Risk Factors For Postpartum Depression Research Articles

Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in mothers attending child immunization clinic of a Teaching Hospital in Kathmandu

Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in mothers attending child immunization clinic of a Teaching Hospital in Kathmandu

The role of sleep protection in preventing and treating postpartum depression

Postpartum sleep disruption is a risk factor for postpartum depression (PPD) as well as a potential treatment target. In the first 6 months after delivery, when the risk of PPD is greatest, fragmented maternal sleep is most often related to necessary infant night feedings. Clinicians’ conversations about planning for and navigating postpartum sleep should include questions about patient expectations, cultural traditions, and available support. For women at high risk of PPD, or with moderate to severe PPD or other symptoms of mental illness, protecting one 4–5 hour period of consolidated nighttime sleep may be necessary and effective. This can be achieved by having another adult step in for 1–2 infant night feedings or by employing other strategies. OBs can encourage high-risk patients to develop a postpartum plan for sleep protection by initiating this conversation during pregnancy.

Assessing the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression: A Cross-Sectional Study Conducted in the Urban Areas of Ankuli in Southern Odisha.

Background Postpartum depression (PPD) is a complex mix of physical, emotional, and behavioral changes that happen in some women after giving birth. Objectives The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of PPD using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and evaluate the predisposing factors for PPD. Methodology The present observational study was conducted in the Department of Community Medicine, Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati (MKCG) Medical College and Hospital, Brahmapur, Odisha, India from May 2022 to November 2022. Using the EPDS, participants were assessed for postnatal depression. Every subject additionally filled out a risk factor questionnaire covering important sociodemographic and obstetric parameters. The prevalence of an EPDS score of 12 or above is the primary outcome measure. Results The study encompassed 121 mothers, with 8.26% scoring above the depression cutoff of 12 and 6.61% falling within the borderline range. Notably, all mothers surpassing the cutoff were from joint families, contrasting with those from nuclear families. A predominant portion of the depressive group was in their 20s, while the borderline group primarily consisted of mothers in their 30s. Urban residency and government hospital care were universal among the samples. Mode of delivery showed significance, with a higher prevalence of PPD observed among those who underwent a lower segment cesarean section. Additionally, maternal age, anemia, mode of delivery, educational status, adverse life events, and lack of partner support significantly correlated with depression scores. Notably, maternal age emerged as the most influential factor, followed by anemia and mode of delivery. Spearman correlation analysis revealed moderate negative associations between various aspects of maternal depression and the ages of their babies, indicating that younger infants were associated with greater maternal distress. However, the correlation between feeling sad or miserable and the baby's age was negligible. These findings emphasize the multifaceted nature of PPD, highlighting the interplay between sociodemographic factors, maternal well-being, and infant age.

The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression among Mothers in Najran City, Saudi Arabia.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a significant mental health concern affecting mothers globally. However, research on PPD prevalence and risk factors in Najran City, Saudi Arabia, is limited. this cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with PPD among mothers in Najran City. A questionnaire-based study was conducted from September 2023 to January 2024, involving 420 mothers aged 16-50 years with newborns (2-10 weeks after delivery). The questionnaire included demographic information and the Arabic version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Statistical analysis utilized SPSS software v. 26, including descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and logistic regression. The majority of participants were aged 20-35 years (61.4%), Saudi nationals (87.6%), and had university education (51.4%). EPDS scores indicated that 66.7% of mothers screened positive for possible depression. Significant associations were found between higher EPDS scores and factors such as unemployment (p = 0.004), younger age (p = 0.003), caesarean delivery (p = 0.043), mental illness (p = 0.0001), lack of adequate family support (p = 0.0001), and higher stress levels (p = 0.0001). The study revealed a high prevalence of PPD among mothers in Najran City, with sociodemographic, obstetric, and psychosocial factors significantly influencing PPD risk. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions and support systems to address maternal mental health needs effectively.

Contactless exercise intervention in prenatal and postnatal period during COVID-19 lowers the risk of postpartum depression

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a substantial adverse impact on the physical and mental health of pregnant and postpartum women, thereby increasing the risk of postpartum depression (PPD). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a continuous contactless exercise intervention in reducing the risk of depression during the prenatal and postnatal periods. The study utilized an interactive contactless exercise program consisting of Pilates movement over a 16-week period, with 8 weeks during pregnancy and 8 weeks after childbirth. Metabolic and psychological factors related to postpartum depression, including pain, stress, and stress-response markers, were analyzed. The results showed that the exercise intervention significantly alleviated postpartum depression by improving pain (Oswestry Disability Index: Non-exercise, 11.4 ± 14.8 versus Exercise, − 63.1 ± 18.4, p < .001) and stress factors (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: Non-exercise, 8.8 ± 8.72 versus Exercise, − 37.6 ± 9.13, p < .001; Perceived Stress Scale: Non-exercise, 9.21 ± 9.35 versus Exercise, − 20.7 ± 14.4, p < .001) caused by physical/structural imbalances in postpartum women. Additionally, the intervention improved the metabolic imbalances commonly observed after childbirth, including reductions in triglyceride (Interaction effect, p = .017), insulin (Interaction effect, p = .032), and cortisol levels (Interaction effect, p < .001), which are recognized risk factors for postpartum depression. Taken together, these findings suggest that contactless online exercise interventions can mitigate postpartum depression by addressing metabolic dysregulation that frequently occurs after delivery, especially in situations of social isolation caused by the pandemic.

Mendelian randomization analyses for the causal relationship between early age at first sexual intercourse, early age at first live birth, and postpartum depression in pregnant women.

There are insufficient epidemiological studies on the impact of age at first sexual intercourse (AFS) and age at first live birth (AFB) on postpartum depression (PPD) in pregnant women, and the conclusions of these studies are inconsistent. We performed a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to determine the causal relationship between AFS or AFB and the risk of PPD. The summary data were extracted from genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary datasets. We selected the instrumental variables according to the P value of exposure-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (P<5 ×10-9 for AFS and P<5 ×10-8 for AFB) and estimated the linkage disequilibrium using the clump parameter (10,000 kb, r2 < 0.001). Single nucleotide polymorphisms were considered instrumental variables that were significantly associated with exposure factors without linkage disequilibrium. The F-statistics of the instrumental variables should all be larger than 10.A random-effects model of IVW was constructed as the main method in our study. MR studies based on GWAS data revealed that both AFS (OR = 0.4, P <0.001) and AFB (OR = 0.38, P <0.001) were negatively correlated with the risk of PPD. Early AFS and early AFB should be studied as possible risk factors for PPD in the future. Public health departments should attach importance to sex education for young girls. The results of our TSMR should be verified by high-quality prospective epidemiological studies in the future.

Association between Educational Attainment and Risk of Postnatal Depression: Findings from the Czech Republic

IntroductionPostnatal depression is a common mental health condition that affects women across the globe. Lower education is frequently considered to be linked to an increased likelihood of postpartum depression. Nevertheless, inconsistent epidemiological evidence has been reported concerning the associations between education and postpartum depression risk. This study investigates the correlation between education level and postpartum depression in the Czech Republic.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to examine whether there is an association between educational attainment and the risk of postnatal depression in women who have recently given birth in the Czech Republic.MethodsWomen aged 18-45, who spoke Czech and had an email address, and had given birth in the hospital were eligible to participate in the study. The research was conducted in the maternity unit, where a medical professional presented the opportunity to take part. All participants were screened using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), with the cut-off score of ≥10 showing increased of postpartum depression.Education data was collected via self-reported questionnaires. Binary logistic regression was employed to calculate the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) to assess the relationship between educational attainment and postpartum depression risk, with sociodemographic and health-related characteristics being stepwise adjusted.ResultsOur study consisted of 3,739 postpartum respondents (mean age of 31 years). The prevalence of increased postpartum depression (≥10 EPDS points) was 22.7%. Compared to individuals with higher education (reference category), those with basic education had a higher risk of postpartum depression (OR 1.67; 95% CI 1.26–2.23; p&lt;0.001), even after adjusting for all covariates (OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.08–2.22; p=0.017). Basic education was found to have the strongest association with an increased risk of postpartum depression, even when adjusted for covariates. The association between education and postpartum depression was explained by the covariates.ConclusionsHaving only basic education is a significant risk factor for postpartum depression. Interventions to reduce the burden of postpartum depression ought to focus on individuals with low levels of education.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Exploring postpartum depression in the Vietnamese moms scenario: Risk factors under a culture perspective

The diagnosis and screening of postpartum depression (PPD) are increasingly crucial for promoting the mental well-being of perinatal women. Postpartum depression (PPD) can have a detrimental impact on mothers’ mental well-being and can also affect the mental health of individuals in their immediate circle. Additionally, PPD can hinder the development of the crucial bond between mother and infant during the early years of a baby's life. There is insufficient literature on cultural risk factors for postpartum depression in Vietnamese mothers. A search was conducted for papers published from 2010 to 2023. The examined articles revealed some important risk factors under cultural perspectives related to postpartum depression in Vietnamese mothers.

Sociodemographic Correlates of Postpartum Depression: A Survey-Based Study.

Objective: Post-partum depression (PPD) has been reported in about one-seventh to one-tenth of women. The aim of this study is to identify the demographic, obstetrics, social, and psychological risk factors of PPD among the eastern region of the United Arab Emirates. Method : A community-based cross-sectional study was performed on 200 women who had a recent singleton pregnancy and delivered newborn within past six months via convenience sampling and email snowballing. Several demographics, obstetrics, social, and psychological factors of the respondents were assessed using a survey form. The Edinburgh depression rating scale (EDRS) was used for the identification of women with possible PPD. Descriptive statistics were utilized for the representation of demographic variables, whereas Chi-square test was employed to assess categorical variables. Also, logistic regression was applied to evaluate the association of investigated variables and PPD. Results: The median EDRS score amongst the study participants was found to be 11 (0-26). The prevalence of PPD was found to be 57% in the studied population. Significant differences were observed in the adverse life events, emotional supports, marital conflicts and history of depression of the participants with and without PPD (P < 0.01). The risk factors significantly associated with PPD were age of the newborn (OR = 6.50, 95%CI: 1.17-19.91), marital relationship (OR = 4.15, 95%CI: 1.31-15.22), maternal educational level (OR = 5.10, 95%CI: 4.30-16.58), adverse life events (OR = 9.32, 95%CI: 1.33-35.32), and history of depression (OR = 5.24, 95%CI: 3.14-11.96). Conclusion: Given the findings, there is an urgent need for policy initiatives to address the identified risk factors, such as improving access to education, strengthening supportive marital relationships, and providing comprehensive mental health services for pregnant women.

Examination of risk factors for high Edinburgh postnatal depression scale scores: a retrospective study at a single university hospital in Japan

BackgroundPerinatal mental health, such as postpartum depression, is an important issue that can threaten the lives of women and children. It is essential to understand the risk factors in advance and intervene before they can lead to postnatal depression. The risk factors of postpartum depression are reported to vary considerably in Japan. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for women with high Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores and to find women who may need our intervention to prevent postpartum depression.MethodsThis was a retrospective observational study conducted at a single center. At the one-month check-up after birth, the EPDS test was performed in 1625 women who gave birth at our hospital from 2008 to 2016. We evaluated maternal, birth, neonatal and social factors and the breastfeeding status from medical records. Thereafter, we examined the factors that contributed to a high EPDS score.ResultsThere were 284 women in the high-score group with an EPDS of ≥ 9, and 1341 women in the low-score group with an EPDS score ≤ of 8. Maternal mental disorders and neonatal transport were significantly associated with high EPDS scores. Conversely, exclusive breastfeeding was significantly associated with the low-score EPDS group.ConclusionsThe principal factor for high EPDS scores was a mental disease. Based on this result, we suggest that early intervention in women at high risk for postpartum depression could prevent serious consequences such as abuse and suicide.

Incidence of Postpartum Depression and Associated Risk Factors in Antenatal Women: A Cohort Study

Abstract Background: The incidence of postpartum depression (PPD) varies across cultures, regions, and communities, and there are very few studies addressing this issue, henceforth making it difficult to estimate the actual burden of the disease. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and identify potential risk factors for PPD in a cohort of antenatal women. Methods: This study conducted in a tertiary hospital included 105 participants in their second or third trimester of pregnancy. Relationship with and support from the family were assessed. The scales applied were the Perceived Stress Scale, Ardell Wellness Stress Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Participants were followed up 4 weeks postnatally. They were asked about the gender of their baby, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was applied. PPD was evaluated using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria and International Classification of Diseases-10 criteria. Results: Of the 105 participants, 6 were lost to follow-up. Among the 99 women, an EPDS score of ≥10 was identified in 17 women who were diagnosed with PPD. The risk factors according to our study were sleep disturbances, state anxiety, stress, and obstetrical complications antenatally and female sex of the newborn. These risk factors are likely to be interactive as well as multiplicative in effect. Conclusion: The study shows a high prevalence of PPD in Indian mothers. There is enough evidence suggesting that intervention for PPD is crucial for the care of the mother as well as for the well-being of the infant, hence an integrated approach is required for its screening.

Mother-to-infant bonding difficulties are associated with future maternal depression and child-maltreatment behaviors: A Japanese nationwide longitudinal study

BackgroundMother-to-infant bonding difficulties (MIBD) are considered risk factors for postpartum depression and child-maltreatment behaviors. However, few longitudinal studies have examined this hypothesis. This study aims to explore the relationship between MIBD and subsequent maternal depression and child-maltreatment behaviors using longitudinal data from a 2021 Japanese nationwide survey. MethodsWe studied 658 first-time mothers who had given birth within the past year and had not reported postpartum depression or child-maltreatment behaviors at baseline. The Japanese version of Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS) was used to measure MIBD. Subjects were monitored for six months and subsequently completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and responded to inquiries about child-maltreatment behaviors. ResultsAfter adjusting for covariates, MIBD was associated with higher odds of maternal depression (OR=1.737, 95% CI [1.078, 2.797]) and child-maltreatment behaviors (OR=2.040, 95% CI [1.401, 2.970]) six months later. Further analysis indicated that MIBD was particularly associated with a heightened risk of emotional abuse (OR=2.172, 95% CI [1.486, 3.176]). Sensitivity analysis, using inverse probability weighting to address selection bias or with an alternative cutoff score of 5, corroborated these findings. ConclusionProactive screening for MIBD could serve as a valuable tool in the detection of maternal depression and potential child-maltreatment behaviors.

Postpartum Depression and Inflammatory Biomarkers of Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio, and Monocyte-Lymphocyte Ratio: A Prospective Observational Study

Objectives: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a severe mental health disorder affecting a significant proportion of mothers, often undiagnosed and untreated, with potential long-term effects. While numerous studies have identified risk factors for PPD, the relationship between inflammatory markers and PPD remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the potential correlation between indirect inflammatory markers, specifically neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and the risk of developing PPD, assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Design: This was a prospective observational study conducted in a second-level university hospital, from December 2019 to February 2021. Participants: A total of 211 full-term pregnant women were enrolled. Exclusion criteria included specific psychiatric diagnoses, such as severe intellectual disability, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, bipolar or other unspecified psychotic spectrum disorders. Additionally, pregnancies affected by gestational and pregestational diabetes, chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia/eclampsia, intrauterine fetal growth restriction, preterm delivery, multiple pregnancies, and fetal abnormalities detected prenatally were excluded. Methods: Socio-demographic and clinical data were recorded. Blood samples for complete blood count were obtained at hospital admission, focusing on NLR, PLR, and MLR. Analyses were conducted in our laboratory using standard techniques. The postpartum PPD evaluation was conducted 3 days after delivery, with the EPDS Italian version. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, group comparisons using t tests or Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for continuous variables, and Pearson χ2 or Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables. Correlation analyses employed Pearson correlation or Spearman’s rank correlation tests. Simple logistic regression models, adjusted for various baseline patient characteristics, explored the correlation between inflammatory markers (PLR, NLR, MLR) and postpartum depressive symptoms. Version 4.1.3 of RStudio statistical software was utilized. Results: Overall, 211 pregnant women enrolled were categorized into two groups based on the EPDS scores: <10 (176 patients) and ≥10 (35 patients). The two groups demonstrated homogeneity in different socio-demographic factors. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that PLR, NLR, and MLR were not significantly associated with these variables. The scatterplot of PLR, NLR, and MLR on EPDS was stratified for EPDS groups. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test applied to PLR, NLR, and MLR values and EPDS groups did not reveal a statistical relationship. Additional analyses were conducted using the estimated odds ratios of the logistic regression model on EPDS groups, considering both continuous and binary values of indirect inflammatory markers (PLR, NLR, MLR). The results indicated the absence of a statistical relationship. Limitations: Our evaluation was restricted to the postpartum period, and data for the first and second trimesters of pregnancy are lacking. Conclusions: Our findings did not evidence a correlation between indirect inflammatory markers (NLR, PLR, and MPL) and PPD. This novel finding prompts further evaluation of the role of indirect inflammatory markers in PPD, highlighting the need for additional research to clarify the complex relationship between inflammation and psychological health in the postpartum period.

A novel tool for risk assessment, screening, diagnosis, assessment, and therapy in postpartum depression.

Postpartum depression (PPD), as a common condition occurring in women in the postnatal period, is underdiagnosed, seldom identified, and infrequently treated. Undiagnosed PPD can have negative consequences for overall quality-of-life outcomes in the mother, psychological growth of the infant, and bonding between the infant and its mother. However, early diagnosis and prompt treatment of PPD can lead to an improvement in postpartum maternal health and a healthier relationship between the mother and her infant. Additionally, early identification of risk factors in the prenatal and antenatal period can enable preventive treatment and ensure that the expectant or pregnant woman remains free of disease after giving birth. Therefore, we propose a protocol for the risk assessment, screening, diagnosis, assessment, and therapy of postnatal depression (RASDAT). The RASDAT protocol recommends assessment of risk factors for PPD in the perinatal period as well as early diagnosis and treatment in the early-to-mid postpartum period. It also recognizes, for the first time, insomnia and anxiety as important predictors, comorbidities, and poor prognostic factors in postpartum depression. Further studies are necessary to determine the feasibility and applicability of this novel tool, including costs of availing health facilities, burden on the health system, and knowledge, attitudes, and practices among physicians and clinical pharmacists regarding PPD and its resolution.

Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression among women attending primary healthcare centers in northern of West Bank/ Palestine: a cross-sectional study, 2022

BackgroundPostpartum depression (PPD) has a huge negative impact on the health of the mother and the family, both physically and mentally. Few postpartum depression studies have been done in Palestine. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and the most probable risk factor of PDD among Palestinian women in the northern West Bank.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study of 380 mothers, ages 18 and 44 years, visiting vaccination clinics with their infants after 7-12 weeks of delivery between 1 May 2022 and 30 June 2022. Postpartum women seeking care at the seven largest primary health care centers of the Ministry of Health in four cities in the Northern West Bank in Palestine were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire that included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and demographic and birth details. A score of 13 or higher was used to indicate PPD risk. Descriptive and analytical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20. The level of significance was set at 5%.ResultsThe median age of the participants was 27 years with a range of 26 years. A total of 129 women had an EPDS score of 13 or more, giving a prevalence rate of post-partum depression of 33.9%. The predictors of postpartum depression were stressful life events during pregnancy (p-value 0.003, OR: 2.1, 95% CI [1.27-3.4]), vacuum use during delivery p-values 0.002, OR: 4, 95% CI: [1.64-9.91]), low social support (p-value less than 0.001, OR: 2.5, 95%CI: [1.7-4.2]) and husband’s low level of education (p-value less than 0.001, OR: 5.2, 95%CI: [2.7-10]).ConclusionThe study showed a high prevalence of PPD among Palestinian mothers in the northern West Bank. Our study found that PPD risk factors include lack of social support, the husband’s low education, and stressful events during pregnancy. This will emphasize the importance of PPD screening and early intervention, especially among vulnerable women.

Postpartum depression among primigravida mothers in Kabul, Afghanistan

Introduction: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a prevalent mental health issue affecting women post-childbirth, particularly primigravida mothers. This study aims to explore the prevalence and risk factors of PPD among primigravida mothers in Kabul, Afghanistan, a low- and middle-income country with limited research on PPD among primigravida mothers. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed, and data were collected from 200 primigravida mothers who gave birth in Rabia Balkhi and Malalai Hospitals in Kabul. A structured questionnaire was utilized to gather data on socio-demographic characteristics, PPD symptoms, and risk factors, which were analyzed using descriptive statistics and SPSS. Results: The study findings revealed that 42.5% of the primigravida mothers in Kabul experienced symptoms of PPD according to EPDS scores. This prevalence rate was higher than global estimates and previous studies in high-income countries. Risk factors associated with PPD among primigravida mothers in Kabul included a history of depression or mental health problems (55.5%), job loss or financial difficulties (74.5%), trauma related to natural disasters or war (63%), experiences of physical or verbal abuse (34.5%), lack of social support or feelings of isolation (23%), and difficulties adjusting to motherhood (48.5%). Conclusion: The study highlights the prevalence and risk factors of Postpartum Depression among primigravida mothers in Kabul, Afghanistan, emphasizing the need for interventions to support new mothers' mental health, including prioritizing screening, providing targeted support, and addressing socioeconomic and environmental challenges, through investment in mental health services and public health campaigns.

Prevalence and associated risk factors of postpartum depression in India: A comprehensive review.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a psychological illness that affects women following delivery. According to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR), PPD is a serious form of depression that begins four weeks following birth and continues for one year. Pregnancy and the period after delivery can be hazardous for women. Mothers undergo significant biological, emotional, financial, and societal changes during this time. Some women are predisposed to mental health disorders such as melancholy and worry. Many postpartum women do not acknowledge the seriousness of their condition, and many depressed mothers go untreated. Untreated PPD is harmful to both the mother and the newborn. The exact cause of PPD is unclear; however, hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy and childbirth, genetic susceptibility, birth trauma as well as psychosocial and demographic factors may serve as potential risk factors. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and risk factors of PPD in India. The review evaluates English language literature on PPD using Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases searched electronically between 2000 and 2022. The keywords "postpartum depression," or "postnatal depression," and "prevalence," and "causes," and "risk factors," or "predisposing factors," or "predictive factors" were used to search the database. The prevalence of PPD varies in different geographical regions and study settings. In India, the overall prevalence of PPD is 22%. However, the greatest prevalence was in the southern regions (26%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 19-32) and the lowest in the northern regions (15%; 95% CI: 10-21). This study outlines the burden of PPD in India. Comprehensive intervention programs should be implemented to address the disease at a national level. The national authorities should incorporate PPD screening in the National Mental Health Program and emphasize health promotion activities.

Analysis of independent risk factors for postpartum depression in elderly primiparas and the effects of mindfulness-based psychological intervention.

To identify the independent risk factors for postpartum depression in elderly primiparas and to evaluate the effects of mindfulness-based psychological intervention. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 75 women with postpartum depression who received treatment at the First Hospital of Nanchang from January 2021 to March 2022. Among them, 33 women who received routine psychological health management were included in the control group, while the remaining 42 who received mindfulness-based psychological intervention on the basis of routine psychological health management were included in the study group. In addition, 80 women without postpartum depression who delivered during the same period at our hospital were selected as the non-depression group. The self-cognitive function scores, depression and anxiety scores, sleep quality and progesterone level were compared between the two groups before and after the intervention. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the influencing factors for postpartum depression in elderly primiparas. Before the intervention, no significant difference was found in General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) scores between the two groups (P > 0.05). After the intervention, the GSES scores significantly improved in both groups, with the study group showing a significantly higher improvement compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Before the intervention, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7) scores (all P > 0.05). After the intervention, the EPDS and GAD-7 scores significantly decreased in both groups, with the study group showing a significantly greater reduction compared to the control group (all P < 0.05). Before the intervention, no significant difference was found in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores between the two groups (P > 0.05). After the intervention, the PSQI scores notably decreased in both groups, with the study group showing notably lower scores compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in progesterone levels between the two groups (P > 0.05). After the intervention, progesterone levels significantly decreased in both groups, and the intervention group showed significantly lower levels compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis identified age (P < 0.0001; OR: 5.471; 95% CI: 2.504-11.956), education level (P = 0.029; OR: 2.370; 95% CI: 1.094-5.137), pregnancy complications (P = 0.006; OR: 3.665; 95% CI: 1.460-9.199), and newborn Apgar score (P = 0.046; OR: 2.895; 95% CI: 1.017-8.242) as independent risk factors for postpartum depression in elderly primiparas. Mindfulness-based psychological intervention demonstrates positive effects on enhancing self-efficacy, emotional well-being, and sleep quality among elderly primiparas experiencing postpartum depression. Additionally, advanced maternal age, higher education level, presence of pregnancy complications, and relatively lower newborn Apgar score are independent risk factors for postpartum depression in elderly primiparas.

Comparing the prevalence and influencing factors of postpartum depression in primiparous and multiparous women in China.

Few studies have compared the influencing factors of postpartum depression between primiparous and multiparous women. Therefore, this study is aimed to investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of postpartum depression in primiparous and multiparous women, and provide reference suggestions for clinical nursing. A total of 429 postpartum women who gave birth at a Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Shandong Province, China, from April to June 2024, were recruited by convenience sampling. A Sociodemographic Questionnaire, Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Perceived Social Support Scale were used for investigation. SPSS 26.0 was used to analyze the data, and multivariate regression was employed to analyze the influencing factors of postpartum depression between primiparous and multiparous women. The total prevalence of postpartum depression among 429 postpartum women (191 primiparas and 238 multiparas) was 22.14%. The prevalence of postpartum depression among primiparous and multiparous women were 21.99% and 22.27%, respectively, with no statistically significant difference [OR=1.016, 95% CI (0.642, 1.608)]. Sleep quality is a common protective factor for postpartum depression in both primiparous and multiparous women, while perceived social support is another protective factor for multiparous women. The risk factors are different in both two group, there is no risk factor found in primiparous women, the newborns health and women's expectation on newborns gender are risk factors for postpartum depression in multiparous women. Both primiparous and multiparous women have a high risk of postpartum depression. In order to promote the mental health of postpartum women, precise nursing measures should be adopted for different parity of postpartum women in clinical practice.

Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression Among Korean Women: An Analysis Based on the Korean Pregnancy Outcome Study (KPOS).

Postpartum depression (PPD) can negatively affect infant well-being and child development. Although the frequency and risk factors of PPD symptoms might vary depending on the country and culture, there is limited research on these risk factors among Korean women. This study aimed to elucidate the potential risk factors of PPD throughout pregnancy to help improve PPD screening and prevention in Korean women. The pregnant women at 12 gestational weeks (GW) were enrolled from two obstetric specialized hospitals from March 2013 to November 2017. A questionnaire survey was administered at 12 GW, 24 GW, 36 GW, and 4 weeks postpartum. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and PPD was defined as a score of ≥ 10. PPD was prevalent in 16.3% (410/2,512) of the participants. Depressive feeling at 12 GW and postpartum factors of stress, relationship with children, depressive feeling, fear, sadness, and neonatal intensive care unit admission of baby were significantly associated with a higher risk of PPD. Meanwhile, high postpartum quality of life and marital satisfaction at postpartum period were significantly associated with a lower risk of PPD. We developed a model for predicting PPD using factors as mentioned above and it had an area under the curve of 0.871. Depressive feeling at 12 GW and postpartum stress, fear, sadness, relationship with children, low quality of life, and low marital satisfaction increased the risk of PPD. A risk model that comprises significant factors can effectively predict PPD and can be helpful for its prevention and appropriate treatment.