way, for fiscal policy to foster employment opportunities for those at greatest risk of job loss through automation. The initiative entails government subsidies to promote the provision and acquisition of skill certificates that employers view as complementary with 4th Industrial Revolution Technologies.

Does Knee Arthroplasty Have a Beneficial Effect on Return to Work in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis who Receive Long-Term Disability Benefits in the Netherlands?

Optimal timing of knee arthroplasty (KA) is complex: operating at a younger age increases life time risk of revision, while delay results in an increased risk of job loss. This study evaluates whether disability benefits recipients due to knee osteoarthritis have an increased odds of returning to work (RTW) following KA. A retrospective cohort study was performed among long-term disability benefits recipients due to knee osteoarthritis using data of the Dutch Employee Insurance Agency. Logistic regression assessed whether recipients with KA had a higher odds of RTW in 10years following start of disability benefits, compared to those without KA. A total of 159 participants were included. During 10-year follow up, 42% had received KA and 37% had returned to work. No association was observed between KA and RTW (OR 1.39, 95% CI 0.62-3.12). Prognostic factors for RTW were being the main breadwinner (OR 7.93, 95% CI 2.95-21.32) and classification as 100% work disability (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.09-0.45). KA has no beneficial effect on RTW among patients with knee osteoarthritis granted long-term disability in the Netherlands. For RTW, KA is probably best performed within the two years of paid sick leave before long-term disability is assessed in the Netherlands.

Adapting to the Agricultural Labor Market Shaped by Robotization

Agriculture is being transformed through automation and robotics to improve efficiency and reduce production costs. However, this transformation poses risks of job loss, particularly for low-skilled workers, as automation decreases the need for human labor. To adapt, the workforce must acquire new qualifications to collaborate with automated systems or shift to roles that leverage their unique human abilities. In this study, 15 agricultural occupations were methodically mapped in a cognitive/manual versus routine/non-routine two-dimensional space. Subsequently, each occupation’s susceptibility to robotization was assessed based on the readiness level of existing technologies that can automate specific tasks and the relative importance of these tasks in the occupation’s execution. The qualifications required for occupations less impacted by robotization were summarized, detailing the specific knowledge, skills, and work styles required to effectively integrate the emerging technologies. It was deduced that occupations involving primary manual routine tasks exhibited the highest susceptibility rate, whereas occupations with non-routine tasks showed lower susceptibility. To thrive in this evolving landscape, a strategic combination of STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) skills with essential management, soft skills, and interdisciplinary competences is imperative. Finally, this research stresses the importance of strategic preparation by policymakers and educational systems to cultivate key competencies, including digital literacy, that foster resilience, inclusivity, and sustainability in the sector.

Contribution of Involuntary Job Loss to the Burden of Depressive Symptoms Over Two Decades in a National Study of Aging Adults.

In recent decades, risk of job loss in America after age 50 has been high, potentially causing significant stress during the period preceding retirement. Yet no study has quantified the burden of clinically relevant depressive symptoms attributable to job loss in this age group over this period or identified the most vulnerable populations. Participants aged 50+ in the Health and Retirement Study (recruited 1992-2016) who were employed and scored <5 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression 8-item scale (CESD-8) at baseline (N = 18,571) were followed for depressive symptoms until they first had CESD-8 ≥5 or died, or through the 2018 survey. Parametric g-formula analyses examined the difference in cumulative risk of having CESD-8 ≥5 if there had been no involuntary job loss compared to the observed scenario, adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, age, and dynamic measures of recent marriage end (divorce or widowhood), having a working spouse, assets/debt, and health changes. We estimated that risk of CESD-8 ≥5 would have been 1.1% (95% confidence interval [0.55, 1.37]) lower if no involuntary job loss had occurred; job loss accounted for 11% of the total burden among those who lost a job. Stronger associations were observed for women (1.2% [0.7, 1.8] vs men 0.5% [0.2, 1.1]), White respondents (1.0% [0.6, 1.5] vs Black respondents 0.5% [-0.1, 1.4]), and those in the lowest quartile of baseline assets (1.1% [0.4, 1.9] vs wealthiest quartile 0.5% [-0.4, 0.9]). Involuntary job loss is associated with high depressive symptom burden in older persons, suggesting that screening and intervention soon after job loss may help mitigate depression.

Protocol for a pragmatic randomised controlled feasibility study of MS WorkSmart: an online intervention for Australians with MS who are employed

IntroductionMultiple sclerosis (MS) causes a wide variety of symptoms. Loss of income due to sickness and early retirement comprise one-third of the total cost of MS in Australia. An intervention...

Firm leverage and employee pay: The moderating role of CEO leadership style

We investigate how a CEO's leadership style moderates the relationship between leverage and average employee pay. We first show that the relationship between leverage and average employee pay is negative, consistent with the leverage disciplinary hypothesis. Next, we examine how CEO leadership style moderates this negative effect. We find that CEOs with more charisma reduce the disciplinary effect of leverage. The humane CEOs of companies with more debt sharpen the disciplinary effect by paying their employees less for increased risk of job loss that comes with high leverage. An important policy implication is that CEO leadership style can influence the outcome of labor management negotiations regarding employee pay.

Effect of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the employment and income of older workers in Vietnam

AbstractUsing nationally representative data from the Labor Force Survey for 2021, this study investigates the factors associated with changes in the employment and income of Vietnamese workers aged ≥50 years due to COVID‐19. Employing multinomial logistic regression analysis, the first model investigates changes in employment (i.e., job loss, temporary absence, increased work hours, change in work mode, and no employment change). The second model illustrates changes in income (i.e., lower/higher income and no change). Independent variables include demographic characteristics and employment features (e.g., industry and information technology (IT) use). The findings emphasize that a stable job, such as one that contributes to social insurance or employment with state or private establishments, can reduce the risk of job loss and income reduction. Moreover, older workers with high levels of education and work skills, such as IT use, are associated with an increased probability of remote work, which reduces the risk of job loss during the pandemic. The results imply that formalizing employment and increasing the human capital of older workers are effective approaches for achieving employment and income security, especially in the case of unforeseen circumstances.

Utilising resistance feedback for software implementation in healthcare

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a rapid transformation in the healthcare industry. Telemedicine, mHealth, and artificial intelligence technologies have become integral components of healthcare delivery, enabling remote consultations, symptom tracking, medication reminders, diagnosis, and treatment. However, the adoption of these technologies in healthcare organisations is often met with resistance from shareholders. The most frequent reasons are fear of technology, uncertainty about the impact of technology solutions on patient care, ethical and regulatory concerns, skepticism about the effectiveness of remote medical consultations, concerns about data privacy and security, reluctance to change workflows, risk of job losses due to automation of certain processes, and possible conflicts of interest. This article explores the complex landscape of shareholder resistance during software implementation projects, the origins of this problem, its manifestations, advantages, disadvantages, and consequences. The article also examines this issue through the prism of the Lewin’s Change Model and the Transtheoretical Model of Change, and demonstrates it on the examples of Information Technology Company and Microsoft. The article offers strategic recommendations for healthcare organisations to effectively manage and mitigate these challenges, facilitating a successful transition to the healthcare technology landscape. Among the main problems, the article discusses the following things: creating open and transparent communication channels for shareholders; joint problem-solving sessions with all stakeholders; an iterative approach to implementing IT projects in healthcare facilities, which allows reviewing, adjusting, and agreeing on solutions at each iteration; involving shareholders in decision-making at the early stages of the software implementation process; comprehensive programs to improve shareholder competencies; targeting opinion leaders who are supporters of changes in the organisation; maintaining continuous feedback, etc.

Does employability help to cope with job insecurity? An analysis of workers' well-being with Swiss panel data

Can perceived employability mitigate the negative impacts of job insecurity on wellbeing?. We address this question using fixed-effects models on panel data from. Switzerland. To measure job insecurity, we use two subjective indicators (risk of job. loss and fear of job loss in the last year) and an objective one (having a temporary contract). We assess well-being by studying job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and mental health, and perform separate analyses for men and women. Results suggest that employability does not mitigate the impacts of job insecurity on job satisfaction. For life satisfaction, employability reduces the impacts of the risk of job loss in the last year, but only among men. Regarding mental health, employability partially offsets the impacts of the risk of job loss in the last year for both men and women. We conclude that even though employability might help, it does not shield workers from the negative impacts of job insecurity. This suggests that the flexicurity strategy falls short of mitigating the non-pecuniary impacts of job insecurity.

FEATURES OF THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN LEGAL PRACTICE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE LEGAL PROFESSION IN KAZAKHSTAN

The article examines the current legal regulation of artificial intelligence in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The features and risks of using artificial intelligence in the judicial process and legal practice, as well as its impact on the legal profession and on the fate of citizens in general, are considered. The significance, features and prospects of using artificial intelligence in legal practice in the context of the development of the digital economy of Kazakhstan are also investigated, the work of domestic and foreign researchers in the field of development and application of artificial intelligence technologies is analyzed. In the research work, a comparative analysis of the effectiveness and inefficiency of the influence of artificial intelligence on the sphere of legal relations was carried out. For example, while some researchers prove that artificial intelligence facilitates typical work in the field of law and legal practice, that it has a positive impact on saving time, automating legal services, some prove that artificial intelligence does not make the right decisions, commits negative actions and harms society. The advantages and disadvantages of the influence of artificial intelligence on the legal profession are also discussed, especially the risks of job loss of employees in this industry. The research paper presents quantitative indicators from the report of foreign studies and Kazakh studies of artificial intelligence in legal practice. Currently, the growth of online services, the introduction of new technologies, the automation of processes such as justice, may indicate the rapid development of artificial intelligence in this area.

Job loss and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national prospective cohort study

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic caused substantial increases in unemployment; however, the association between these job losses and psychological distress is not well documented. Our study reports on this association from a cohort study, with a particular focus on educational differences in both the likelihood of job loss and its potential implications for mental health.MethodsUtilizing data from a large prospective cohort study of parents in Norway (n = 58,982), we examined changes in psychological distress within four groups of respondents: those who during the first wave of COVID-19 had (i) no change in their employment situation, (ii) worked from home, (iii) been furloughed, or (iv) lost their job.ResultsPsychological distress increased in all groups. In z-scores relative to pre-pandemic levels, the increases were (i) 0.47 [95%-CI: 0.45–0.49] among respondents with no change in their employment situation, (ii) 0.51 [95%-CI: 0.49–0.53] among respondents who worked from home, (iii) 0.95 [95%-CI:0.91–0.99] among those furloughed, and (iv) 1.38 [95%-CI: 1.16–1.59] among those who permanently lost their job, corresponding to increases of 89%, 95%, 170%, and 185%, respectively. While respondents without university education had a 2 to 3 times higher risk of job loss, the negative impact of job loss on psychological distress was similar across educational levels.ConclusionsParticipants exposed to job loss during the pandemic experienced a stronger increase in symptoms of depression or anxiety compared to those who remained employed. Although higher education lowered the risk of losing work, it did not substantially diminish the impact on mental health from losing work.

JOB LOSS INSURANCE PROGRAM APPLICABLE IN INDONESIA BASED ON GOVERNMENT REGULATION AND ITS COMPARISON WITH OTHER COUNTRIES

One of the regulations in the field of employment issued by the Government of Indonesia is Government Regulation No. 37 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of the Job Loss Insurance Program. This regulation is very important in the midst of rampant layoffs by companies as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of a job loss insurance program for employees affected by termination of employment. The research method uses a normative juridical approach with secondary data. Based on the research results obtained that Comparison job loss insurance program in Indonesia with other countries lies in the coverage, requirements and premium contributions. Job loss guarantee or unemployment insurance in Indonesia and other countries have the same goal, which is to financially support individuals who do not have jobs as long as the individual is looking for work. This policy has been carried out since 1935 and 1940 by the United States and Canada against the background of the Great Depression around 1930, then Thailand began to implement an unemployment insurance scheme in 2004. In 2016, there were 73 (seventy-three) countries that had implemented the unemployment insurance scheme. Each country creates an unemployment insurance policy with a different model but the goal remains the same, which is to achieve adequate protection against the risk of job loss by expanding coverage to ensure workers affected by layoffs receive compensation. Based on a comparison with several other countries, it was found that the job loss insurance scheme was effective in overcoming the number of unemployed, especially during an economic recession and was able to protect workers who were laid off by maintaining their level of welfare.

The impact of anti-COVID-19 restrictions and transitory unemployment insurance policies on unemployment in Russia

PurposeDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, transitory unemployment insurance (UI) policies substantially increased unemployment benefits (UBs) and the number of eligible groups in Russia. The procedure for registering as unemployed was moved to an online platform. The present paper aims to distinguish the effect of anti-COVID-19 restrictions on unemployment from that of the transitory unemployment insurance policies.Design/methodology/approachUsing 553,627 approved claims for unemployment benefits from the Russian Public Employment Service (PES) administrative records (June 2019–December 2020), monthly data on the number of individuals registered as unemployed are aggregated in a pseudo panel. A double-difference approach is employed to identify the effects of the social interaction intensity and teleworkability (TW) of the latest occupation on unemployment. The first is associated with a direct effect of anti-COVID-19 restrictions and the latter with the simplified application procedure.FindingsThe face-to-face (F2F) intensity of the latest occupation did not lead to any increase in the number of unemployed persons as could be expected in response to anti-COVID-19 restrictions. Job TW had two opposite effects on unemployment: it decreased individuals' risk of job loss and increased their likelihood of claiming unemployment benefits. Surprisingly, however, in line with the typical response of the Russian labour market to downturns, the latter dominated. The largest response was found among men and individuals with primary education.Originality/valueThis study is the first to attempt to distinguish the effect of anti-COVID-19 restrictions from that of the transitory UI policies on unemployment in Russia.

The False Promises of Working Longer

Advocates for working longer as the sole response to population aging in America ignore the rising inequalities in health, wealth, and longevity; the often-detrimental health effects of working longer; the high risk of job loss and involuntary retirement at older ages; and the low wages and poor working conditions of many of the jobs available to older workers. Eliminating employment protections for older workers—such as minimum wage requirements and age discrimination prohibitions—would likely make working into old age more onerous and inequality worse.

A Systematic Review Discussing the Sustainability of Men and Women’s Work in Industry 4.0: Are Technologies Gender-Neutral?

The introduction of new technologies at work in the context of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) has led to the emergence of risks for health, even if they are still underexplored. However, their understanding does not usually adopt a gender perspective, even though the gendered division of work has differentiated health outcomes. As sustainability is at the top of the political agenda and in consideration of the gender segregation that exists at work, it is pertinent to question how I4.0 technologies are reconfiguring workplaces and impacting women and men’s health. Following a systematic review approach using the PRISMA protocol, this study explores how gender is integrated in I4.0-themed studies, exploring employment, work, and health. After the identification and screening phases were completed, a total of 16 papers were included. Literature exploring technological transformation from a gender point of view is scarce, as well as research developed in concrete work contexts. The literature in this domain tends to address employment prospects, and women are generally described as being more at risk for job loss through automation processes. Health risks in the literature found in this review were mostly neither considered nor differentiated for women and men. Future studies should consider the specificities of different work contexts through the development of case studies in different activity sectors so that the risks for women and men can become visible. This way, interventions at a work organization level are enabled to create more sustainable working conditions.

Fears and hopes of patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic across Europe. Results from the REUMAVID study (phase 1 and phase 2).

Fears and hopes of patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic across Europe. Results from the REUMAVID study (phase 1 and phase 2).

Inter-status mobility in Ukraine’s labor market

The article studies the functioning of Ukraine's labor market in 2019–2021 through the prism of the status flows of labor force, for which various methodological techniques of analytical research are consistently applied, which, complementing each other, allow analyzing the flows from different angles of view. So, using micro data on labor force indicators and their characteristics, probabilistic matrices of transitions of Ukraine's population between employment, unemployment and economic inactivity are constructed, assuming that such transitions occur according to the Markov process. As a result, the scope, nature and dominant vectors of the movements of Ukrainians between the three main statuses on the labor market are revealed. Based on the algorithms for calculating Shorrock's indices – proxy indices of mobility, the author carries out an integral assessment of the intensity of inter-status movement in Ukraine's labor market. A similar assessment for a number of European countries makes it possible to propose a basis for cross-country comparison of the level of mobility in Ukraine. Using economic-mathematical modeling of multiple choice, the author reveals socio-demographic factors determining the individual's status on Ukraine's labor market, and in so doing also answers the question of stability of the observed status. It is shown that the analysis of inter-status mobility of labor force provides a powerful basis for better understanding of the functioning of the labor market, characterizes the mechanisms of adaptation of the latter and allows observing the direction and intensity of flows behind any specific change in gross employment, unemployment or economic inactivity, which makes relevant policy measures on the labor market more targeted. In particular, since the analyzed period was marked by increased unemployment in Ukraine, the author establishes the role of flows in the above mentioned dynamics and in the distribution of the risk of job loss, taking into account such socio-demographic characteristics of individuals as gender, age and education level. Understanding such connections is important for developing high quality solutions aimed at reducing unemployment in the country.

Insured Privately? Wealth Stratification of Job Loss in the UK

Job loss is a significant income shock that can lead to declines in living standards and satisfaction. Wealth can provide a key resource in stratifying the risk and the consequences of such an event. In this article, I examine the extent to which wealth stratified the experience of job loss in the UK from 1991 to 2008. I distinguish between different wealth groups using information on homeownership and home value of primary residency, and then study whether these groups face different risks and/or consequences of job loss. The results show that renters were a significantly disadvantaged group compared to homeowners during the observation period. Not only did they faced a significantly higher risk of job loss, they also experienced greater declines in earnings, household income, and life satisfaction, and larger increases in income poverty in the year of job loss. Among homeowners, the risk and consequences of job loss were similar. In a country like the UK with minimal public insurance for unemployment, homeownership appears to provide a significant source of stratification for job loss.