Risk In Healthy Individuals Research Articles

Exploring Task-Related EEG for Cross-Subject Early Alzheimer's Disease Susceptibility Prediction in Middle-Aged Adults Using Multitaper Spectral Analysis.

The early prediction of Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk in healthy individuals remains a significant challenge. This study investigates the feasibility of task-state EEG signals for improving detection accuracy. Electroencephalogram (EEG) data were collected from the Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT) and Sternberg Memory Task (STMT). Time-frequency features were extracted using the Multitaper method, followed by multidimensional reduction techniques. Subspace features (F24 and F216) were selected via t-tests and False Discovery Rate (FDR) multiple comparisons correction, and subsequently analyzed in the Time-Frequency Area Average Test (TFAAT) and Prefrontal Beta Time Series Test (PBTST). The experimental results reveal that the MSIT task achieves optimal cross-subject classification performance using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) approach with the TFAAT feature set, yielding a Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under the Curve (ROC AUC) of 58%. Similarly, the Sternberg Memory Task demonstrates classification ability with the logistic regression model applied to the PBTST feature set, emphasizing the beta band power spectrum in the prefrontal cortex as a potential marker of AD risk. These findings confirm that task-state EEG provides stronger classification potential compared to resting-state EEG, offering valuable insights for advancing early AD prediction research.

VascuFit: Aerobic exercise improves endothelial function independent of cardiovascular risk: A randomized-controlled trial

Background and aimsEndothelial dysfunction predicts elevated cardiovascular (CV) risk in healthy individuals. Aerobic exercise reduces endothelial dysfunction in part by improving CV risk factors. Yet, this explains less than 50 % of the effect and a direct influence of exercise training on the endothelium is discussed as possible contributor. The VascuFit study applied non-linear periodized aerobic exercise (NLPE) training to assess its multilevel effects on endothelial function including potential epigenetic endothelial modifications by circulating micro-ribonucleic acids (endomiRs). MethodsSedentary adults with elevated CV risk between 40 and 60 years were randomized 2:1 and engaged in an eight-week ergometer-based NLPE training (n = 30) or received standard exercise recommendations (n = 14). Macro-, microvascular, cellular and molecular adaptations were assessed via brachial-arterial flow-mediated dilation (baFMD), static retinal vessel analysis (SVA), flow cytometry, and endomiRs regulating key pathways of endothelial function. Statistics included ANCOVA, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and regression analyses. ResultsbaFMD improved by 2.38 % (CI:0.70–4.06, p = 0.007) independent of CV risk, whereas SVA parameters and circulating endothelial (progenitor) cells did not significantly change in the NLPE group. The mean distance between baseline and follow-up PCA loadings of the endomiR dataset explaining 44.2 % of dataset variability was higher in the NLPE-group compared to the control group (2.71 ± 2.02 vs. 1.65 ± 0.93). However, regression analyses showed no evidence of endomiRs explaining the improvement of baFMD. ConclusionsThe improvement of macrovascular endothelial function by aerobic exercise training was independent from CV risk factors. Increased heterogeneity among endomiRs did not explain this effect, but suggests an adaptive response to the exercise stimulus on the epigenetic level.

Sleep disorders in patients with heart diseases - present knowledge

Abstract Introduction The problem of sleep disorders plays a significant role in the functioning of people in the contemporary world, particularly affecting cardiac patients. It entails a series of consequences that impact health. The study analyzed the occurrence of sleep disorders among cardiac patients. Purpose The project aimed to assess the available literature regarding described sleep disorders in patients with cardiovascular diseases and to analyze the impact of sleep disorders on the functioning of cardiac patients. Methods Materials available in PubMed and Google Scholar were analyzed using keywords such as "sleep disorders," "insomnia," "cardiovascular disease," "heart attack," "heart failure," "hypertension," "coronary artery disease" in various configurations. A comprehensive analysis of publications was conducted to identify studies on sleep disorders in cardiac patients, focusing on risk factors and management strategies for sleep problems in this patient group. Results Sleep disorders occur in cardiac patients and significantly affect their health. Sleep disorders also increase cardiovascular risk in healthy individuals. Sleep disorder management methods include problem recognition, lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and behavioral interventions. A crucial aspect of care appears to be the need for diagnosing sleep problems in cardiac patients and implementing integrated multidisciplinary care. Conclusions Sleep disorders pose a significant risk for cardiac patients, requiring an interdisciplinary therapeutic approach. Future research should assess the scale of sleep disorders in cardiac patients in Poland, as well as identify factors influencing sleep disorders in this patient group. Subsequently, treatment strategies and integrated care should be developed.

Prevalence of salivary microbial load and lactic acid presence in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals with different dental caries stages.

This study aims to correlate caries-causing microorganism load, lactic acid estimation, and blood groups to high caries risk in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals and low caries risk in healthy individuals. This study includes 30 participants divided into 3 groups: Group A, High-risk caries diabetic individuals; Group B, High-risk caries non-diabetic individuals; and Group C, Low-risk caries individuals. The medical condition, oral hygiene, and caries risk assessment (American Dental Association classification and International Caries Detection and Assessment System scoring) were documented. Each individual's 3 mL of saliva was analyzed for microbial load and lactic acid as follows: Part I: 2 mL for microbial quantity estimation using nutrient agar and blood agar medium, biochemical investigation, and carbohydrate fermentation tests; Part II: 0.5 mL for lactic acid estimation using spectrophotometric analysis. Among the selected individuals, blood group correlation was assessed. The χ2 test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and post hoc analysis were done using Dunn's test (p < 0.05). Group A had the highest microbial load and lactic acid concentration, followed by Groups B and C. The predominant bacteria were Lactobacilli (63.00 ± 15.49) and Streptococcus mutans (76.00 ± 13.90) in saliva. Blood Group B is prevalent in diabetic and non-diabetic high-risk caries patients but statistically insignificant. Diabetic individuals are more susceptible to dental caries due to high microbial loads and increased lactic acid production. These factors also lower the executing tendency of neutrophils, which accelerates microbial accumulation and increases the risk of caries in diabetic individuals.

Association of cigarette smoking with cardiometabolic risk factors: A cross-sectional study.

Despite strong and consistent epidemiological evidence linking cigarette smoking to several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the association between smoking intensity and CVD risk factors remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the possible effects of cigarette smoking on cardiometabolic risk in healthy individuals. This cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2022 and June 2023. Consecutive sampling was performed to include 160 healthy participants: 100 smokers with 60 males and 40 females; and 60 age- and sex-matched non-smokers with 36 males and 24 females. Blood samples were taken from each participant to assess their cardiometabolic function: lipid profile, von Willebrand factor (vWF), high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI), and fibrinogen levels; and liver function using an automated enzymatic method. In addition, blood sugar level, body mass index (BMI), and blood pressure were recorded. Smokers had significantly higher vWF functional activity and hs-cTnI but significantly lower albumin and total bilirubin levels than non-smokers (65.87 ± 19.07 vs 56.45 ± 6.59, respectively, p<0.001; 0.0382 ± 0.0077 vs 0.0147 ± 0.0105, respectively, p<0.001; and 4.63 ± 0.32 vs 4.74 ± 0.28, respectively, p=0.026). The number of cigarettes consumed daily was associated positively and significantly with plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, vWF functional activity, and hs-cTnI but were negatively associated with total bilirubin. Moreover, heavy smokers had a significantly higher BMI and waist-to-hip ratio among male smokers than non-smokers. Cigarette smoking was associated with increased dyslipidemia, BMI, and central obesity, in addition to higher vWF functional activity. Altogether, increased hs-cTnI levels in smokers indicate a higher susceptibility to CVD.

Relationship of functional movement screening with balance and flexibility in adult nonathletes—an observational study

BackgroundThe functional movement screening (FMS), Flamingo balance, Y balance, and sit and reach tests are the screening tools for fundamental movement patterns, balance, and flexibility, respectively; the latter three tests are components of quantifying fitness levels. Functional movement screening is used to measure the quality of movement, and it is an injury risk predictor. There are several studies done to find the correlation between functional movement screening and fitness parameters in athletes but has not been studied much in non-athlete population. The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between functional movement screening with static and dynamic balance and flexibility in healthy adult nonathletes, and to find gender differences, if any.MethodA total of 65 healthy nonathletes in the age group 18 to 27 years were included in the study based on the selection criteria. The functional movement screening, Y-balance test, Flamingo balance test, and sit and reach test were done for all participants.ResultsPearson’s correlation was used to analyze the collected data. The results indicated a poor correlation between FMS and fitness parameters. These are FMS and Y-balance test left and right side (r = 0.216, 0.144, p = 0.084, 0.251), FMS with Flamingo balance test left and right side (r = 0.071, 0.197 p = 0.575, 0.115), and FMS with sit and reach test (r = 0.006, p = 0.961).ConclusionThe results showed that functional movement screening and balance (Flamingo and Y balance) and sit and reach cannot be used interchangeably as they do not have any strong correlation. The results of the study also indicate that using only one of the tools cannot predict injury risk in healthy individuals. They have to be used in conjunction with each other.

How much disease risk is due to old age and established risk factors?

Improved healthcare is leading to older populations and increasing numbers of individuals experiencing multiple diseases, possibly concurrently (multimorbidity). This article asks whether the observed number of new diseases is more than expected based on age and established risk factors alone, assuming that disease risk is unchanged by prior or pre-existing disease. This is accomplished by designing a new epidemiological approach, where the expected number of disease types are estimated for individuals without prior disease, by combining individual risk predictions with a "Poisson-Binomial" model to estimate the expected number of new diseases and its confidence interval. For 123 diseases in men and 99 diseases in women, the expected number of new diseases based on age and established risk factors was approximately of that observed, with the observed number of new diseases approximately times that predicted. The differences could not be explained by natural statistical variation, and provide a rigorous statistical demonstration of lower disease risk for individuals without any previous disease. The multiple of was sufficiently consistent across different diseases to prevent its use for classification of disease types, but there were differences for subgroups such as smokers with high body mass index, and for some classes of disease (as defined by the International Classification of Diseases, version 10). The results suggest that empirical modeling might allow reliable predictions of future hospital admissions, and confirm the value of conventional epidemiological approaches that study disease risk in healthy individuals. The implications and future possibilities of this new approach are discussed.

Potential Benefits of Coffee Consumption on Improving Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Healthy Individuals and Those at Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are considered the predominant cause of death globally. An abnormal increase in biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation are consistently linked with the development and even progression of metabolic diseases, including enhanced CVD risk. Coffee is considered one of the most consumed beverages in the world, while reviewed evidence regarding its capacity to modulate biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation remains limited. The current study made use of prominent electronic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus to retrieve information from randomized controlled trials reporting on any association between coffee consumption and modulation of biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in healthy individuals or those at increased risk of developing CVD. In fact, summarized evidence indicates that coffee consumption, mainly due to its abundant antioxidant properties, can reduce biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, which can be essential in alleviating the CVD risk in healthy individuals. However, more evidence suggests that regular/prolonged use or long term (>4 weeks) consumption of coffee appeared to be more beneficial in comparison with short-term intake (<4 weeks). These positive effects are also observed in individuals already presenting with increased CVD risk, although such evidence is very limited. The current analysis of data highlights the importance of understanding how coffee consumption can be beneficial in strengthening intracellular antioxidants to alleviate pathological features of oxidative stress and inflammation to reduce CVD risk within the general population. Also covered within the review is essential information on the metabolism and bioavailability profile of coffee, especially caffeine as one of its major bioactive compounds.

Effect of adipokine and ghrelin levels on BMD and fracture risk: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

Circulating adipokines and ghrelin affect bone remodeling by regulating the activation and differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Although the correlation between adipokines, ghrelin, and bone mineral density (BMD) has been studied over the decades, its correlations are stillcontroversial. Accordingly, an updated meta-analysis with new findings is needed. This study aimed to explore the impact of serum adipokine and ghrelin levels on BMD and osteoporotic fractures through a meta-analysis. Studies published till October 2020 in Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were reviewed. We included studies that measured at least one serum adipokine level and BMD or fracture risk in healthy individuals. We excluded studies with one or more of the following: patients less than 18 years old, patients with comorbidities, who had undergone metabolic treatment, obese patients, patients with high physical activities, and a study that did not distinguish sex or menopausal status. We extracted the data that include the correlation coefficient between adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, and resistin) and ghrelin and BMD, fracture risk by osteoporotic status from eligible studies. A meta-analysis of the pooled correlations between adipokines and BMD was performed, demonstrating that the correlation between leptin and BMD was prominent in postmenopausal women. In most cases, adiponectin levels were inversely correlated with BMD. A meta-analysis was conducted by pooling the mean differences in adipokine levels according to the osteoporotic status. In postmenopausal women, significantly lower leptin (SMD = -0.88) and higher adiponectin (SMD = 0.94) levels were seen in the osteoporosis group than in the control group. By predicting fracture risk, higher leptin levels were associated with lower fracture risk (HR = 0.68), whereas higher adiponectin levels were associated with an increased fracture risk in men (HR = 1.94) and incident vertebral fracture in postmenopausal women (HR = 1.18). Serum adipokines levels can utilize to predict osteoporotic status and fracture risk of patients. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021224855, identifier CRD42021224855.

Quantitative myocardial perfusion during stress using CMR is impaired in healthy Middle Eastern immigrants without CV risk factors

Middle Eastern immigrants constitute a growing proportion of the European population and compared to native Swedes are more insulin resistant, which can contribute to atherosclerosis. Quantitative first pass perfusion (qFPP) using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) can detect early signs of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim was to study if myocardial perfusion differs between healthy male Middle Eastern immigrants and native male Swedes. Eighteen Iraqi- and twelve Swedish born controls, all males, never smokers with no CVD risk factors were included. Global myocardial perfusion at rest and stress was assessed using qFPP and by phase-contrast CMR imaging of coronary sinus flow. Quantitative first pass perfusion analysis (mean ± SD) demonstrated no difference at rest between Iraqi and Swedish males (0.8 ± 0.2 vs 1.0 ± 0.4 ml/min/g, P = 0.38) but lower perfusion during adenosine in Iraqi males (2.9 ± 0.7 vs 3.5 ± 0.7 ml/min/g, P = 0.02). Myocardial perfusion assessed by coronary sinus flow demonstrated similar results with no difference in resting perfusion between groups (0.7 ± 0.2 vs 0.8 ± 0.2 ml/min/g, P = 0.21) but a lower perfusion during adenosine in the Iraqi group (3.0 ± 0.2 vs 3.7 ± 0.6 ml/min/g, P = 0.01. Myocardial perfusion during adenosine stress was lower in healthy Iraqi immigrants compared to Swedish controls suggesting impaired microvascular function and risk of underestimating CVD risk in healthy individuals of Middle Eastern origin.

Fish oil supplements increase atrial fibrillation risk in healthy individuals: a population-based cohort study and Mendelian randomization analysis

Abstract Background There is a paucity of information on the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) in healthy individuals taking fish oil supplements. Purpose We aimed to investigate the epidemiologic and causal relationships between fish oil supplement intake and the long-term risk of AF. Methods From the population-based UK Biobank, we selected healthy individuals without a history of AF, other cardiac arrhythmias, or cardiovascular diseases, who were not taking lipid-lowering medications or dietary supplements other than fish oil. The 10-year risk of AF in Fish-Oil-Users vs. Non-Users was evaluated in the total population and propensity-score matched cohort. The causal relationship between n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and AF was evaluated using a two-sample summary-level Mendelian randomization analysis with fixed effects robust inverse-variance weighted method, using genetic instruments from previous studies genome-wide association studies for n-3 PUFA levels and AF, respectively. Results A total of 338,199 participants (aged 55.2±8.1, 44.3% men) were analysed. Of these, 35.0% (n=118,300) was taking fish oil supplements. The 10-year risk of AF was significantly higher in the Fish-Oil-Users than in the Non-Users (3.83% vs. 2.91%, adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.05, 95% CI [1.01–1.10], P=0.023). The result was consistent in the propensity-score matched cohort (propensity-score matched HR 1.06, 95% CI [1.00–1.12], P=0.043). The increased risk of AF by fish oil supplement was prominent in low-risk participants with healthy lifestyles. Among n-3 PUFA, the docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) showed significant causal estimates for the increased risk of AF (odds ratio [OR] 1.15, 95% CI [1.08–1.22], P&amp;lt;0.001), while higher eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels caused a decrease of AF risk (OR 0.85, 95% CI [0.80–0.90], P&amp;lt;0.001). Conclusion Fish oil supplement intake significantly increased the long-term risk of AF in a healthy population. The causal effect of fish oil intake on the risk of AF may depend on the specific types of n-3 PUFA. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Risk Prediction of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Indian Families Using Antioxidant Gene Variants

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disease that is caused by insulin dysfunction. It is an output of oxidative stress that results from defective redox reactions and increased reactive metabolites (RMs) and is neutralized by antioxidant enzymes. It has been reported that decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes are due to genetic alterations in the respective genes. Therefore, the present study has undertaken a genetic analysis of antioxidant genes and their interaction in the family to assess T2DM risk. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the individual susceptibility/risk to T2DM using antioxidant gene variants and their interactions in family members with a diabetic history. Methods: Genotypic analysis of antioxidant genes was done by polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), haplotype analysis, and gene-gene interactions using statistical tools. Pedigrees were constructed by face-to-face interviews with members of nine families. Results: Genotypes AT (CAT-21A&gt;T), IV (GSTP1+313(105I&gt;V), and CT (GPx1 +599C&gt;T) were found to be frequent in diabetic individuals. For instance, in one family, if only the mother had diabetes, all siblings were found to have the risk genotypes AT (CAT- 21A&gt;T) and CT (GPx1 +599C&gt;T) with 2.12- and 2.11-folds risk of developing T2DM. The risk haplotypes, NNV (GSTM1 N&gt;P(Null&gt;Present), GSTT1 N&gt;P(Null&gt;Present), GSTP1105I&gt;V and TCC (CAT-21A&gt;T, SOD2+47C&gt;T, GPx1+599C&gt;T) were observed in most of the diabetic individuals and non-diabetics possessing the risk haplotypes manifested altered BMI. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the GSTP1105I&gt;V, CAT-21A&gt;T, SOD2+47C&gt;T and GPx1+599C&gt;T gene variants can be prognostic biomarkers for the assessment of T2DM risk in healthy individuals.

A Narrative Review of the Effects of Citrus Peels and Extracts on Human Brain Health and Metabolism.

As life expectancy increases, age-associated diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) become a major health problem. The onset of AD involves neurological dysfunction due to amyloid-β accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in the brain. In addition, lifestyle-related diseases—such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, and vascular dysfunction—increase the risk of developing dementia. The world population ages, prompting the development of new strategies to maintain brain health and prevent the onset of dementia in older and preclinical patients. Citrus fruits are abundant polymethoxylated flavone and flavanone sources. Preclinical studies reported that these compounds have neuroprotective effects in models of dementia such as AD. Interestingly, clinical and epidemiological studies appear to support preclinical evidence and show improved cognitive function and reduced associated disease risk in healthy individuals and/or patients. This review summarizes the recent evidence of the beneficial effects of citrus peels and extracts on human cognition and related functions.

The acute effects of tart cherry juice on uric acid and markers of cardiovascular disease risk in healthy individuals: a cross-over randomised controlled trial

The acute effects of tart cherry juice on uric acid and markers of cardiovascular disease risk in healthy individuals: a cross-over randomised controlled trial

Association between Lung Function and New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus in Healthy Individuals after a 6-Year Follow-up.

BackgroundWe analyzed hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and various lung function test results in healthy individuals after a 6-year follow-up period to explore the influence of lung function changes on glycemic control.MethodsSubjects whose HbA1c levels did not qualify as diabetes mellitus (DM) and who had at least two consecutive lung function tests were selected among the people who visited a health promotion center. Lung function parameters, including forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV/FVC ratio, and forced expiratory flow 25% to 75% (FEF25%−75%), were divided into four groups based on their baseline quantiles. To evaluate future DM onset risk in relation to lung function changes, the correlation between baseline HbA1c levels and changes in lung function parameters after a 6-year follow-up period was analyzed.ResultsOverall, 17,568 individuals were included; 0.9% of the subjects were diagnosed with DM. The individuals included in the quartile with FEV1/FVC ratio values of 78% to 82% had lower risk of DM than those in the quartile with FEV1/FVC ratio values of ≥86% after adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index (P=0.04). Baseline percent predicted FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio, and FEF25%−75%, and differences in the FEV1/FVC ratio or FEF25%−75%, showed negative linear correlations with baseline HbA1c levels.ConclusionHealthy subjects with FEV1/FVC ratio values between 78% and 82% had 40% lower risk for future DM. Smaller differences and lower baseline FEV1/FVC ratio or FEF25%−75% values were associated with higher baseline HbA1c levels. These findings suggest that airflow limitation affects systemic glucose control and that the FEV1/FVC ratio could be one of the factors predicting future DM risk in healthy individuals.

Активація внутрішньоклітинних ферментних систем під впливом патогенетичних факторів канцерогенезу у хворих на цукровий діабет 2-го типу

Актуальність. У пацієнтів із цукровим діабетом (ЦД) доведено підвищений ризик онкологічних захворювань. Основними чинниками онкогенезу при ЦД визнано ожиріння, цитокіновий дисбаланс, гіпер­інсулінемію, гіперглікемію. Вказані розлади зумовлюють дисфункцію внутрішньоклітинних регуляторних сигнальних шляхів, основним з яких є шлях PI3K/Akt/mTOR. Мета. Дослідження ролі фосфорильованої Akt­протеїнкінази (фосфо­Akt) у процесах онкогенезу у пацієнтів із ЦД 2­го типу. Матеріали та методи. Обстежені 75 осіб. Хворі розподілені на групи: І — здорові, ІІ — пацієнти з ЦД 2­го типу, ІІІ — хворі на рак, IV — хворі на рак, що виник на тлі ЦД 2­го типу. Були залучені пацієнти з раком молочної залози (МЗ), ендометрія (РЕ), підшлункової залози та кишечника. Визначали рівень інсуліну, інсуліноподібного фактора росту 1 (IGF­1) та фосфо­Akt. Результати. Пацієнти ІІ і ІV груп мали декомпенсований ЦД із рівнем HbA1с &gt; 8,0 %. Вірогідну гіперінсулінемію виявлено у хворих на ЦД ІІ та IV груп (p &lt; 0,05), а підвищений рівень IGF­1 — в усіх групах дослідження (p &lt; 0,05). Показники фосфо­Akt у пацієнтів ІІІ групи були підвищеними (p &lt; 0,05), а в ІV групі — зниженими (p &lt; 0,05). У ІІІ групі виявлено гіперінсулінемію у хворих на РЕ, МЗ і кишечника (p &lt; 0,05) та підвищення рівня IGF­1 незалежно від локалізації (p &lt; 0,05). У ІV групі підвищені рівні інсуліну та IGF­1 виявлені у хворих на рак МЗ та РЕ (p &lt; 0,05). У жінок ІІІ групи, хворих на рак МЗ та РЕ, рівень IGF­1 був вищим від показників ІV групи (p &lt; 0,05). У пацієнтів IV групи, які отримували монотерапію метформіном, рівень фосфо­Akt був вірогідно нижчим (p &lt; 0,05). Виявлено прямий кореляційний зв’язок між фосфо­Akt та IGF­1 у пацієнтів ІІ групи (r = 0,50, p &lt; 0,05) і між фосфо­Akt та інсуліном у ІІІ групі (r = 0,45, p &lt; 0,05). Висновки. ГІ та IGF­1 є спільними патогенетичними факторами ЦД 2­го типу та онкологічних захворювань. Підвищений рівень фосфо­Akt може бути лабораторною ознакою онкоризику в здорових осіб. Поєднання ЦД 2­го типу та онкологічних захворювань зумовлює зниження рівня фосфо­Akt через конкурентну взаємодію внутрішньоклітинних сигнальних шляхів. Терапія метформіном сприяє зниженню рівня фосфо­Akt та може розглядатись як один із засобів протиракової профілактики.

Serum uric acid is associated with incident metabolic syndrome independent of body shape index and body roundness index in healthy individuals

Background and aimsElevated serum uric acid (SUA) levels, body shape index (BSI) and body roundness index (BRI) were associated with incident metabolic syndrome (MetS). We aimed to investigate the relationship among the SUA level, BSI, and BRI on the incidence of MetS. Methods and resultsWe retrospectively included 6221 healthy individuals from annual health exams at our hospital between 2016/1/1 and 2016/12/31. We defined hyperuricemia as SUA levels greater than 7 mg/dl in men and 6 mg/dl in women and MetS according to the contemporary definition. The study cohort included 6221 healthy individuals with an overall incidence rate of MetS of 9.8%. Compared with the normouricemic group, the hyperuricemic group had a greater incidence of MetS (17.2% vs. 9.6%, P < 0.001). After full adjustment for confounders, the SUA level was significantly associated with incident MetS in addition to body mass index (BMI) (adjusted OR [aOR]: 1.161, 95% CI: 1.071–1.259, P < 0.001), BRI (aOR: 1.196, 95% CI: 1.104–1.296, P < 0.001), and BSI (aOR: 1.297, 95% CI: 1.200–1.403, P < 0.001). Regarding the anthropometric indices, BMI and BRI were independent predictors of incident MetS, but the BSI lost its significant association in multivariate logistic regression analyses. In sensitivity analyses, various thresholds of elevated SUA levels remained associated with incident MetS. ConclusionWe showed a dose-response effect of SUA on incident MetS independent of BMI, BRI and BSI in healthy individuals. Future studies can use SUA levels to stratify cardiometabolic risk in healthy individuals. Clinical trialsClinicalTrials.gov with the identification number NCT03473951.

Deep Squat – Should We Be Afraid?

PURPOSE Squats are among the basic exercises that have become an integral part of exercise programs. It is commonly used by athletes in many sports. Its potential is shown in the development of strength, power, and overall sports performance. The aim of the study was to verify inconsistent views on deep squats, technical design, and related health risks. METHODS For the purposes of the review, the terms "squat, knee, biomechanics, deep, patellofemoral, back squat, performance, arthritis, health, injury, risk" were used. RESULTS It turns out that the technique of performing a deep squat has its strict principles, which must be respected and which have a significant impact on the benefits and risks. From loading, the lower position represents an increase in compressive and shear forces on the patellofemoral joint, however, this is a natural state that is not risky. Health hazards cannot be based on analytical-mathematical models, which are insufficient in this aspect. Extreme long-term exposure carries the risk of permanent consequences in the form of osteoarthritis. For prophylaxis or convalescence, it is possible to use effective aids like sleeves, kinesio taping, bandage or "knee savers". CONCLUSIONS With optimal technique and sensible exercise selection, there is no greater risk in healthy individuals without degenerative anatomical changes. In order to assess the effects of the squat forces on the ankle, knee, hip, spine, it is necessary to consider the technique and also individual anatomical differences.

Non-autoimmune diabetes mellitus and the risk of virus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies

A significant number of studies invoked diabetes as a risk factor for virus infections, but the issue remains controversial. We aimed to examine whether non-autoimmune diabetes mellitus enhances the risk of virus infections compared with the risk in healthy individuals without non-autoimmune diabetes mellitus. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we assessed case-control and cohort studies on the association between non-autoimmune diabetes and viruses. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science with no language restriction, to identify articles published until February 15, 2021. The main outcome assessment was the risk of virus infection in individuals with non-autoimmune diabetes. We used a random-effects model to pool individual studies and assessed heterogeneity (I2) using the χ2 test on Cochrane’s Q statistic. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42019134142. Out of 3136 articles identified, we included 68 articles (90 studies, as the number of virus and or diabetes phenotype varied between included articles). The summary OR between non-autoimmune diabetes and virus infections risk were, 10.8(95% CI: 10.3–11.4; 1-study) for SARS-CoV-2; 3.6(95%CI: 2.7–4.9, I2 = 91.7%; 43-studies) for HCV; 2.7(95% CI: 1.3–5.4, I2 = 89.9%, 8-studies;) for HHV8; 2.1(95% CI: 1.7–2.5; 1-study) for H1N1 virus; 1.6(95% CI: 1.2–2.13, I2 = 98.3%, 27-studies) for HBV; 1.5(95% CI: 1.1–2.0; 1-study) for HSV1; 3.5(95% CI: 0.6–18.3 , I2 = 83.9%, 5-studies) for CMV; 2.9(95% CI: 1–8.7, 1-study) for TTV; 2.6(95% CI: 0.7–9.1, 1-study) for Parvovirus B19; 0.7(95% CI: 0.3–1.5 , 1-study) for coxsackie B virus; and 0.2(95% CI: 0–6.2; 1-study) for HGV. Our findings suggest that, non-autoimmune diabetes is associated with increased susceptibility to viruses especially SARS-CoV-2, HCV, HHV8, H1N1 virus, HBV and HSV1. Thus, these viruses deserve more attention from diabetes health-care providers, researchers, policy makers, and stakeholders for improved detection, overall proper management, and efficient control of viruses in people with non-autoimmune diabetes.

Fiber, Fat, and Colorectal Cancer: New Insight into Modifiable Dietary Risk Factors.

To review recent data on the role and interactions of fiber and fat as dietary risk factors associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk in humans. Fiber intake shows convincing and linear dose-response negative correlation with CRC risk. Dietary fiber stimulates butyrogenic activity of the gut microbiota, providing high amounts of butyrate that shows extensive anti-neoplastic effects. A high-fat diet promotes CRC risk through stimulated bile acid metabolism, facilitating bile acid conversion by the gut microbiota to tumor-promoting deoxycholic acid. Comprehensive interactions of these microbial metabolites are likely to underlie mechanisms driving diet-dependent CRC risk in different populations, but require further experimental investigation. Dietary fiber and fat shape the composition and metabolic function of the gut microbiota, resulting in altered amounts of butyrate and deoxycholic acid in the colon. Fiber supplementation and restriction of fat intake represent promising strategies to reduce CRC risk in healthy individuals.