Risk Of Impaired Fasting Glucose Research Articles

Gut microbiota partially mediates the effects of fine particulate matter on type 2 diabetes: Evidence from a population-based epidemiological study

BackgroundExperimental studies have indicated that alterations in the gut microbiota might play a role in the pathway of diabetes induction resulting from particulate matter pollution with aerodynamic diameters < 2.5 μm (PM2.5). However, few human studies have examined such experimental findings. Here, we examine the mediating effects of gut microbial dysbiosis on the associations between PM2.5 and particulate matter pollution with aerodynamic diameters < 1 μm (PM1) on diabetes using the Guangdong Gut Microbiome Project (GGMP) dataset. MethodsA multistage cluster sampling method was employed to recruit adult participants from communities in Guangdong. Each participant was interviewed using a questionnaire, fasting blood and stool samples were collected, and the exposure to air pollutants was assessed using a spatiotemporal land-use regression model. The mediation analysis was conducted to estimate the associations among air pollutants, gut microbiota diversity and diabetes. ResultsBoth PM2.5 and PM1 were positively associated with the risks of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or type 2 diabetes and negatively associated with alpha diversity indices of the gut microbiota. The mediation analyses indicated that the associations of PM2.5 and PM1 with the risk of type 2 diabetes were partially mediated by the decrease in gut microbiota diversity. Moreover, we found that 79 (PM2.5 on IFG), 84 (PM2.5 on type 2 diabetes), 83 (PM1 on IFG) and 89 (PM1 on type 2 diabetes) bacterial taxa could partially mediate the associations of PM2.5 and PM1 with IFG and type 2 diabetes, respectively. The relative abundance of most Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia bacteria were negatively associated with particulate matter (PM) concentrations and the risks of diabetes. ConclusionsLong-term exposure to PM may increase the risk of diabetes, and alterations in the gut microbiota partially explained these associations.

SAT-124 Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-Up Study (HAPO FUS): Newborn Anthropometrics and Childhood Glucose Metabolism

The prevalence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in children is increasing, and identifying where prevention can best be implemented is an emerging area of research. The association of low birth weight with long-term risk for poor metabolic health is well established, but the association of newborn size at birth, including adiposity, with measures of glucose metabolism in children has not been fully elucidated. To address this, we used longitudinal data from the international, multi-ethnic Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study and HAPO Follow Up Study (FUS). Newborn birth weight (BW) and sum of skinfolds (SSF), as a measure of adiposity, collected during HAPO, together with glucose and C-peptide levels collected during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 4160 HAPO FUS offspring at age 10-14 years were examined. Multiple logistic and linear regression were used for statistical analyses to examine associations between primary predictors, BW and SSF, with child metabolic outcomes. Covariate adjustments included HAPO field center, child age, sex, Tanner stage, maternal variables at pregnancy OGTT (age, height, mean arterial pressure, parity (0, 1+), smoking (yes/no), drinking alcohol (yes/no), gestational age), child’s family history of diabetes in first degree relatives and child’s BMI z-score. BW was inversely associated with the 30-min, 1-h, and 2-h plasma glucose levels (Beta=-1.59, CI: -2.53 - -0.65, p<0.0001, Beta=-2.09, CI: -3.30 - -0.88, p=0.007, and Beta=-1.47, CI: -2.28- -0.65, p=0.0004, respectively for BW higher by 1 standard deviation), as was SSF (Beta= -1.40, CI: -2.19 - -0.60, p< 0.0001, Beta=-1.97, CI: -3.00 - -0.94, p=0.0002, and Beta=-0.98, CI: -1.67 - -0.28, p=0.01 respectively for SSF higher by 1 standard deviation). BW and SSF were also associated with a higher Matsuda index, a measure of insulin sensitivity (Beta=1.77, CI: 1.32-2.21, p<0.0001 and Beta=0.89, CI: 0.50-1.27 p<0.0001, respectively). However, only SSF had a positive association with the disposition index, a measure of beta cell compensation for insulin resistance (Beta=0.03, CI: 0.01-0.05, p=0.01). No association was found between BW and SSF and impaired glucose tolerance, while a modest decrease in risk for impaired fasting glucose was seen with higher BW and SSF (OR=-0.83, CI: 0.70-0.98, p=0.03 and OR=0.85, CI: 0.74-0.97, p=0.02, respectively). This study demonstrates that higher BW and newborn adiposity are associated with lower glucose levels and higher insulin sensitivity in childhood. This suggests a complex relationship between birth size and long-term metabolic health in which, after adjusting for child BMI, higher BW and adiposity are associated with better metabolic health during childhood.

Adipose Tissue Mediates Associations of Birth Weight with Glucose Metabolism Disorders in Children.

This study aimed to examine the associations between low birth weight (LBW) versus high birth weight (HBW) and dysglycemia, including insulin resistance (IR) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in children, and aimed to explore the role of adipose tissue in these relationships. A total of 2,935 subjects aged 6 to 18years were recruited to examine the relationship between birth weight and IR (defined as homeostasis model assessment of IR>2.3) and IFG. Mediation analyses were conducted to examine the roles of various adipokines and anthropometrics in these relationships. Children with LBW had a nearly twofold increased risk of IR and IFG compared with children with normal birth weight, even after adjusting for BMI. Decreased circulating adiponectin levels contributed to 21.2% of the LBW-IR relationship, whereas none of the selected adipose markers mediated the LBW-IFG relationship. In contrast, after controlling for current BMI or waist circumference, HBW reduced the risk of IR by 34%, but it was not associated with IFG. The HBW-IR relationship was significantly mediated by reduced leptin levels (21.4%) and fat mass percentage (8.8%), after controlling for BMI. These findings suggest the potential role of adipose tissue dysfunction as an underlying mechanism for the birth weight-type 2 diabetes relationship.

Six-year follow-up study on the association between white blood cell count and fasting blood glucose level in Chinese adults: A community-based health examination survey.

BackgroundPre‐diabetes is considered to be an important reversible stage of type 2 diabetes (T2DM); thus, early identification of pre‐diabetes may help in the prevention of T2DM. This study aimed to explore the relationship between white blood cell (WBC) counts and the cumulative risk of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) regulation at 6 years.MethodsA community‐based health examination survey was conducted among individuals who were randomly selected from 1300 residents living in China in 2010 to 2016. The participants were divided into four groups according to WBC baseline level. This study initially conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of the population who underwent physical examination to explore the relationship between WBC count and FBG levels. Then, a follow‐up study was conducted on the population who underwent IFG normal physical examination to explore the relationship between baseline WBC count and changes in FBG levels and the cumulative risk of 6‐year IFG.ResultsDuring the 6‐year cohort follow‐up, 17.2% of the participants developed IFG, and the cumulative incidence rates of IFG in the four groups were 14.7%, 16.3%, 15.8%, and 22.2%. By Cox multiple regression equation the hazard ratio (HR) of the IFG increased by 18.7% for each additional unit of baseline WBC count with no adjustment of any factor. After adjusting factors, HR increased by 8.4%.ConclusionIncreased WBC counts are associated with risk of IFG, suggesting chronic inflammation may be involved in the development and progression of IFG.

Potential Nexus of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Insulin Resistance Between Hepatic and Peripheral Tissues.

The liver is the central metabolic organ and plays a pivotal role in regulating homeostasis of glucose and lipid metabolism. Aberrant liver metabolism promotes insulin resistance, which is reported to be a common characteristic of metabolic diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There is a complex and bidirectional relationship between NAFLD and T2DM. NAFLD patients with hepatic insulin resistance generally share a high risk of impaired fasting glucose associated with early diabetes; most patients with T2DM experience non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and other more severe liver complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Additionally, hepatic insulin resistance, which is caused by diacylglycerol-mediated activation of protein kinase C epsilon (PKC𝜀), may be the critical pathological link between NAFLD and T2DM. Therefore, this review aims to illuminate current insights regarding the complex and strong association between NAFLD and T2DM and summarize novel and emerging targets for the treatment of hepatic insulin resistance based on established mechanistic knowledge.

Youth and Long-Term Dietary Calcium Intake With Risk of Impaired Glucose Metabolism and Type 2 Diabetes in Adulthood.

To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have examined the role of youth calcium intake in the development of impaired glucose metabolism, especially those with long-term high calcium intake. To examine whether youth and long-term (between youth and adulthood) dietary calcium intake is associated with adult impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study is a 31-year prospective cohort study (n = 1134; age, 3 to 18 years at baseline). Dietary calcium intake was assessed at baseline (1980) and adult follow-up visits (2001, 2007, and 2011). Long-term (mean between youth and adulthood) dietary calcium intake was calculated. Adult impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and T2D. We found no evidence for nonlinear associations between calcium intake and IFG or T2D among females and males (all P for nonlinearity > 0.05). Higher youth and long-term dietary calcium intake was not associated with the risk of IFG or T2D among females or males after adjustment for confounders, including youth and adult body mass index. Youth or long-term dietary calcium intake is not associated with adult risk of developing impaired glucose metabolism or T2D.

Metabolic disturbances in non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

To explore metabolic disturbances in nonobese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) compared with nonobese healthy controls. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Not applicable. Nonobese women with PCOS and nonobese healthy controls. None. Prevalence of metabolic disturbances including hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance (IR), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose intolerance (IGT), prediabetes, dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low high-density lipoprotein (low-HDL), as well as other metabolic outcomes such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, metabolic syndrome (Mets), myocardial infarction, stroke, cerebrovascular accident, arterial occlusive disease, and coronary heart disease. Compared to nonobese controls, nonobese women with PCOS showed a higher prevalence of hyperinsulinemia (odds ratio [OR], 36.27; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.76-747.12), IR (OR, 5.70; 95% CI 1.46-22.32), IGT (OR, 3.42; 95% CI 1.56-7.52), T2DM (OR, 1.47; 95% CI 1.11-1.93), hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 10.46; 95% CI 1.39-78.56), low-HDL (OR, 4.03; 95% CI 1.26-12.95), and Mets (OR, 2.57; 95% CI 1.30-5.07). No significant difference was observed for IFG, pre-DM, dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. In subgroup analysis, Whites exhibited increased risks of IR, IGT, IFG, T2DM, hypertension, and Mets, whereas no significant metabolic change was found in Asians. No study reported specifically an incidence of myocardial infarction, stroke, cerebrovascular accident, arterial occlusive disease, and coronary heart disease in nonobese women with PCOS. Nonobese women with PCOS also suffer from metabolic disturbances and the risk of long-term metabolic complications. Further efforts should be made to elucidate underlying mechanisms and possible interventions in the early phase.

Soy product consumption and type 2 diabetes among adults in Beijing, China.

To examine the association between the frequency of soy products consumption and type 2 diabetes or impaired fasting glucose. A cross-sectional study of 3,314 subjects aged 18-79 years was conducted in Beijing, China in 2016. Consumption of soy products was assessed by a validated food-frequency questionnaire and examined with type 2 diabetes or impaired fasting glucose risk using multiple logistic regression. 509 of the 3,314 participants (15.4%) included in the current analyses had diabetes, and among them 453 were diabetes uncontrolled. The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose was 11.9%. After adjustment for demographic variables, smoke, alcohol, physical activity and BMI, soy products consumption was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes risk and impaired fasting glucose. ORs and 95% CI for diabetes uncontrolled across soy products consumption frequencies (monthly, weekly, daily) were 1 (reference), 0.819 (0.627-1.070), 0.605 (0.387, 0.944) respectively (ptrend=0.033). ORs (95% CI) for impaired fasting glucose across soy products consumption frequencies were 1 (reference), 0.873 (0.661-1.152), 0.616 (0.385, 0.985) respectively (ptrend=0.046). Consuming soy products daily may decrease the risk of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Impaired Fasting Glucose Among Adults in Northeast China: A Cross-Sectional Study

To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) among adults in northeast China. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Jilin Province in 2012. Questionnaires were used to collect information about demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and health status from 15,540 residents. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was measured in the morning after at least 12 hours of fasting, and χ2 tests were performed to compare differences between subjects with and without IFG. Logistic regression was carried out to identify factors influencing IFG occurrence. There were significant differences in demographic characteristics (age, sex, education, and marriage status), lifestyle factors (smoking, drinking, physical activity, and average sleep duration), and health status (hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and BMI category) between subjects with IFG and without IFG ( P<.05). IFG risk was significantly associated with sex, age, education (senior high school and college), marriage status (single), drinking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and BMI category (all P<.05). In adults in northeast China, risk factors of IFG are sex, age, education (senior high school and college), drinking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and BMI category; however, the protective factor of IFG is marriage status (single). BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; FBG = fasting blood glucose; IFG = impaired fasting glucose; OR = odds ratio; T2DM = type 2 diabetes.

Uric acid and risk of new-onset metabolic syndrome, impaired fasting glucose and diabetes mellitus in a general Italian population: data from the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni study.

Although several data suggest that serum uric acid (SUA) predicts future development of metabolic abnormalities, the evidence is not conclusive in Mediterranean populations. A total of 3200 individuals were randomly selected from the residents of Monza (North Italy) to be representative of its general population for sex and age (25-74 years). The participation rate was 64%. At baseline and 10 years later, we measured waist circumference, office blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, serum triglycerides, serum HDL cholesterol and SUA. The analysis was carried out in individuals without metabolic syndrome at baseline (N = 1192) when looking for incidence of metabolic syndrome, without impaired fasting glucose (IFG) at baseline (N = 1320) when looking for incidence of IFG and without diabetes mellitus at baseline (N = 1352) when looking for incidence of diabetes mellitus. Adjusting for confounders, a 1-SD increase of baseline SUA was not associated with and increased risk of new-onset metabolic syndrome, but with new-onset IFG [relative risk (RR) = 1.26, confidence interval (CI) 1.06-1.5, P = 0.01]. It was associated with a 29% increased risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus, that was more than twice in the highest as compared with the lowest quartile of baseline SUA (RR = 1.29, CI 0.98-1.7, P = 0.07, and RR = 2.16, CI 0.95-4.88, P = 0.07). Focusing the analysis on the individuals with age above the median value, SUA increase was significantly associated with an increased risk of new-onset metabolic syndrome, IFG and diabetes mellitus. SUA increase is associated with an increased risk of developing IFG and, in the population fraction with age above the median value, also metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus.

Contribution of Eating Behaviours to Glucose Dysmetabolism

The contribution of eating behaviors (EBs) and their psychological constructs to glucose dysmetabolism is still debated. To investigate this issue we conducted a cross-sectional study on 4095 subjects seeking a weight loss program, (71.5% females and 71%% of subjects overweight or obese). Serum glucose and insulin were measured, and HOMA (HI) index was calculated. Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was defined as a serum glucose ≥100 mg/dL. EBs were investigated using the Binge Eating Scale (BES) and the Eating Disorder Inventory 3 (EDI3). Raw scores for binge eating behavior (BE) bulimia (B), drive for thickness (DT) and body dissatisfaction (BD) were calculated. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models, adjusted for sex, age, BMI, smoking and physical activity were used to assess the association of BES and EDI3 with serum glucose, HI and the risk of IFG, respectively. BES score and EDI3 scales were not associated with serum glucose and HI, whereas DT (-0.1 mg/dL, CI 95%:-0.17,-0.04; for 1-point increment in DT scale) and BD (-0.18 mg/dL, CI95%:-0.24,-0.12; for 1-point increment in BD scale) scales were slightly and inversely associated with serum glucose. BE, B and DT were not associated with IFG. Only subjects experiencing BD had a lower risk of IFG (OR=0.72, CI95%:0.61,0.85). In conclusion, given the very small effect size, BE, B and DT do not seem to contribute in biologically meaningful manner with glucose profile and IFG risk, whereas BD is associated with a lower risk of IFG. Further study to investigate the effect of BD on food habits and dietary pattern are needed to better understand the contribution of psychological constructs of EBs on glucose dysmetabolism. Disclosure S. Bertoli: None. A. Leone: None. R. De Amicis: None. A. Battezzati: None.

Dietary magnesium-to-iron intake ratios and risk of impaired fasting glucose in Chinese adults: The prospective Jiangsu Nutrition Study (JIN)

BackgroundStudies have consistently shown that risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is positively associated with dietary haem iron intake and inversely associated with dietary magnesium intake in a dose-response way. However, interaction effects of these two clinically important nutrients on T2DM risk in a prospective setting is unknown. ObjectiveTo determine the five-year risk of developing impaired fasting glucose (IFG) associated with dietary magnesium-to-iron intake ratios (Mg/Fe), including Mg/total Fe, Mg/haem-Fe and Mg/non-haem Fe. DesignA cohort study of 1056 participants recruited into the Jiangsu Nutrition Study (JIN) from 2002 to 2007, aged at least 20 years and without known diabetes and IFG at baseline were followed up for five years. Dietary magnesium and iron intake at baseline was assessed by 3-day weighed food records. Fasting plasma glucose was measured both at baseline and follow up. Logistic regression models were performed to determine the associations between quartiles (using bottom quartiles as referent categories) of magnesium to iron (including total Fe, haem-Fe and non-haem Fe) ratio and the risk of IFG (>5.6 mmol/L) adjusted for covariates: age, gender, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, serum ferritin, haemoglobin and family history of diabetes. ResultsThe mean (SD) intake of total Fe and magnesium was 25.0 (9.2) mg/d and 323 (125) mg/d. The incidence of IFG during 5-year follow up was 11.8%. Inverse associations were found between quartiles (Q) of Mg/haem-Fe and the risk of IFG in the fully adjusted model: odds ratios (OR) were 1.00, 0.59 (95%CI 0.35, 0.98), 0.49 (95%CI 0.28, 0.84), and 0.28 (95% CI 0.14, 0.55) (Q4), respectively. Weaker associations were found for quartiles of Mg/total Fe and no association was found between Mg/non-haem Fe and IFG risk. ConclusionsLow Mg/haem-Fe ratio is an independent risk factor for developing IFG in Chinese adults. Future research to determine the added predictive value of assessment of low dietary Mg/haem-Fe ratio beyond current T2D risk models in specific populations is justified.

PPARD rs7770619 polymorphism in a Korean population: Association with plasma malondialdehyde and impaired fasting glucose or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

Both the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta gene ( PPARD) and malondialdehyde plasma concentrations may play a role in impaired glucose metabolism. The aim of this work was to determine whether PPARD is a candidate gene for impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes and whether a particular genetic variant shows association with plasma malondialdehyde levels. Among the 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that were most strongly associated with malondialdehyde, the rs7770619 polymorphism in PPARD was analysed in 1798 subjects with normal fasting glucose, impaired fasting glucose and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Our data demonstrate that the CT genotype of the rs7770619 is associated with a lower risk of impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes together with lower plasma levels of malondialdehyde in both groups ( p < 0.05). Glucose levels and the rs7770619 are significantly associated in individuals with normal fasting glucose, and a trend towards an association between glucose levels and rs7770619 is also observed in individuals with impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes. In conclusion, PPARD rs7770619 is a novel candidate variant for impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes and shows association with malondialdehyde levels. Future work is required to understand the mechanisms for these associations and the clinical implications of our findings.

Waist-hip ratio related genetic loci are associated with risk of impaired fasting glucose in Chinese children: a case control study

BackgroundThe meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies identified several waist-hip ratio (WHR) related loci in individuals of European ancestry. Since the pattern of fat distribution and the relationship between fat distribution and glucose metabolism disturbance in Chinese are different from those in Europeans, the present study aimed to explore the individual and cumulative effects of WHR-related loci on glycemic phenotypes in Chinese children.MethodsA total of 2030 children were recruited from two independent studies. Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected and genotyped using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Logistic regression and linear regression model were used to examine the association of 11 SNPs and genetic risk score (GRS) with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), respectively.ResultsThree SNPs (rs6795735, rs984222 and rs1011731) were nominally associated with IFG (all P < 0.05). Each WHR-increasing (C) allele of rs6795735 (ADAMTS9) was associated with a 40.1% increased risk of IFG (OR = 1.401, 95% CI = 1.131–1.735, P = 0.002), which remained significant after Bonferroni correction. We observed no association of both weighted and unweighted GRS with FPG and IFG (all P > 0.05).ConclusionsWe identified individual effects of rs6795735 (ADAMTS9), rs984222 (TBX15-WARS2), and rs1011731 (DNM3-PIGC) on glycemic phenotypes in Chinese children for the first time. The study suggests that genetic predisposition to central obesity is associated with impaired fasting glucose, providing more evidence for the pathogenesis of diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes and FTO rs9939609 gene polymorphism: a study among the two tribal population groups of Manipur, North East India

Diabetes is one of the most underrated epidemic worldwide, and its prevalence has increased rapidly in developing nations like India. It has increased not only in the general population per se, but even among the indigenous tribal populations also. Several candidate genes have been associated with type 2 diabetes, and the association of type 2 diabetes and FTO rs9939609 gene polymorphism is a matter of debate. The present study aims to understand the prevalence of type-2 diabetes and its association with FTO rs9939609 gene polymorphism, among the Naga and Mizo tribe of Manipur, North East India. Demographic, somatometric variables and blood samples from 521 individuals were collected and FTO rs9939609 variant was screened. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes/impaired fasting glucose was found to be 10.1 and 43.73% among the Liangmai and Mizo tribe, respectively. The FTO variant showed an increased risk for impaired fasting glucose (OR 1.25; CI 0.38–4.1) among the Liangmai tribe, but among Mizo tribe, it showed an increased risk for type 2 diabetes (OR 1.34; CI 0.73–2.4), albeit with no statistical significances. This suggests that there seems to be diverse effect of FTO rs9939609 A allele in the two tribes, i.e., disadvantageous effect among Liangmai tribe and an adaptive effect among Mizo tribe.

Identification of Neuroendocrine Stress Response-Related Circulating MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin Resistance.

Chronic stress plays an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and insulin resistance (IR). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in mediating stress responses by regulating the expression of target genes. This study systematically screened and identified the neuroendocrine stress response-related circulating miRNAs which are associated with T2DM and IR. Based on the differential plasma expression profiles between individuals with and without T2DM, stress-related miRNAs were selected from those differently expressed miRNAs whose targets are involved in known neuroendocrine pathway of stress response. Candidate miRNAs were further validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in a large sample, including 112 T2DM patients, 72 individuals with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and 94 healthy controls. The association between miRNA expression and potential risk of T2DM and IFG was assessed by multivariate logistic regression models. The miRNA predictors of IR were identified by stepwise multiple regression analysis. The diagnostic performance for T2DM was evaluated by area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC). let-7b, let-7i, miR-142, miR-144, miR-155, and miR-29a were selected as candidate miRNAs for validation. Increased expression of let-7b, miR-144, and miR-29a and decreased expression of miR-142 were significant independent predictors of T2DM, IFG, and IR (P < 0.0125). These miRNAs significantly correlated with stress hormone levels (P < 0.0125). A three-miRNA panel, including let-7b, miR-142, and miR-144 had a high accuracy for diagnosing T2DM (AUC = 0.871, 95% CI: 0.822-0.919). let-7b, miR-142, miR-144, and miR-29a in plasma may be important markers of neuroendocrine stress response and may play a role in the pathogenesis of T2DM and IR.

Relative Handgrip Strength Is Inversely Associated with Metabolic Profile and Metabolic Disease in the General Population in China.

Background: Absolute handgrip strength has been correlated with metabolic profile and metabolic disease. Whether relative handgrip strength is also associated with metabolic disease has not been assessed. This study aimed at assessing the association of relative handgrip strength with metabolic profile and metabolic disease in the general population in China.Methods: Data were derived from an ongoing cross-sectional survey of the 2013 National Physical and Health in Shanxi Province, which involved 5520 participants. Multiple linear regression or multiple logistic regression analysis were used to assess the association of absolute/relative handgrip strength with the metabolic profile, preclinical, and established stages of metabolic diseases.Results: This study revealed that relative handgrip strength, that is when normalized to BMI, was associated with: (1) in both genders for more favorable blood lipid levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [males: b = 0.19 (0.15, 0.23); females: b = 0.22 (0.17, 0.28)], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [males: b = −0.14 (−0.23, −0.05); females: b = −0.19 (−0.31, −0.18)], triglycerides [males: b = −0.58 (−0.74, −0.43); females: b = −0.55 (−0.74, −0.36)] and total cholesterol [males: b = −0.20 (−0.31, −0.10); females: b = −0.19 (−0.32, −0.06)]; and better serum glucose levels in males [b = −0.30 (−0.46, −0.15)]. (2) lower risk of impaired fasting glucose in males {third quartile [OR = 0.66 (0.45–0.95)] and fourth quartile [OR = 0.46 (0.30–0.71)] vs. first quartile} and dyslipidemia in both genders {third quartile [males: OR = 0.65 (0.48–0.87); females: OR = 0.68 (0.53–0.86)] and fourth quartile [males: OR = 0.47 (0.35–0.64); females: OR = 0.47(0.36–0.61)] vs. first quartile}. (3) lower risk of hyperlipidemia in both genders third quartile [males: OR = 0.66 (0.50–0.87); females: OR = 0.57 (0.43–0.75)] and fourth quartile [males: OR = 0.35 (0.26–0.47); females: OR = 0.51 (0.38–0.70)] vs. first quartile. However, contrary to relative handgrip strength, higher absolute handgrip strength was associated with unfavorable metabolic profiles and higher risk of metabolic diseases. These paradoxical associations were retained even after adjusted for BMI by employed a multivariate analysis.Conclusion: We conclude that measurement of relative handgrip strength can be used as a reasonable clinical predictor of metabolic health and disease.

Association of Alcohol Drinking Patterns With Presence of Impaired Fasting Glucose and Diabetes Mellitus Among South Korean Adults.

BackgroundWe aimed to investigate the association between alcohol drinking patterns and the presence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and diabetes mellitus (DM).MethodsWe used data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2010–2014. The participants were aged ≥30 years and had no previous diagnosis of DM. High-risk drinking was defined as alcohol consumption of ≥7 glasses at a sitting for men, and ≥5 glasses for women. After adjusting for confounding factors, a polychotomous logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association of drinking patterns with IFG and DM.ResultsFor men, high-risk drinking was associated with higher odds ratios (ORs) of IFG (2–4/month, OR 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13–2.04; 2–3/week, OR 1.79; 95% CI, 1.38–2.33; and ≥4/week, OR 2.24; 95% CI, 1.65–3.03) and of DM (2–4/month, OR 2.12; 95% CI, 1.20–3.77; 2–3/week, OR 1.78; 95% CI, 1.05–3.03; and ≥4/week, OR 2.98; 95% CI, 1.72–5.17). For women, high-risk drinking was associated with higher risk of IFG (2–4/month, OR 1.51; 95% CI, 1.04–2.21; 2–3/week, OR 3.19; 95% CI, 2.20–4.64; and ≥4/week, OR 2.23; 95% CI, 1.23–4.06), but not of DM, compared with non-high-risk drinkers who consumed alcohol ≤1 day/month. Non-high-risk drinkers who consumed alcohol ≥4 days/week had higher ORs of DM in men, but lower ORs of DM in women compared with non-high risk drinkers who consumed alcohol ≤1 day/month.ConclusionsCompared with non-high-risk alcohol drinking, even occasional high-risk alcohol drinking was associated with a higher risk of IFG in men and women, and DM in men. Nearly daily non-high-risk alcohol drinking was associated with a higher risk of DM in men and lower risk of DM in women.

Effect of menopausal status on onset of impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective: To investigate the relationship between menopausal status at different FPG levels and the risk of new onset of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Female subjects were selected from the females who joined in the epidemiological survey between May and September in 2009 in six counties of Guanlin Village and Xushe Village in Yixing City in Jiangsu Province by cluster sampling method. Subjects with diabetes at baseline or pre-menopause with age above 65 years old or surgical menopause were excluded. Finally there were 2 084 eligible subjects included in this study. According to FPG at baseline, subjects were categorized into two groups as normal FPG group (FPG<5.6 mmol/L) and IFG group (5.6≤FPG≤6.9 mmol/L). Follow-up study was conducted from May in 2014 to January in 2016. Cox regression model was used to investigate the association between menopausal factors and IFG and T2DM among groups based on FPG. Results: The average age of subjects at baseline was 58.08 (51.74-65.82) years old, and the number of post-menopausal women was 1 631 (78.3%). The number of subjects in normal FPG group was 1 569 (75.3%), and in IFG group was 515 (24.7%). There were 104 subjects with new onset T2DM among which 34 subjects from normal FPG group and 70 subjects from IFG group. And there were 199 subjects with new onset IFG in normal FPG group. Among subjects with normal FPG, the incidence density of IFG in post-menopausal women (2 752/100 000 person-years) was statistically higher than that in premenopausal women (1 670/100 000 person-years) (P<0.001). After age and BMI adjusted, post-menopausal women had a higher risk of having IFG in normal FPG subjects with hazard ratio (HR) at 2.60 (P<0.001). Among subjects with normal FPG, the risk of new onset IFG decreased in post-menopausal women with menopause age increasing after age and BMI adjusted, with HR at 0.96 (P=0.046). No statistical association was found between menopausal factors and risk of T2DM either in the overall subjects or in the subgroups(P>0.05). Conclusion: Menopause can increase the risk of IFG incidence in subjects with normal FPG. The incidence of IFG decreases with the menopause age increasing.

DIABETES, IMPAIRED FASTING GLUCOSE, AND FALL INJURY RISK IN OLDER ADULTS: THE HEALTH ABC STUDY

Diabetes increases fall and fracture risk, but the association of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) with treated fall injuries is unknown. We assessed diabetes (diagnosed/treated and/or FG≥126 mg/dl) and IFG (FG≥100 mg/dl) in Cox Proportional Hazard models for fall injury from linked Medicare Fee-For-Service claims over 8.6 ± 3.3 years in Health ABC (n=2363, age 73.5 ± 2.8 years, 52% women, 38% black, 18% IFG, 17% diabetes). Fall injuries (n=680; 29%) were 76% fractures and 24% non-fracture fall injuries. After adjusting for demographic/lifestyle, medication and comorbidity factors, IFG had lower non-fracture fall injury risk vs. normal glycemia (HR 0.59, 95%CI: 0.35–0.97). Diabetes had higher non-fracture fall injury risk vs. IFG (HR 2.06, 1.15–3.68), though no association existed vs. normal glycemia. No association existed for glycemic status and total fall injury or fracture risk. Non-fracture fall injury risk differs by glycemic status. Further investigation is necessary to understand the mechanism of IFG and fall injury risk.