Risk Factors For Anemia Research Articles

PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN PRIMARY CARE SETTING IN LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background: Children under the age of five are frequently affected by iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency affects children's psychomotor development and their cognitive ability. Aims : This systematic review is to review the prevalence and risk factors of iron deficiency anemia in low income countries. Methods: By comparing itself to the standards set by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020, this study was able to show that it met all of the requirements. So, the experts were able to make sure that the study was as up-to-date as it was possible to be. For this search approach, publications that came out between 2014 and 2024 were taken into account. Several different online reference sources, like Pubmed, ScienceDirect and SagePub, were used to do this. It was decided not to take into account review pieces, works that had already been published, or works that were only half done. Result: In the PubMed database, the results of our search brought up 828 articles, whereas the results of our search on SAGEPUB brought up 1683 articles, our search on SCIENCE DIRECT brought up 2880 articles. The results of the search conducted for the last year of 2014 yielded a total 273 articles for PubMed, 630 articles for SAGEPUB and 1319 articles for SCIENCE DIRECT. In the end, we compiled a total of 5 papers, 3 of which came from PubMed, 1 of which came from SAGEPUB and 1 of which came from SCIENCE DIRECT. We included five research that met the criteria. Conclusion: In summary, the global prevalence of iron insufficiency and iron deficiency anemia was noteworthy. To prevent complications, it is therefore necessary to regularly screen for and treat iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia, especially in children who are considered high-risk.

Association between dietary inflammation index with anemia in Americans: a cross-sectional study with U.S. National health and nutrition examination survey

ABSTRACT Objectives Dietary inflammatory index (DII) is utilized to determine the inflammatory effects of nutrients and foods on various diseases. Inflammation is a potential risk factor for anemia. We hypothesize that pro-inflammatory diets boost the incidence of anemia, as indicated by high DII. Methods 41, 360 Americans were included in this study from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) from 2003–2018. Multivariable logistic regression models were employed to examine the association between DII and anemia. Results After adjustment for all the covariates, the odds ratios (ORs) (95% CI) between the risk of anemia and DII across tertile 3 were 1.2556 (95% CI 1.0621, 1.4843; P = 0.0077), and the trend test was statistically significant (P for trend = 0.009). Furthermore, in the subgroup analysis stratified by gender. The ORs (95% CI) between the risk of anemia and DII across tertile 2 and 3 were 1.8071 (95% CI 1.1754, 2.7783; P = 0.0070) and 2.1591 (95% CI 1.4009, 3.3278; P = 0.0005) in men after multivariable adjustment. However, in women, this association was only significantly different (P < 0.05) across tertile 3 in the crude model. In the subgroup analysis stratified by race, this association was significant (P < 0.05) between the risk of anemia and DII for Non-Hispanic Whites/Blacks after adjustment. Discussion Together, anemia was significantly associated with DII using logistic regression. In stratified analyses, higher DII scores were linked to an increased incidence of anemia in men, while no association was found in women after adjustment. Additionally, anemia may be associated with greater pro-inflammatory diets in Non-Hispanic Whites/Blacks. Conclusion In the present study, we evaluate the potential relationship between DII and anemia using data from NHANES. This cross-sectional study confirmed the hypothesis that the higher DII was significantly associated with a higher risk of anemia in the U.S. population.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Newborn Anemia in Southwestern Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The global prevalence of maternal anemia is about 42%, and in sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of newborn anemia ranges from 25% to 30%. Anemia in newborn babies may cause complications such as delayed brain maturation and arrested growth. However, there is limited data on the prevalence of newborn anemia and its risk factors in people living in resource-limited settings. We determined the prevalence and risk factors for newborn anemia and its correlation with maternal anemia in southwestern Uganda. This was a cross sectional study of 352 pregnant women presenting to the Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital for delivery. We collected maternal blood in labor and umbilical cord blood from the placental vein. We measured hemoglobin using a point-of-care Hemocue machine. We used summary statistics to characterize the study participants and compared demographic characteristics and outcomes using chi-square, t-test, and Wilcoxon rank sum analyses. We defined newborn anemia as umbilical cord hemoglobin <13 g/dl and measured the relationship between maternal and umbilical cord hemoglobin using linear regression analysis. The prevalence of newborn anemia was 17%. Maternal parity was significantly higher for anemic than nonanemic newborns (3 versus 2, P=0.01). The mean age in years (SD) was significantly lower for participants with umbilical cord hemoglobin <13 g/dl than those ≥13 g/dl (26 years [5.6] versus 28 [6.3], P=0.01). In multivariable linear regression analysis, a 1-point decrease in maternal hemoglobin was associated with a 0.14-point decrease in umbilical cord hemoglobin (P=0.02). Each one-unit increase in parity was associated with a 0.25-point decrease in umbilical cord hemoglobin (P=0.01). Cesarean delivery was associated with a 0.46-point lower umbilical cord hemoglobin level compared with vaginal delivery (P=0.03). We found a significant association between maternal and newborn hemoglobin, underscoring the importance of preventing and correcting maternal anemia in pregnancy. Furthermore, maternal anemia should be considered a risk factor for neonatal anemia.

IJCM_318A: Risk Factors for Anaemia among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Mangalore- A Case Control Study.

Background: Anaemia, a common haematological abnormality, currently stands at a prevalence rate of 24.8% worldwide and 39.86% in India, affecting 1.62 billion individuals overall. Studies have shown that patients with Diabetes are twice as likely to be prone to anaemia. Objective: To study the risk factors for anaemia among patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Methodology: This is a record-based case-control study of 50 cases (diabetic with anaemia) and 100 controls (diabetic without anaemia) in Government Wenlock Hospital, Mangalore. Patients with haemoglobin concentration below the normal level (as defined by WHO as &lt;13 g/dl for men and &lt;12 g/dl for women) were considered anaemic. Data was entered and analyzed using the statistical software SPSS Version 17.0. Univariate analyses and a Chi-Square test were conducted to identify risk factors. Results: The median age of cases as well as controls was 60 years. The duration of diabetes was 8 years in cases and 7 years in controls. Among 50 cases, there were 39 (78%) males and 11(22%) females and among 100 controls, 68(68%) males and 32(32%) females. On univariate analysis, it was found that the low serum urea, creatinine, albumin, total protein and calcium levels were significantly associated with the presence of anaemia (P &lt;0.05). Conclusion: The above parameters implicate impairment in renal function and hence we can conclude that impaired renal function is a risk factor for developing anaemia in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients.

Predictors for anaemia, blood transfusion and outcome in plastic surgery patients.

In patients undergoing plastic surgery, to identify specific risk factors for anaemia and use of blood products, and assess their impact on patient outcome. For this retrospective study, data were analysed from patients who attended the Plastic Surgery Department at our hospital over a three-year period (2018 to 2020). Adult patients who presented with traumatic injuries, oncologic patients who underwent reconstructive procedures, and patients with soft tissue infections (STIs) who required plastic surgery for tissue coverage were included. Demographic and injury data, hospital admission characteristics, surgical procedures, laboratory test results, transfusion events, and in-hospital complications were extracted from patient records. Of the 350 patients included in the study, 228 (65%) presented with trauma, 76 (22%) underwent reconstructive surgery for cancers and 46 (13%) had STIs. In total, 175 (50%) patients developed anaemia, and 37 (11%) received blood transfusions; these were 20 (54%), 5 (14%), and 12 (32%) patients in the trauma, cancer and STI groups, respectively. Associated comorbidities and upper and lower limb surgery were the most significant risk factors for anaemia, while the number of surgeries and NSTIs were identified as risk factors for blood transfusions. Direct wound closure was consistently a protective factor for both anaemia and blood transfusions. Blood transfusions were independently associated with a high risk of sepsis, wound complications, and prolonged hospital stay. While transfusions are necessary and even lifesaving in surgical patients, blood is a finite resource and its use may negatively impact patient outcome. Therefore, ongoing research must focus on providing safe and restrictive clinical practices while developing sustainable and accessible alternatives.

Assessment of risk factors associated with anemia among pregnant women attending the obstetrics and gynecology department in a tertiary care hospital, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Background: Anemia in pregnancy is a pervasive health issue, particularly in developing countries. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to assess various socio-demographic factors, nutritional intake, and other risk factors contributing to anemia among pregnant women attending a tertiary care hospital in Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 160 pregnant women. Data were collected on socio-demographic factors (family type, religion, caste, residence, education, socio-economic status, age, occupation), anemia prevalence, antenatal care, birth spacing, nutritional intake (caloric, protein, and iron), and gravida status. Chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis to determine associations between anemia and various risk factors. Results: The study revealed a high prevalence of moderate anemia (74.4%) among the participants. Most women were from nuclear families (75%), lived in rural areas (89.4%), and were predominantly homemakers (83.1%) in the age group of 21–30 years. Nutritional analysis showed 74.6% of women had a calorie intake below 2000 K. Cal/day, 64.7% had a protein intake below 50 g/day, and 87.5% had an iron intake below 20 mg/day. A significant association was found between anemia and factors such as caloric intake (χ²=10.6654, P=0.001092), gravidity (χ²=7.0278, P=0.008025), and iron intake (χ²=27.277, P&lt;0.00001), but not with protein intake (χ²=3.7547, P=0.052658). Conclusion: The study highlights a high prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in the Prakasam District, primarily associated with inadequate caloric and iron intake and increased gravidity. These findings emphasize the need for enhanced nutritional counseling and healthcare interventions focusing on diet and family planning for pregnant women in this region.

EXAMINING RISK FACTORS OF ANEMIA IN PREGNANCY USING HYBRID LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL AND ROUGH SET THEORY

Anemia in pregnancy is a potential danger to the mother and child. Therefore, the risk of anemia in pregnant women requires serious attention from all relevant parties. Considering the numerous negative effects caused by anemia in pregnant women, efforts must be made to prevent and treat anemia in pregnant women by understanding the factors that influence it. This study assesses the risk factors for anemia in pregnant women at Tegal Rejo Community Health Center, Yogyakarta Province. In this paper, a new integrated classification approach with binary logistic regression (LR) analysis and Rough Set Theory (RST) is proposed, in order to examine factors on the incidence of anemia in pregnancy. The proposed model is called the Logistic Regression and Reduction Rough Set (LR3S). In LR3S model, the RST technique is used to detect inconsistent sample and removing inconsistent sample that have probability less than 0.5 before doing LR modelling. To evaluate the development of the resulting model, a comparison was made of the performance of Original Logistic Regression (OLR), LR model after removed outlier namely as Remove Outlier Original Logistic Regression (RO2LR) and LR3S. Using a number of model performance metrics, it is found that LR3S has the best performance for the three models used. Using LR3S model, it is found that CED status, educational level, parity and gestational are significant variable impact on the incidence of anemia.

Incidence, risk factors and impact of anemia after elective neurosurgery: A retrospective cohort study

ObjectivesAnemia after surgery is common and is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Understanding the incidence and risk factors for postoperative anemia is important to reduce anemia-related complications and blood transfusion. There is lack of data regarding postoperative anemia and its contributing factors in neurosurgery. This study evaluates the incidence and risk factors of postoperative anemia, and its impact on clinical outcomes. MethodsThis was a single centre, retrospective study of patients who underwent elective neurosurgery over seven months. Data regarding age, gender, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status, diagnosis, surgery, preoperative hemoglobin, surgery duration, intraoperative blood loss and red blood cell (RBC) transfusion, dose of tranexamic acid, intraoperative fluid balance, years of surgeon’s experience, postoperative hemoglobin, postoperative RBC transfusion, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score at hospital discharge, and duration of postoperative intensive care unit and hospital stay were collected. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of postoperative anemia. ResultsThe incidence of postoperative anemia was 11.3% (116/1025). On univariate analysis; age, preoperative hemoglobin, surgery duration, gender, ASA grade, surgery type, and surgeon’s experience were associated with postoperative anemia. Lower preoperative hemoglobin (p<0.001) and non-tumor surgery (p<0.001) were predictive of postoperative anemia on multivariate analysis. Postoperative anemia resulted in increased RBC transfusion (p<0.001) and lower GCS score at discharge (p=0.012). ConclusionsAtleast one in ten patients undergoing elective neurosurgery develop postoperative anemia. Lower preoperative hemoglobin and non-tumor surgery predict anemia. Anemia results in increased RBC transfusion and lower discharge GCS score.

Early Childhood Anemia in Rural Bangladesh: The Role of Iron Deficiency, Infections, and Inadequate Complementary Feeding Techniques

Anemia and iron deficiency increased quickly until 8 to 9 months of age, while the prevalence of subclinical infections remained stable. Apart from age and male sex, iron deficiency and subclinical infections were the main risk factors for anemia. Similarly, age, male sex, and subclinical illnesses were important risk factors for iron deficiency. In early rural Bangladeshi newborns, the burden of anemia and iron deficiency is particularly severe during the key transition period of increased physiological Fe requirements corresponding to the early phase of supplementary feeding, which lasts from 6 to 11 months of age. Nutritional and infection control strategies alone are insufficient. as soon as they begin providing them with complimentary foods. The increasing prevalence of anaemia and Iron Deficiency during the first 3 months of the complementary feeding period highlights the need to support mothers to introduce Fe supplements or Fe-rich foods or products in their infants’ diet as soon as they start giving them complementary foods. In order to reduce anemia and Iron Deficiency in this population, it is imperative to incorporate methods related to water, sanitation, and hygiene, as well as parasitic disease control, given the high prevalence of subclinical infections and their role in these conditions. In order to avoid anemia during infancy in Bangladesh, a multipronged approach involving both infection control techniques and dietary Fe consumption improvements is required. A person&amp;apos;s capacity to work is restricted by anemia and iron deficiency, which can potentially have serious negative economic repercussions and impede the advancement of the country. Because of all of this, it is generally accepted that lowering the global burden of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia is a top priority in public health nutrition.

Prevalence and risk factors for childhood anemia in Rwanda: Using Rwandan demographic and health survey 2019–2020

AbstractIntroductionAnemia in children is a significant health issue globally, with developing countries, notably Africa, being disproportionately affected. This condition can result in detrimental and irreversible impacts on a child's neurological development. Despite its relevance, research on anemia prevalence and risk factors in Rwandan children aged 6–23 months is limited. Our study aimed to ascertain the prevalence and potential risk factors associated with anemia in this defined population.MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional study that used secondary data analysis on a weighed sample of 1247 children aged 6–23 months, sourced from the 2019–2020 Rwanda Demographic Health Survey. We used descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression to identify the links between anemia and various factors.ResultsThe study revealed a high prevalence of anemia at 52.79%. Among anemic children aged 6–23 months, most (52.82%) had mild anemia, 46.12% had moderate anemia, and 1.06% had severe anemia. Key contributors to childhood anemia included maternal anemia (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.62, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI): [1.11, 2.33]) and history of coughing in the 2 weeks before the survey (AOR = 1.42, 95% CI: [1.12, 1.81]). Vitamin A supplementation and antiparasitic medication were identified as protective factors (AOR = 0.70, 95% CI: [0.50, 0.97]) and (AOR = 0.59, 95% CI: [0.45, 0.77]), respectively.ConclusionGiven the high anemia prevalence among Rwandan children aged 6–23 months, targeted public health interventions are critically needed. A comprehensive strategy throughout the health system is essential for reducing childhood anemia, involving measures such as addressing maternal anemia, managing childhood illnesses, and enhancing existing interventions like vitamin A supplementation and deworming.

Establishment and validation of a nomogram to predict postoperative anemia after total hip arthroplasty

BackgroundAnemia is a common complication of total hip arthroplasty (THA). In this study, we evaluated the preoperative risk factors for postoperative anemia after THA and developed a nomogram model based on related preoperative and intraoperative factors.MethodsFrom January 2020 to May 2023, 927 THA patients at the same medical center were randomly assigned to either the training or validation cohort. The correlation between preoperative and intraoperative risk factors and postoperative anemia after THA was evaluated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. A nomogram was developed using these predictive variables. The effectiveness and validation for the clinical application of this nomogram were evaluated using the concordance index (C-index), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA).ResultsThrough univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, 7 independent predictive factors were identified in the training cohort: Lower body mass index (BMI), extended operation time, greater intraoperative bleeding, lower preoperative hemoglobin level, abnormally high preoperative serum amyloid A (SAA) level, history of cerebrovascular disease, and history of osteoporosis. The C-index of the model was 0.871, while the AUC indices for the training and validation cohorts were 84.4% and 87.1%, respectively. In addition, the calibration curves of both cohorts showed excellent consistency between the observed and predicted probabilities. The DCA curves of the training and validation cohorts were high, indicating the high clinical applicability of the model.ConclusionsLower BMI, extended operation time, increased intraoperative bleeding, reduced preoperative hemoglobin level, elevated preoperative SAA level, history of cerebrovascular disease, and history of osteoporosis were seven independent preoperative risk factors associated with postoperative anemia after THA. The nomogram developed could aid in predicting postoperative anemia, facilitating advanced preparation, and enhancing blood management. Furthermore, the nomogram could assist clinicians in identifying patients most at risk for postoperative anemia.

Frequency of Anemia/IDA and Associated Risk Factors Among Working Women of a Medical Center in Tehran, Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The study aimed to examine anemia prevalence and risk factors in employed women at a medical center compared to unemployed women from a charity center, with anemia defined as hemoglobin <120 g/L and iron deficiency as serum ferritin <30 ng/mL or serum iron <10 mcg/dL. This cross-sectional study included 651 employed, non-pregnant randomly selected women aged 20-67 years. Participants completed questionnaires on sociodemographic, nutritional, and obstetrical characteristics. Blood indicators such as hemoglobin, serum ferritin, iron, and TIBC were measured. Out of 651 participants, 395 (60.7%) had anemia/IDA (Hb <120 g/L, ferritin <30 ng/mL, or iron <10mcg/dL), comprising 308 (47.3%) having IDA and 215 (33%) having anemia. Younger age (<40 years) and menorrhagia were individually associated with 1.84- and 2.79- times increased risk of developing anemia in the studied population, respectively. A higher number of shifts and lack of vegetable consumption were found to be significantly prevalent in the anemic group. The prevalence of anemia/IDA among hospital staff and referred women was 60.7% and 43.1%, respectively. The study emphasized the influence of employment on the prevalence of anemia/IDA among hospital staff compared to unemployed women.

Determinants and spatial factors of anemia in women of reproductive age in Democratic Republic of Congo (drc): a Bayesian multilevel ordinal logistic regression model approach

BackgroundAs a global public health problem, anemia affects more than 400 million women of reproductive age worldwide, mostly in Africa and India. In the DRC, the prevalence of anemia has decreased slightly from 52.9% in 2007, to 46.4% in 2012 and 42.4% in 2019. However, there is considerable regional variation in its distribution. The aim of this study is to determine the factors contributing to anemia in women of reproductive age and to explore its spatial distribution in the DRC.MethodsBased on the Bayesian Multilevel Spatial Ordinal Logistic Regression Model, we used the 2013 Democratic Republic of Congo Demographic and Health Survey (DHS-DRC II) data to investigate individual and environmental characteristics contributing to the development of anemia in women of reproductive age and the mapping of anemia in terms of residual spatial effects.ResultsAge, pregnancy status, body mass index, education level, current breastfeeding, current marital status, contraceptive and insecticide-treated net use, source of drinking water supply and toilet/latrine use including the province of residence were the factors contributing to anemia in women of reproductive age in DRC. With Global Moran's I = -0.00279, p-value ≥ 0.05, the spatial distribution of anemia in women of reproductive age in DRC results from random spatial processes. Thus, the observed spatial pattern is completely random.ConclusionThe Bayesian Multilevel Spatial Ordinal Logistic Regression statistical model is able to adjust for risk and spatial factors of anemia in women of reproductive age in DRC highlighting the combined role of individual and environmental factors in the development of anemia in DRC.

Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus by age: a multicentric cohort study in Hebei, China

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an unique metabolic disorder that occurs during pregnancy. Both GDM and advanced age increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study used a GDM cohort study to investigate the role of age in the adverse pregnancy outcomes for pregnant women with GDM. From 2015 to 2021, 308,175 pregnant women were selected, and the data received from 22 hospitals by the Hebei Province Maternal Near Miss Surveillance System. There were 24,551 pregnant women with GDM that were divided into five groups by age (20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35–39, 40–44 years old). Because the prevalence of adverse pregnancy outcomes was lower in pregnant women with GDM aged 25–29, they were used as a reference group (P < 0.05). Compared with GDM women aged 25–29 years, GDM women aged 35–44 years had a significant higher risk of cesarean delivery (aOR: 2.86, 95% CI 2.52–3.25) (P < 0.001), abnormal fetal position (aOR: 1.78, 95% CI 1.31–2.37) (P < 0.001), pre-eclampsia (aOR: 1.28, 95% CI 1.01–1.61) (P < 0.05), macrosomia (aOR: 1.25, 95% CI 1.08–1.45) (P < 0.05), and large for gestational age (LGA) (aOR: 1.16, 95% CI 1.02–1.31) (P < 0.05), GDM women aged 40–44 years had a higher risk of placenta previa (aOR: 2.53, 95% CI 1.01–6.35) (P < 0.05), anemia (aOR: 3.45, 95% CI 1.23–9.68) (P < 0.05) and small for gestational age (aOR: 1.32, 95% CI 1.01–1.60) (P < 0.05). Advanced maternal age was an independent risk factor for abnormal fetal position, pre-eclampsia, anemia, macrosomia, and LGA in pregnant women with GDM.

Intestinal helminthiasis, anaemia and associated risk factors in a cross-section of the population of Melong, Littorial Region of Cameroon

Assessment of risk factors of intestinal helminths and anaemia in various geographical regions is important for the development of appropriate control strategies. This study aimed at determining the risk factors associated with intestinal helminths and anaemia in Melong, Cameroon. A total of 325 participants were recruited in this study between September–December 2021. Faecal samples were examined using the formol-ether sedimentation technique while haemoglobin level was measured using a HemoCue spectrometer. Data on demographic and behavioural factors was collected and used to determine the risk factors using a pretested structured questionnaire and analysed using SPSS. The overall prevalence of intestinal helminths was 24.6% (80/325). Helminths recovered from the study included hookworm (16%; 52/325), Schistosoma mansoni (10.8% 35/325) Ascaris lumbricoides (1.9%; 6/325), and Trichuris trichiura (0.6%; 2/325) with 15 participants having multiple infections (4.6%). The geometric mean egg density was 77epg and ranged from 20 to 560 epg of faeces. Males and age group ≤ 5 years had the highest parasite intensity (248epg). The overall prevalence of anaemia was 33.5% (109/325). Anaemia was significantly (p = 0.001) high at 48.8% (39/80) in those infected with intestinal parasites compared to non-infected individuals. Age group of 31–45 years; [3.42(1.05–11.21)] and > 65 years [6.21(1.75–12.47)], poor knowledge [0.41(0.67–6.07)], no regular deworming [0.70(1.76–21.96)], mud floors toilet [6.18(1.61–23.79)], toilets made of sticks [16.5(4.24–64.31)], and participants who did not have stomach/abdominal pains [0.22(0.07–0.67)] were significant predictors of helminth infections. Age group < 15 years [2.58(1.09–6.11)], geophagia [3.69(1.91–9.33)], hookworm infection [3.26(1.49–7.11)], S. mansoni [1.72 (1.16–3.41)] and those with multiple infections [1.76(1.04–2.88)] were identified as risk factors for anaemia. Risk factors identified in this study can be used to improve the control mechanism put in place by the government.

Prevalence and types of anemia in infancy, Egypt: cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Infant anemia has a significant impact on physical and cognitive development, not only in infancy but also throughout their life. Objective The study aimed to estimate the prevalence, types, and risk factors of anemia in infancy. Patients and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 498 infants aged 6-23 months who attended five primary healthcare centers in Kafr-el Sheikh governorate, Egypt, for vaccination and follow-up. Results The prevalence of anemia among the study infants was 44%, with the highest in those aged 6-12 months. Maternal anemia in pregnancy, low birth weight infant, and lack of adherence to iron supplementation were the significant risk factors for anemia. Conclusion Infant anemia in Egypt resembles a complicated multifactorial severe health issue with a long-run burden. Health policy interventions such as early screening at 6 months old, more adherence to iron supplements for infants, maternal nutrition education, family planning, and birth spacing between siblings should be accessed to overcome and manage this health problem.

Risk factors for anaemia among pregnant women: A cross-sectional study in Upper East Region, Ghana.

Anaemia in pregnancy (AIP) is a public health concern due to its devastating effects on women and their unborn babies, resulting in increased maternal and neonatal deaths in developing countries. Despite several Ghanaian health policies to combat AIP, AIP is still on the rise. It becomes imperative to identify geographic-specific factors for developing appropriate interventions for the management of AIP. However, Kassena Nankana West District (KNWD) in the Upper East Region of Ghana lacks a study on anaemia risk factors, therefore, this study estimated the prevalence and risk factors for anaemia among pregnant women in the district. A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to March 2023 in the KNWD. Approximately 376 pregnant women in their third trimester were randomly selected from 10 health facilities by utilizing the antenatal register as the sampling frame. Anthropometric, obstetric, sociodemographic, and health facility resource characteristics were collected using structured questionnaires and from antenatal records. Mixed-effect logistic regression was used to identify independent factors of anaemia at 95% confidence interval. Prevalence of AIP was 53.9% (95%CI:48.5%-58.8%). Mild, moderate, and severe anaemia prevalence was 16.9%, 35.3%, and 1.7% respectively. Malaria infection during pregnancy (aOR = 1.64; 95%CI:1.03-2.62) and accessing health facilities without trained laboratory personnel (aOR = 5.49; 95%CI:1.67-18.00) were associated with increased odds of AIP. Belonging to the major ethnic group (aOR = 0.52; 95%CI:0.28-0.85), accessing health facilities without laboratory services (aOR = 0.14; 95%CI:0.04-0.47), and accessing health facilities without sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine drugs (aOR = 0.22; 95%CI:0.06-0.86) in KNWD were also associated with decreased odds of AIP. KNWD has a severe burden of AIP. Maternal and health facility-related factors were associated with AIP in the district. These factors are preventable. Therefore, the provision of functional laboratory services with dedicated technical personnel, regular supply of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine drugs to the health facilities, and enhanced community education on malaria prevention are recommended for anaemia control in the district.

Analysis of risk factors and changes in myocardial biomarker levels in 122 cases of early neonatal anemia.

Anemia in the first week after birth, which could affect growth, development, and organ function, should be an important warning sign to clinicians. The aim of this study was to assess the related risk factors of early neonatal anemia and to analyze the effect of anemia on the expression levels of myocardial markers in newborns. Clinical data from 122 confirmed cases of anemic newborns and 108 nonanemic newborns were collected to analyze the independent risk factors for early anemia using logistic regression analyses. Blood samples were collected from both groups for the detection of myocardial markers, including the protein marker cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as well as enzyme markers creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that preterm birth (OR: 3.589 [1.119-11.506], p < 0.05), multiple pregnancy (OR: 4.117 [1.021-16.611], p < 0.05), and abnormal placenta (OR: 4.712 [1.077-20.625], p < 0.05) were independent risk factors for early neonatal anemia. The levels of myocardial markers, including cTnT (303.1 ± 244.7 vs. 44.2 ± 55.41 ng/L), CK-MB (6.803 ± 8.971 vs. 2.5326 ± 2.927 μkat/L), and LDH (32.42 ± 35.26 vs. 19.73 ± 17.13 μkat/L), were significantly higher in the anemic group than in the nonanemic group. Multiple pregnancy, preterm birth, and abnormal placenta were identified as risk factors for early neonatal anemia. The occurrence of early neonatal anemia was associated with increased levels of myocardial markers.

Trends of risk factors associated with childhood stunting and anaemia in Ghana: evidence from the Demographic Health Survey and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2003-2017).

This study investigated the trend of effect estimates of the key risk factors of childhood stunting and anaemia between 2003 and 2017. A secondary analysis of the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) data for the Ghanaian population between 2003 and 2017. Associations of selected socio-demographic (child age and gender; maternal age and education), economic (household wealth), environmental, dietary (minimum dietary diversity and iodine use) and health system (place of delivery and vaccination) factors were explored using the Poisson regression model. Trend analysis was explored using a fitted linear regression line on a time series plot. Ghana. Children under 5 years. The results showed a reduction in the prevalence of stunting and anaemia over the 15-year duration. These health outcomes were found to be negatively associated with a wide array of socio-demographic (child age and gender, maternal age and education, residency), economic (household wealth), dietary (iodised salt use) and health service (place of delivery and vaccination) factors; however, the most consistent statistically significant association was observed between child's age and belonging to the poor wealth quintile. In order to prevent these indicators of child malnutrition, key consideration must be given to the early developmental stages of life. Child health policies must focus on addressing the key contextual factors of child malnutrition.

Atualização das recomendações para o manejo da deficiência de ferro e anemia ferropriva em pediatria

To identify risk factors related to a higher prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia and propose strategies for prevention. A literature review was conducted by 22 people from the scientific departments of nutrology and hematology at SBP. The risk factors for the development of iron deficiency anemia were low maternal reserve (pregnant woman with anemia without adequate treatment, breastfeeding woman without adequate iron supplementation, short interval between pregnancies, malnutrition), decrease in iron supply (umbilical cord clamping before one minute, vegetarianism, whole cows milk), newborn with low iron reserve (prematurity, low weight) and iron malabsorption (decreased gastric acidity, malabsorption syndrome). As a strategy to prevent the repercussions of iron deficiency (cognitive alterations, short stature, frequent infections), we recommend starting iron prophylaxis in full-term children, regardless of the type of diet, at 90 days of life; and for those with risk factors for iron deficiency anemia, at 180 days of life. The laboratory diagnosis of iron deficiency should be made with serum ferritin and CRP levels (to rule out infection) and the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia with concomitant red blood cell count and reticulocyte. Pediatricians should be aware of the importance of iron deficiency anemia in Brazil and the need to prevent iron deficiency, especially at the beginning of life, avoiding the long-term consequences of this deficiency that have repercussions on child neurodevelopment.