Risk Management Skills Research Articles

Residential treatment and its role in recovery pathways for people with addictions in France: the residents’ point of view

While several quantitative studies exist describing the factors associated with maintaining objectives attained by people with addictions during their stay in residential therapeutic centres (RTC), few studies have examined the point of view of the residents themselves on this question. In the present study, qualitative interviews were conducted with 45 residents of an RTC in the Paris area at the end of their stay or in the 4–9 following months. Residents’ views confirmed the importance of: consolidating risk and stress management skills during their stay; adopting a holistic well-being approach; developing a truly personal health project; a treatment centre that really seems to care; peer support during and after their stay; and improving family and social networks. Obstacles included residents with rarer addictions feeling left out during group work; insufficient anticipation of the risks associated with returning to everyday life; a supportive group approach that disappears when returning to everyday life; and too great a gap between the RTC approach and the values of both the individual’s personal social network and their follow-up care professionals. In conclusion, although residents underline the therapeutic success of their stay, key questions remain concerning obstacles in recovery pathways when returning into real life situations.

Evaluation of the impact of educational interview for patients who have received a cardiac valvular replacement

Valvular replacement (VR) is commonly performed for severe valvular disease. Thrombosis and endocarditis represent the two main complications after VR. Patient education is essential to prevent these risks. To assess the impact of an educational interview (EI) on the knowledge of patients who have benefited from VR. Adult patients with a prosthetic valve (PV), were enrolled in a prospective, controlled, monocentric study. EI carried out by a pharmacist considering specific risks related to the PV and safety skills. A booklet containing essential information was given to the patient. The EI was conducted at baseline in the intervention group. A follow up was carried out two months after VR (M2) to assess the patients’ knowledge. The control group only benefited from follow-up at M2 without baseline EI. The assessment of the patients’ knowledge score using a weighted survey (/100) and the patients’ satisfaction regarding the EI. A T-Student test was used to compare the knowledge score between the two groups. 82 patients were included (41 per group) from June to September 2019 with a mean age of 75 ± 12 years (57% man). Baseline characteristics were comparable between the 2 groups. At M2, the knowledge score was significantly higher in the intervention group (58 ± 25 versus 22 ± 19; P < 0.001). A significant better awareness was observed for the need of long-term medical follow-up and for prevention infective endocarditis (dentist visits, antibiotic prophylaxis card, wound disinfection). 79% of the patients were satisfied with the EI. This study underlines the benefit of an EI on the improvement of patients’ knowledge regarding risk management and safety skills after VR. Further studies are warranted to assess long-term incidence of PV-related adverse events in this population.

Risk assessment in hematology ward renovation, a FMEA example in a tertiary hospital in Italy

Abstract Background Hospital construction and renovation works cause derangement, increasing mistake rate in healthcare workers and resulting in dust contamination and dispersal of fungal spores that could improve morbidity and mortality in severely immune suppressed patients. The necessary renovation of hematology ward at IRCCS Policlinico San Martino in Genoa, scheduled for February 2020 required a risk assessment to avoid logistical, organizational and clinical problems. Two possible scenarios were proposed: (1) displacement of patients in another building previously used as hematological unit or (2) department split in 2 sections to carry out renovation works in different periods. Risk management of the choice relies on failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) method, a proactive tool based on risk priority number (RPN) that ranks failure modes in terms of occurrence, severity and detection. Aim of this work is to analyze and compare the two scenarios; a team of experts in Public health with specific skills in risk management and hospital governance used FMEA to single out failure modes and to compute RPN. Methods Thirteen failure modes were combined together in four major possible risks: (a) lengthening waiting times and delay haematopoietic stem cell transplant procedures, (b) exposure to airborne contamination, (c) cross contamination and water contamination, (d) wrong behaviors. RPN was computed for each failure mode. Results Relevant failure modes were: reduction of bedsides in both scenarios (7 bedsides lost in first scenario RPN1 540 vs 9 bedsides lost in second scenario RPN2 630), less air exchange/hour in the first scenario (4/h RPN1 500 vs 6/h RPN2 400) balanced by closeness to the work site in the second scenario(RPN2 500). First scenario total RPN was 2430, second scenario was 3250. Conclusions Using FMEA, we assessed the different risks profile of two scenarios. Although some residual risks persisted, the first scenario shows a lower risk profile for all major risks. Key messages Risk assessment is a key element to better understand hospital problems and improve environmental health in healthcare setting FMEA represents a useful tool to guide hospital manager in difficult choices concerning severely immune suppressed patients.

Do employability skills for business graduates meet the employers’ expectations? The case of retail Islamic banks of Bahrain

PurposeManagers claim that fresh graduates are unequipped to meet market demands. The aim of this study is to investigate the perception of employers in retail Islamic banks of Bahrain on newly graduated business students. The Singaporean Model of Employability Skills was implemented, to ascertain the mean ratings of employability skills in terms of their importance and the competency of business graduates.Design/methodology/approachThis deductive research approach initiated with a literature review that identifies research gap and a model that was tested via a self-administration adopted survey by collected data from 220 senior employees at retail Islamic banks of BahrainFindingsThe systematic of convenience sampling technique was used in selecting 161 samples and the researcher received only 85 completed questionnaire forms. Findings initiate that employers appreciated the importance of teamwork, risk management and decision-making skills. Their main recommendation was that employers should establish a durable bond with universities to enhance employability skills.Originality/valueBecause the researcher gathered all data from employers of different Islamic banks in Bahrain, this sector in addition will get the advantage of the results that banks will formulate their strategic plans accordingly to tackle the business graduates’ weaknesses. Likewise, universities and researchers might be motivated to look into new innovative methods that assist graduates to accommodate with market conditions.

Wholesale Funding, Liquidity Creation and Deposit Shortage

Although banks possess superior liquidity risk management skills, the financial crisis of 2007-2009 severely affected their liquidity buffers. This led to increasing concerns by regulators on the adverse effects of reliance on unstable wholesale funding. Building on the growing literature on bank wholesale funding, this paper examines the effect of wholesale funding on liquidity creation, the main function of banks in the economy through which they fund illiquid loans with liquid deposits. Consistent with the recent criticism of the role of unstable funding, our findings suggest that (especially short-term) wholesale funding can have a negative effect on liquidity creation which can be attributed to greater exposure to liquidity shocks. Our results are robust to several tests that address concerns about potential endogeneity and other issues.

Using a Serious Game to Train Violence Risk Assessment and Management Skills

Background. Staff in healthcare and human services settings are frequently exposed to interpersonal violence and challenging behaviour that requires competence in assessing and managing the associated risks. The pressure to adequately manage these risks can result in high levels of workplace stress. Intervention. Students and workers face many barriers to receiving practical training in risk assessment and management, and serious gaming has shown promise as a method of learning in a realistic, experiential, and safe environment. This study examined whether a serious game was an effective and engaging method for training people to assess and manage challenging behaviours, compared to a traditional mode of learning. Method. The 78 participants in this quasi-experimental study were divided into a serious game condition and a traditional learning condition. Participants were scored on their acquired knowledge across five categories and surveyed on their level of engagement in the learning method. Results. Results demonstrated no significant differences between learning conditions on acquired knowledge, and significantly higher levels of engagement in the serious game condition. Conclusion. Serious games may offer an effective way of teaching risk assessment and management skills to novice healthcare professionals. As an engaging, cost-effective, authentic, flexible, and self-directed learning method, the advantages of utilising serious gaming as a training tool in healthcare and human services are substantial.

Examining the effects of role play practice in enhancing clinical skills to assess and manage suicide risk

Background: Mental health professionals (MHPs) often lack skills necessary to effectively manage suicide risk. Training designed to combat this deficiency tend to rely on passive techniques, despite research suggesting active methods may better facilitate skill development.Aim: This study examines the effect of a role-play training on MHPs’ attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control surrounding suicide risk assessment behaviors.Methods: Two hundred and three MHPs participated in a 4.5 hour role-play training after participation in an online suicide risk assessment training. The training utilized active learning and behavioral modification strategies. MHPs completed questionnaires assessing attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and training variables.Results: MHPs endorsed positive attitudes, social norms and perceived behavioral control in suicide risk assessment and management skills, especially in assessing/determining the severity of risk, establishing rapport, documenting risk assessment information and developing a treatment plan. Results also revealed support for the feasibility of disseminating role-play training utilizing active learning methods.Conclusion: Factors found to be associated with participation in the role-play training are discussed. Findings may inform future development and improvement of suicide risk assessment training and practices that target risk and protective factors to effectively reduce suicide-related behavior.

Identifying Gaps in Community Pharmacists’ Skills in Medication Risk Management in Routine Dispensing

Identifying Gaps in Community Pharmacists’ Skills in Medication Risk Management in Routine Dispensing

Exploratory factor analysis of skills requirement for PPP contract governance

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the skills required for effective contract management of public–private partnership (PPP) projects over their contract duration. The growing body of literature indicating the lack of expertise in managing PPP-related projects within the public sector prompted this study.Design/methodology/approachThe study, being an exploratory one, relied on a survey of 207 survey responses from a sample of PPP experts across the globe. The data from the survey are a rich mix of responses from public policy experts, construction professionals, project finance experts, lawyers and academic researchers in PPP.FindingsIt was found through exploratory factor analysis that project management, financial engineering, negotiations, risk management, forecasting, stakeholder management and technical skills were very critical for successful contract management of PPP projects. It was also found that regional characteristics influence skills prioritisation.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of this study can be validated on larger data sets in specific countries and across regions, sectors and variety of PPP projects. Currently, the authors conducted a general survey using convenience sampling.Practical implicationsThe results send a clear signal to practitioners that infrastructure regulation training programs cannot be generalised. Training should be tailored to reflect regional and country-specific characteristics.Originality/valueThe increasing failures and remunicipalisations of privately financed infrastructures is a cause for concern. Little attention has been given to the complicity of PPP regulatory institutions responsible for contract governance of such projects. Studies are increasingly pointing to the absence of critical PPP skills among institutions responsible for managing PPP contracts. This lack of capacity has resulted in poor oversight of private companies providing public services resulting in poor services, and financial recklessness which threaten the sustainability of service provision.

Do entrepreneurial knowledge and innovative attitude overcome “imperfections” in the innovation process? Insights from SMEs in the UK and Italy

Purpose Entrepreneurial knowledge spurs innovation and, in turn, generates a competitive advantage. This paper aims to explore if entrepreneurial knowledge combined with the attitude to innovate can overcome the key “imperfections” of the innovation process generated by dynamic, current technological progress in the knowledge-intensive sector. The “imperfections” identified in risk management, asymmetric information in the knowledge management process and hold-up problems can all disrupt collaborative partnerships and limit opportunities for innovation. Design/methodology/approach A theory-building approach is applied which offers a case study analysis of two small- to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). These two SMEs operate in Europe but in two different territories: the UK and Italy. The study explores three key imperfections, risk management, asymmetric information in the knowledge management process and hold-up problems, which occur in the innovation process. Findings The entrepreneurs face these imperfections by adopting an open innovation model. Notwithstanding, both entrepreneurs had to deal with all “imperfections”, and their skills, attributes, attitude and aptitude allowed them to grow their business and continually develop new products. Therefore, the imperfections do not limit the innovative capacity of an entrepreneur but rather enhance their challengeable attitude. In this regard, the case studies induce a further analysis on entrepreneurial knowledge intertwined with entrepreneurial risk management and networking skills. Research limitations/implications The empirical significance of the two cases does not allow theorisation. However, this research offers interesting results which can be strengthened by a comparative case study with other countries or deeper investigation by applying a quantitative approach. Originality/value By leveraging entrepreneurial knowledge, the imperfections noted in the innovation process can be overcome. Entrepreneurial knowledge is recognised as the main asset of an enterprise if it is combined with external talent or human resources. Entrepreneurs aim to develop innovative approaches and ideas through establishing both formal and informal collaborative partnership relationships which are used thanks to the entrepreneurs’ networking skills, knowledge and abilities.

Understanding key skills for information security managers

Information security management is a necessity for all institutions and enterprises that regard company information as valuable assets. Developing, auditing and managing information security depends upon professional expertise in order to achieve the desired information security governance. This research seeks the key skills required for the position of information security management as well as the methods to develop these skills through professional training programs. The study adopts the Delphi method which requires building a list of items through a literature survey and involves experts with certain expertise to modify the list until a consensus on less than 20% of the items is reached. Through completing three rounds of the Delphi technique - data collection, relevance voting and ranking - sixteen skills are shortlisted as the key skills. In the final list, the majority belong to core information security skills, and the top two skills belong to project/process management skills and risk management skills, indicating the importance of these skills for the information security manager role. In addition, a series of related professional training programs and certifications are surveyed, the outcome of which highlights a number of most comprehensive and appropriate programs to develop these determined skills.

Evaluation of Management Skills and Training among Horticultural Farmers in Botswana

This quantitative study aimed to determine the level of management skills and training among small scale horticultural farmers in Botswana. The study adopted an exploratory and descriptive survey research design. A valid and reliable questionnaire was used to collect data through a survey of forty (n=40) purposively sampled small scale horticultural farmers in Botswana. A six-point Likerts’ scale ranging from 0=No skill to 5=very high skill was used to measure the level of eight areas of farm management skills and training namely; planning and goal setting skills, accounting and financial management skills, communication skills, productivity management skills, product procurement and marketing skills, decision making skills, risk management skills, and technical skills. Mean and standard deviations for each of the farm management skills were calculated and, tested for their significance using a Chi Square test. Findings revealed that farmers had an overall high level of farm management skills and training. Communication skill was the only skill which the farmers had at a very high level. Farmers had high skills levels in the technical skills, product procurement and marketing management skills, planning and goal setting skills and, decision-making skills. Farmers had a low skill levels in risk management skills followed by accounting and financial management skills and, production and productivity management skills. Therefore, the farmers need to be adequately trained in skill areas of risk management, production and productivity management skills and, accounting and financial management. Specific and important recommendations include formulation and implementation of effective agricultural insurance policies; inculcate the adoption of appropriate farm technologies, leadership and cooperation skills among farmers and, training of farmers in the areas of scientific production techniques, plant protection and record keeping. To prioritize the areas for effective and time bound improvement in the farm management skills among horticultural farmers, further study can be conducted to determine the influence of socio-economic characteristics of farmers on the level of their farm management skills.

Interactive Teaching of Risk Management in the Russian Construction Industry

As one of the strategic sectors of the Russian economy, the construction industry plays a special role in the economy of the state. The industry is sensitive to a variety of systemic and project-based risks. The construction industry as a whole bears the risk of painful responses to global or local economic conditions such as inflation, constriction of capital, financial system collapse, changes in tax law, etc. Construction managers and engineers can benefit from familiarity with globally tested methodologies of enterprise risk management (ERM) so they can apply these principles and techniques to the companies and projects they manage, as well as contribute to the health of the construction sector and the economy. Research and practice in industries and professions across many developed economies have demonstrated the enhanced effectiveness of experiential, interactive teaching techniques generally, and specifically in the development of risk management insights and skills. This paper will (i) review ERM as a recognized discipline, describing techniques for identifying and quantifying the impact of various categories of risk; (ii) show that ERM is a critical skillset in the Russian construction industry; and (iii) provide illustrations of and theoretical support for various interactive teaching techniques which enhance the development of insights and skills in risk managers and industry leaders. These interactive pedagogical techniques can be effective in either academic settings or within professional training programs.

Go Play Outside! Effects of a risk-reframing tool on mothers\u2019 tolerance for, and parenting practices associated with, children\u2019s risky play: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundChildren’s risky play is associated with a variety of positive developmental, physical and mental health outcomes, including greater physical activity, self-confidence and risk-management skills. Children’s opportunities for risky play have eroded over time, limited by parents’ fears and beliefs about risk, particularly among mothers. We developed a digital tool and in-person Risk-reframing (RR) workshop to reframe parents’ perceptions of risk and change parenting behaviours. The purpose of this paper is to describe our RR intervention, rationale and protocol for a randomised controlled trial to examine whether it leads to increases in mothers’ tolerance of risk in play and goal attainment relating to promoting their child’s opportunities for risky play.MethodsWe use a randomised controlled trial design and will recruit a total of 501 mothers of children aged 6–12 years. The RR digital tool is designed for a one-time visit and includes three chapters of self-reflection and experiential learning tasks. The RR in-person tool is a 2-h facilitated workshop in which participants are guided through discussion of the same tasks contained within the digital tool. The control condition consists of reading the Position Statement on Active Outdoor Play.Primary outcome is increased tolerance of risk in play, as measured by the Tolerance of Risk in Play Scale. Secondary outcome is self-reported attainment of a behaviour-change goal that participants set for themselves.We will test the hypothesis that there will be differences between the experimental and control conditions with respect to tolerance of risk in play using mixed-effects models. We will test the hypothesis that there will be differences between the experimental and control conditions with respect to goal attainment using logistic regression.DiscussionThe results of this trial will have important implications for facilitating the widespread change in parents’ risk perception that is necessary for promoting broad societal understanding of the importance of children’s risky play. In addition, the findings may provide relevant information for the design of behaviour-change tools to increase parental tolerance of risk.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03374683. Retrospectively registered on 15 December 2017.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Credit Risk Management Processes and its Impact on Financial Performance of Credit Unions in Ghana

Credit Unions in Ghana have made greater contributions to enhancing people access to loans. It has been argued that exposure of Credit Unions to credit risk has caused huge loan losses and in turn led to collapse of many of the institutions. This study sought to assess the risk management skills and approached of the St. Paul’s Cooperative Credit Union and the De-Pores Credit Union. The study also sought to examine the CAMEL rating performance of the Credit Unions and the effects of NPL and loan portfolio on profitability of the institutions. Data was collected from the Loan Officers, Branch Managers and Accountants of the Credit Unions on measures in place to reduce credit risks. Data was also obtained from the financial statements of the Credit Unions from 2007 to 2016. The study revealed that management of the Credit Unions conduct pre-assessment, mid-term assessment and post assessment before loans are granted to customers which have helped to reduce credit risks. The study found that the Credit Unions do not have the capacity to relate or use its accumulated capital against credit risks. Also, the study indicated that the Credit Unions had inadequate capital to back its operations. The study found that the assets of the Credit Unions are not effectively used to generate more income to improve performance. The Credit Unions experienced lower loan growth rate. The Credit Unions do not have enough liquidity to cover any unexpected fund obligations. The regression analysis showed significant effects of NPL and Loan Portfolio on profitability of the Credit Unions. The study recommends that management of the Credit Union should put measures in place to grant more quality loans, reduce NPL and revitalize it CAR position in order to make credit unions vibrant and solvent.

EFFECT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN ANAMBRA (A STUDY OF SELECTED SMES IN ANAMBRA STATE NIGERIA)

This study examined the effect of entrepreneurial skills on SME’s productivity in Nnewi North Local Government Area of Anambra State Nigeria. Three research questions were raised in line with the objectives of the study. Also, three research hypotheses wee formulated. The instrument for data collection is a structured questionnaire which is used in analyzing the research questions, data collected were analysed using statistical mean (x) and standard deviation. The population of the study is 100. Based on the findings, the study revealed that, management skills, marketing skills, accounting skills and discussed risk management skills are needed for effective productivity of SMEs. Based on the findings, the researcher recommends that every potential graduate should be entrepreneurial in character, and also the government can do more by emphasizing entrepreneurial skill acquisition in all levels of education. Article visualizations:

국내 경영혁신 활동의 핵심 성공요인 문헌 연구 - 6시그마, TQM, 린 6시그마, ERP, TPM, BPR, Project Management, System Engineering 중심으로 -

Purpose Existing precedent studies include success factors of individual management innovation activities constantly. However, those studies have limitations about the common key success factors of individual management innovation activities. Methods For this study, we investigate the key success factors using literature research of the most typical management innovation activities adopted and implemented by many companies in Korea, such as 6sigma, TQM, Lean 6sigma, ERP, TPM, BPR, Project Management, System Engineering. Factors emerging repeatedly was combined into common factors and inherent factors that are necessary for the success of individual management innovation activities are designated to essential factors. Results ‘Essential factors for Six Sigma’consist of 5 items. Black belt operating system, personnel management system linkage, the correct management of the data, perform improvement projects associated with financial performance financial result, linked to financial performance improvement project, project progress management. ‘Essential factors of TQM’ are arranged 4 items. Quality team’s independence and role, goal-setting, Quality Information System, corporate’s philosophy of quality first. ‘Essential factors of Lean Six Sigma’are the selection of value stream which is based on the customer needs and the value creation and identify the project based on the selected value in the company. ‘Essential factors of ERP’are investigated 6 items. Ongoing system maintenance and upgrades, the measurement and support of user satisfaction, the operating systems and the policies for the maintenance, IT infrastructure, change adaption condition monitoring, focusing on improving business performance. ‘Essential factors for TPM’are arranged 4 items. Motivated and energetic Bottom-Up, CEO’s recognition of the importance facility management, long-term perspective of necessity and ongoing patience. ‘Essential factors for BPR’are the pursuit of change process and the staff’s sense of crisis management. ‘Essential factors for Project Management’are the strategy that reduce the risk management skills through risk management and the understanding and organized management for the project participant’s needs. ‘Essential factors for System Engineering’consist of 2 items. The first is the design for the best balanced system with pre-analysis about the compromise the cost, schedule and the performance. The second is the analysis of large problem into small problems which can solved. We have found the solution considering components of the interface through the systematic perspective. Conclusion Common factors and essential factors presented in this study will properly help to introduce the individual management innovation activities for the each business sector and implement management innovation. After this study, new literature research that reflect new studies should accomplish steadily. Key words: Management Innovation, Success Factor

Skills and knowledge of informatics, and training needs of hospital pharmacists in Thailand: A self-assessment survey

ObjectiveBecause hospital pharmacists have to deal with large amounts of health information and advanced information technology in practice, they must possess adequate skills and knowledge of informatics to operate efficiently. However, most current pharmacy curricula in Thailand barely address the principles and skills concerned with informatics, and Thai pharmacists usually acquire computer literacy and informatics skills through personal-interest training and self-study. In this study, we aimed to assess the skills and knowledge of informatics and the training needs of hospital pharmacists in Thailand, in order to improve curricular and professional development. MethodA self-assessment postal survey of 73 questions was developed and distributed to the pharmacy departments of 601 hospitals throughout the country. Practicing hospital pharmacists were requested to complete and return the survey voluntarily. ResultsWithin the 3 months of the survey period, a total of 805 out of 2002 surveys were returned. On average, respondents rated themselves as competent or better in the skills of basic computer operation, the Internet, information management, and communication. Understandably, they rated themselves at novice level for information technology and database design knowledge/skills, and at advanced beginner level for project, risk, and change management skills. Respondents believed that skills and knowledge of informatics were highly necessary for their work, and definitely needed training. ConclusionThai hospital pharmacists were confident in using computers and the Internet. They realized and appreciated their lack of informatics knowledge and skills, and needed more training. Pharmacy curricula and training should be developed accordingly.

Suicide Prevention in Health Care.

Decreasing suicide rates through health care system change is an example of how improving patient safety warrants psychiatrists’ awareness, training, teamwork, and leadership in system-based solutions. It has been over 15 years since the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System (2), reported that “at least 44,000 people, and perhaps as many as 98,000 people, die in hospitals each year as a result of medical errors that could have been prevented.” In March of 2001, IOM’s next catalyzing report, Crossing the Quality Chasm, concluded that “merely making incremental improvements in current systems of care will not suffice.” These reports inspired the nation’s campaign to improve quality and safety in health care (3). However, adverse events causing morbidity and mortality continue. The Six Sigma comparison of industries ranks the many health care “defects per million opportunities” near that of the Internal Revenue Service tax advice phone-in service; domestic airline flight fatality rates achieve superior Six Sigma safety rates (4). Many of the country’s top sentinel events are mental health related, including restraint-related events, elopements, selfinflicted injuries, and suicides (5). Some of the top sentinel event settings include psychiatric hospitals, psychiatric units, and behavioral health facilities, totaling 19% of all locations for sentinel events since 2004. In comparison, emergency departments account for only 5.4%, and office-based surgery, 0.9%. Approximately 1,500 inpatient suicides occur per year in theUnited States (6). In juxtaposition, themost recent data from aviation fatalities from theNational Transportation Safety Board reveal a total of only 443 aviation deaths (7). If psychiatrists are the pilots of the mental health system, then what can they do in collaboration with others to transform the industry to the next level of safety at a systems level? Many organizations support this system transformation, including IOM, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, the Joint Commission, the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and the American Psychiatric Association. In addition, the American Board of Medical Specialties is highlighting safety standards by integrating patient safety principles into its program for maintenance of certification (MOC) requirements (9). The American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology is part of this leadership drive (10). Focus will begin attending to MOC safety requirements and providing a review of current clinical safety practice. Patient safety is a vital function of psychiatric services and a core objective of the mental health system. Without safety, there would be neither treatment nor recovery. Suicide is one of the top safety challenges that our health care system faces. Psychiatrists and other mental health clinicians practice standards of care in their provision of suicide risk assessment, risk management, and biopsychosocial treatments. However, in the system of care some failure modes are root causes of suicide and are beyond the realm of the psychiatrist’s assessment and treatment. If there were board exam questions on suicide data and suicide risk assessment, psychiatrists would readily know the answers (noted at the end of this column):

From Functions to Profession: The Emergence and Rise of Registrar Professions in Europe

The functions of registration arose with the emergence of the modern museum in 18th century Europe and the United States, and through the nascent practices of inventorying and cataloguing collections, which were associated with persons in charge of register and collection documentation. However, the registrar profession—in the current sense of the term—emerged only at the end of the 20th century in Europe. It is rooted in the development, in the late 1980s, of support and operational functions in museums. This development arose from the thorough specialisation of culture and heritage professions, coupled with increasing professionalisation driven by Anglo‐American models of registration.This article retraces the development of the registrar profession in France from the 1980s to its maturation at the turn of the 21st century, a culminating period that was primarily marked by strong institutional recognition. This increased recognition is identifiable through some of the following: the definition of registrars’ tasks and activities, the formalisation of employment settings, the organisation of collection management services, the emergence of training seminars and lectures, and the creation of professional associations. In this context of institutional standardisation, the figure of the European registrar gradually came into being—a development particularly discernable in the regular organisation of professional meetings such as the European Registrars’ conference. Inaugurated in 1998, its transnational themes—including the flow and circulation of heritage objects, couriering issues, share of production costs, standardisation processes, and risk management skills—indicate a vision of international partnership based on the RC‐AAM model.