Risk Factors For Musculoskeletal Disorders Research Articles

Assessing MSDs before Introduction of a Cobot: Psychosocial Aspects and Employee’s Subjective Experience

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the main causes of work disability (EU-OSHA, 2019; WHO, 2019). Several solutions, including the cobotic system (EUROGIP, 2017), have been put forward to improve unhealthy working conditions and prevent MSDs. We sought to identify the MSD risk factors of workers on a screen-printed glass production line prior to introduction of a cobot. We used a mixed data collection technique: video observations and assessment of MSD risk factors by expert ergonomists, and then self-confrontation interviews with six production-line operators and subjective perception of risk factors. The two types of assessment (by experts and by operators) showed that the most demanding risk factors were physical (e.g., work posture) and psychosocial (e.g., mental workload). Certain risk factors were viewed differently by the experts and the operators. One question remains: How can a cobot make work more meaningful for operators?

EVALUATION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS IN HEALTHCARE WORKERS OF A TERTIARY HOSPITAL

Aim: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are an important factor that impairs the quality of life of heatlhcare workers. The aim of this study was to determine the MSD level and related conditions in healthcare workers in a tertiary hospital and to determine the risks of health workers in terms of MSD. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at İstanbul Kartal Dr.Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital February-June 2019, and included 400 healthcare workers. A sociodemographic form and the Turkish version of the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (T-CMDQ) were used as data collection tools. The questions were asked to the participants using face-to-face interviews. Results: The rate of MSD in any body region among all participants was determined as 92.8%. MSD was most common in the back (68.8%), waist (66.5%) and neck (65.5%). It was found that the risk of MSD increased in women, surgical department workers, nurses and standing workers (p=0.000, p=0.012, p=0.000, p=0.000). Age, Body Mass Index (BMI), regular physical exercise status, working year, transportation preference and weekly working hours were not directly related to MSD. Conclusions: Hospitals are environments with increased risk factors for work related MSD in healthcare workers due to the non-ergonomic conditions and intense work tempo. Efforts to reduce these risk factors will increase the quality of life and work efficiency of healthcare workers.

Analysis of Patient Handling Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Disorders in Care Givers at Adam Malik Hajj Center Hospital Medan in 2022

Musculoskeletal disorders are a complaints that are often encountered in every worker. Well that worker offices as well as employees at home sick. According to observations and data obtained, that is complaint about disturbance musculoskeletal to the workers this often occurs in the area of the waist, legs, hands until back. The same is true for nurses who work at home sick. Disturbance musculoskeletal this often occur for nurses and workers alike house sick. because that many conducted study for overcome as well as identify reason as well as risk from disturbance this. From research this obtained that factor profession be one the potential to cause work related musculoskeletal disorders to nurses and assistants nurse at home Adam Malik Hajj Center Hospital Medan. Position anatomy body be one cause for nurses have potency to use get work-related musculoskeletal disorders.

Prevalence and associated risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and physiological stress among the female brick molders of West Bengal, India

Objective: Women play a significant role in the Indian economy and are regarded as the backbone of the brickfield industry where they face a variety of stressors that predispose them to increased risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders and physiological stress compared to a control group. Methods: The Nordic Modified Questionnaire (NMQ) was completed by 85 women brick molders to assess feelings of discomfort (pain) in different parts of the body. Furthermore, the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) posture analysis tool explored the risk of upper-limb musculoskeletal disorders (ULMSDs). Handgrip strength was also measured using a handgrip dynamometer, and cardiovascular stresses were assessed by measuring heart rate, blood pressure and lung function parameters. Results: The results of the study revealed that upper limb MSDs are a significant problem among women brick molders, primarily involving the hand (97.6%), shoulder (94.1%), wrist (72.9%) and fingers (56.5%). Subjective discomfort ratings among the brick molders indicated pain (96.5%), followed by tingling (90.6%), numbness (88.2%) and stiffness (61.2%) in their hands. The detailed analysis of the RULA score revealed that the upper arms, lower arms and wrists were high-risk areas for MSDs. Soon after completion of work, the participants experienced reductions in the hand-grip strength compared to the control group. Heart rate brick molders as higher in comparison to control group, just after the completion of work. However, there was no significant change in maximum Heart rate (HRmax) and Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) between the two groups, but significant associations were observed in net cardiac cost (NCC) and relative cardiac cost (RCC). Blood pressure measures were higher in the brick molders after work as well Conclusion: Women brick molders engaged continuously in highly repetitive hand-intensive jobs and suffered from discomfort in the upper extremities. The RULA posture analysis results indicated that the working posture of women brick molders were at high risk for MSDs, which requires changes immediately. Female brick molders also presented with reduced lung function values compared to the controls Findings of this study highlight the need for various ergonomic interventions that can be applied to improve the safety of the molders and workplace conditions of the brickfield during molding activities.

Analysis of Risk Factors for Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Survey Research

Analysis of Risk Factors for Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Survey Research

Ergonomic Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Disorders among Ethnic Lychee-Longan Harvesting Workers in Northern Thailand.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the leading causes of occupational injuries and disabilities. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of MSDs and occupational factors affecting MSDs among ethnic lychee-longan harvesting workers in northern Thailand. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the areas of three upper northern provinces of Thailand. The study areas are located in the highlands and rural plains, where many ethnic minority groups live, including Indigenous, Mien, Karen, and Lua. The majority of them work in a farm of perennial fruit trees, mainly lychee and longan. During the harvest season, 404 participants were recruited for the study using the convenience sampling technique. Data were collected using questionnaires that included general information, an ergonomic risk assessment, and a standardized Nordic questionnaire for assessing MSDs in 10 body parts. The average age of lychee-longan harvesting workers was 48.8 years. Almost all (99.5%) reported MSDs in one or more body regions in the previous seven days of work. The prevalence of MSDs was highest in the hands (82.9%), followed by the shoulders (82.2%) and the neck (79.7%). The total ergonomic risk scores, which included awkward posture, heavy carrying and lifting, repetitive activity, land slope, and equipment, were found to be significantly associated with MSDs in part of the neck (AOR = 1.17, 95%CI = 1.11-1.23), shoulder (AOR = 1.15, 95%CI = 1.10-1.21), elbow (AOR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.12-1.24), hand (AOR = 1.12, 95%CI = 1.07-1.18), finger (AOR = 1.33, 95%CI = 1.24-1.44), upper back (AOR = 1.14, 95%CI = 1.09-1.20), lower back (AOR = 1.16, 95%CI = 1.11-1.22), hip (AOR = 1.11, 95%CI = 1.06-1.15), knee (AOR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.12-1.24), and feet (AOR = 1.21, 95%CI = 1.15-1.28) when adjusting for ethnicity, sex, age, BMI, and work experience. Many parts of ethnic workers' bodies have been affected by occupational injuries, with a high risk of upper extremity injury. As a result, using an ergonomic approach to improving the working environment and appropriate posture movement is very beneficial in preventing MSDs among ethnic harvesting workers.

Risk Factors Assessment of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Professional Vehicle Drivers in India Using an Ordinal Priority Approach

Professional driving involves sitting in uncomfortable positions, navigating difficult terrain and roads, and occasionally conducting small repairs and other auxiliary transportation duties while at work for long periods. Drivers who engage in these activities may develop a variety of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). MSDs in professional drivers are accompanied by several risk factors. In this study, the various risk factors for MSD have been identified through the literature reviews, discussions with professional drivers, and consultations with ergonomics specialists. This study employed the ordinal priority approach (OPA), a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique, to rank the identified risk variables for MSD in order of importance. The same OPA method has also been used to identify the group of professional drivers who use eight different types of vehicles and are more likely to develop MSDs. The analyses findings show that the five main risk factors for MSDs among drivers are prolonged sitting, restricted posture, working hours, alcohol consumption, and uncomfortable seating. Additionally, among all drivers regarded as professionals, truck drivers are found to be the most at risk. For the study’s conclusions to be validated, a sensitivity analysis was also carried out. The results of this study are anticipated to help formulate strategies for lowering these hazards through the ergonomic design of drivers’ cabins by automobile OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) and vehicle scheduling by concerned transportation organizations to reduce driver tiredness.

An updated review of the effect of work hours and shift work on musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in the healthcare sector

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are leading causes for sick days and long-term disability, and nurses are amongst the most affected. While long weekly work hours can increase MSD risk, the role of specific shift schedule characteristics in healthcare is poorly understood. For this narrative review, 236 abstracts published since 2008 were screened, and 15 retained manuscripts are summarized for an updated synthesis of the current evidence. In addition to long work hours, we identified night and shift work as MSD risk factors, the latter especially for low back pain. Some studies showed workload and individual factors as effect modifiers. Evidence for specific work schedule characteristics was often not available or of limited quality, hampering the ability to draw further conclusions.

Risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders among takeaway riders: Up-to-date evidence in Shanghai, China.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are common occupational diseases. However, the influencing mechanisms were not clear in the new emerging takeaway rider occupation in the catering industry in China. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a takeaway rider sample from one of the largest e-platforms, the Mei Tuan Company in Shanghai. The chi-square test was used to compare the sex differences in MSDs according to various factors. Binary logistic regressions were then performed to explore the potential risk factors for the occurrence and severity of MSDs adjusted by age, sex and vehicle type. Crude odds ratios (CORs) and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for predictors were reported. The prevalence of MSDs was found to be 54.9% (n = 361). Shoulders (joint pain: 24.5%, n = 154/629 cases; muscle pain: 29.0%, n = 183/632 cases; muscle numbness: 31.7%, n = 120/379 cases) and neck (joint pain: 17.0%, n = 107/629 cases; muscle pain: 14.1%, n = 89/632 cases; muscle numbness: 15.3%, n = 58/379 cases) were the most affected regions. Irregular meals (often having regular meals: p = 0.03, AOR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.05-3.39; sometimes: p < 0.01, AOR = 2.54, 95% CI: 1.49-4.34 and seldomly: p < 0.01, AOR = 4.24, 95% CI: 2.28-7.91) were positively associated with the occurrence of MSDs. Work-related factors, including working over 5 years (p = 0.02, AOR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.10-3.17) and over 51 km of food delivery distance per day (51-75 km: p = 0.02, AOR = 2.13, 95CI%:1.13-4.01; ≥76 km: p < 0.01, AOR = 3.12, 95CI%: 1.44-6.77), were strongly associated with severity. MSDs were common among takeaway riders. Personal lifestyles (meal irregularity) were found to predict the occurrence, while work-related factors (longer years of employment and prolonged food delivery distance) were positively associated with severity. Public health efforts should be made to prevent MSDs in this population.

Frequency and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders in high risk occupation workers in Urban, Karachi

Objective: To determine the frequency and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders in high-risk occupation workers in an urban setting. Method: The analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Karachi from July to December 2020, and comprised office workers, operation theatre technicians and coolies. The presence of musculoskeletal disorders was assessed using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire to determine factors associated with moderate to severe condition. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Results: Of the 300 male subjects, 100(33.3%) each were office workers, operation theatre technicians and coolies. The overall mean age was 33.25±6.8 years (range: 18-50 years). The overall prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was 179(59.7%). Besides, 117(65.4%) patients with musculoskeletal disorders had intermediate stage of the disease. The lower back and neck were the most common site of trouble involved in preceding 12 months 111(43.6%) each. Conclusion: Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was found to be a common problem affecting high-risk occupational workers. Key Words: High-risk occupations, Musculoskeletal disorders.

Prevalence, pattern and risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders among Nigerian plumbers.

Plumbing work is more manually driven in low-and-middle income countries (LMICs), and the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among workers who engage in plumbing in LMICs may be worse than earlier reports from developed countries. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, pattern and risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among Nigerian plumbers. A total of 130 consenting plumber participated in this cross-sectional study. The Nordic Musculoskeletal questionnaire and the Job Factor Questionnaire were used to assess information on prevalence and pattern of WMSDs; and perceptions regarding work-related risks factors for WMSDs. Descriptive (mean, frequency, range, percentage and standard deviation) and inferential (Chi-square) statistics were used to analyze data. Alpha level was set at p<0.05. The mean age of the respondents is 36.56 ± 10.418 years. The mean years of experience and working hours per day are 14.15 ± 9.161 years and 8.28 ± 2.512 hours. Job characteristics were mostly installation of pipes and fixtures (99.2%), equipment and fixtures prior to installation (96.9%), and testing of plumbing system for leaks (88.5%). 12-month and 7-day prevalence of WMSDS were 84.6% and 50.8%. Low-back (63.8%), neck (55.4%) and knee (50%) were the most affected body sites. Having WMSDs limits normal activities involving the low-back (32.3%), knee (25.4%) and neck (23.8%). There was significant association between 12-month prevalence of WMSDs and use of saws and pipe cutters (χ2 = 4.483; p = 0.034), while sites of affectation had significant association with 12-month and 7-day prevalence of WMSDs (p<0.05) respectively. Nigerian plumbers have a high prevalence of WMSDs affecting most commonly the low back, neck and knee. Plumbing job factors pose mild to moderate risk to developing WMSDs, and use of saws and pipe cutters significantly influence WMSDs.

Application of the best-worst method approach for prioritizing risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders among mobile device users: A case study

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are the most common work-related health issues among mobile device (MD) users due to long hour of working during homestay. Various researches have been carried out earlier for identifying the MSD risk factors, though the risk factors' priority and weightage play an important role for risk management. In the current study, the priority and weightage for MSD risk factor (individual factor, personal factor, psychosocial factor, and subfactors in each factor) were identified using the best-worst method (BWM) for MD users through a case study. A framework was proposed for evaluating the risk hierarchy. The rating data provided by decision-makers was analysed using BWM for optimistic risk factor outcomes. A sensitivity analysis was also performed on the prioritized risk factors/subfactors for the consistency check. Research results revealed that personal factor was the most prominent risk factor of MSDs, followed by psychosocial factor and individual factor. Further, the total time spent and gender were identified as most and least dominating risk subfactor of MSDs respectively. The evaluated priority and weightage of MSD risk factors were further validated using sensitivity analysis. The obtained outcomes may be helpful in reducing the MSDs risk factors among the MD users by ergonomic improvement.

Risk Factors of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Supermarket Workers in Kajang

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are injuries which affect the movement of musculoskeletal system of the human body and supermarket workers are prone to develop MSDs due to their tasks by handling material manually. The objectives of this study were to assess the risk factors of MSDs including propose appropriate control measures towards risk reduction. This study was conducted by using Cornell Musculoskeletal Questionnaire as a survey and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) as an observation method. Among 14 respondents consisted of 12 males and 2 females, the self-reported questionnaires revealed that the most-troubled body part experienced by the respondents in the last one week was shoulder (64.29%), followed by feet (57.14%) and lower back (57.14%). For the REBA score, workers from fresh market department and grocery department reported to had medium risk level of awkward posture. In general, most supermarket workers were had to stand and use their upper limbs while conducting the tasks. Intervention in terms of administrative controls such as to change the way of people work and job rotation could minimize the risk of developing MSDs among supermarket workers.

A computer vision-based lifting task recognition method

Low-back musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are major cause of work-related injury among workers in manual material handling (MMH). Epidemiology studies show that excessive repetition is one of major risk factors of low-back MSDs. Thus, it is essential to monitor the frequency of lifting tasks for an ergonomics intervention. In the current field practice, safety practitioners need to manually observe workers to identify their lifting frequency, which is time consuming and labor intensive. In this study, we propose a method that can recognize lifting actions from videos using computer vision and deep neural networks. An open-source package OpenPose was first adopted to detect bony landmarks of human body in real time. Interpolation and scaling techniques were then applied to prevent missing points and offset different recording environments. Spatial and temporal kinematic features of human motion were then derived. These features were fed into long short-term memory networks for lifting action recognition. The results show that the F1-score of the lifting action recognition is 0.88. The proposed method has potential to monitor lifting frequency in an automated way and thus could lead to a more practical ergonomics intervention.

Examining the relationship between human factors related quality risk factors and work related musculoskeletal disorder risk factors in manufacturing

This study addresses the relationship between human factors (HF) related quality deficits in manufacturing and work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD) risk factors in production staff. A recent systematic review identified 60 HF-related quality risk factors (QRFs) in manufacturing related to product, process and workstation design stages. We investigate the extent to which these identified QRFs are also WMSD risk factors. Each QRF was examined for its relationship with WMSD using a 0 (no relationship) to 10 (strong relationship) scale rubric. The authors rated each QRF separately and then discussed and adjusted their ratings in a review session. Results showed that average median ratings were the highest for QRFs related to product design (8/10), intermediate for QRFs related to workstation design (7/10) and the lowest for QRFs related to process design (5/10). This emphasises the significant role of HF in system design in reducing both quality deficits and risk of developing WMSDs for manufacturing personnel. Practitioner summary: This study investigates whether human-related risk factors for product quality are also risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders in manufacturing. Results showed a substantial relationship between quality risk factors and WMSD risk factors. This indicates the significant role of human factors in operations design in improving both system performance and human wellbeing.

Case Studies of Robots and Automation as Health/Safety Interventions in Small Manufacturing Enterprises.

This paper reviews the experiences of 63 case studies of small businesses (< 250 employees) with manufacturing automation equipment acquired through a health/safety intervention grant program. The review scope included equipment technologies classified as industrial robots (n = 17), computer numerical control (CNC) machining (n = 29), or other programmable automation systems (n = 17). Descriptions of workers' compensation (WC) claim injuries and identified risk factors that motivated acquisition of the equipment were extracted from grant applications. Other aspects of the employer experiences, including qualitative and quantitative assessment of effects on risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), effects on productivity, and employee acceptance of the intervention were summarized from the case study reports. Case studies associated with a combination of large reduction in risk factors, lower cost per affected employee, and reported increases in productivity were: CNC stone cutting system, CNC/vertical machining system, automated system for bottling, CNC/routing system for plastics products manufacturing, and a CNC/Cutting system for vinyl/carpet. Six case studies of industrial robots reported quantitative reductions in MSD risk factors in these diverse manufacturing industries: Snack Foods; Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical; Machine Shops; Leather Good and Allied Products; Plastic Products; and Iron and Steel Forging. This review of health/safety intervention case studies indicates that advanced (programmable) manufacturing automation, including industrial robots, reduced workplace musculoskeletal risk factors and improved process productivity in most cases.

Factors associated with reduced risk of musculoskeletal disorders among office workers: a cross-sectional study 2017 to 2020

BackgroundProlonged sitting at work should be avoided to reduce the risks of either noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) or musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among office workers. A short duration of breaks in sitting every hour can reduce cardiometabolic risk factors contributing to NCDs. However, the recommendation for a break from sitting at work to reduce the risks of MSDs has not been identified. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether breaking by changing position at work, physical activity, physical fitness, stress and sleep were associated with MSDs among office workers.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from 2017 to 2020. Participants aged 20–59 years and using a computer at work ≥ 4 days/week were recruited. Data were collected using an online self-reporting questionnaire for computer users and 5 domains of physical fitness tests. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.ResultsPrevalence of MSDs was 37.9% (n = 207/545) and the most area of complaint were the neck, shoulders and back. A nonsignificant association between physical fitness and MSDs among office workers was obtained. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and comorbidity, moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) ≥ 150 min/week and sitting at work ≥ 4 h/day were MSDs risk factors (OR = 1.57, 95%CI = 1.04–2.37). Frequently changing positions from sitting to standing or walking at work every hour could reduce the risks of MSDs by more than 30%. The risks of MSDs increased among office workers who commuted by staff shuttle bus and personal car and had high to severe stress and slept < 6 h/day (1.6 to 2.4 times).ConclusionOur findings indicated MVPA and prolonged sitting were MSD risk factors. We recommend office workers change position from sitting to standing or walking during work every hour and sleep ≥ 6 h/day to reduce risks of MSDs.

Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Assessment of Ergonomic Risk Factors on a Coffee Farm

In Honduras, some coffee farms must comply with strict standards of social, economic, and environmental sustainability, due to their organic, gender and fair-trade certifications. The principal research aim is to evaluate the musculoskeletal risks in occupations in a Honduran coffee farm certified in sustainable environments and to know the status of its workers within the farm. Musculoskeletal symptom perception during the last twelve months was consulted, assessing exposure to risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders using the Quick Exposure Check method. Data regarding 48 workers were analyzed to provide the results. Within the body regions where discomfort is concentrated, the back, shoulders, wrists, knees, and feet stand out, and the highest risk exposures are presented for the coffee cutters at the neck level and in the wrist/hand segment, in the coffee pickers at the back, shoulder–arm segment, and wrist/hand segment, and in the processors in the back area and shoulder–arm segment. It is concluded that, in all the coffee fruit harvesting processes, the people who work in these jobs are exposed to ergonomic risks.

Ergonomic Assessment Method of Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Disorders Associated with Sitting Postures

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are associated with sitting postures. The assessment and prevention of risk factors for workplace exposure are indispensable aspects of reducing the occurrence of MSDs. This paper proposes an ergonomic assessment method of risk factors for MSDs associated with sitting postures in the actual working conditions. A Kinect sensor with the RULA method was primarily used to collect the data and evaluate the relevant postures. The results obtained were compared with the evaluation results by a human expert. Additionally, we verified the capability and effectiveness of this method. A program system for human joint recognition and acquisition was implemented. The results indicated that the Kinect joint data is generally accurate and can adequately complete the RULA evaluation table. The results from the front and right-hand side obtained by the Kinect were consistent with the results of the expert evaluation, and no significant difference was observed between them ([Formula: see text]). However, when the participants faced the Kinect, the sensor performed better, and the evaluation result was more accurate. A high consistency was observed between the evaluation results obtained from the front and the expert (proportion agreement [Formula: see text], Cohen’s [Formula: see text]). Only a slight consistency was observed between the evaluation results obtained from the right-hand side and the expert (proportion agreement [Formula: see text], Cohen’s [Formula: see text]). This research created a new ergonomic method for the risk assessment of MSDs associated with sitting postures. The combination of theory and practice is crucial in the risk assessment of sitting postures in workplaces.

Risk Factors for Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Physiotherapists

The prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs) among physiotherapists (PTs) is as high as 91%. These WRMDs directly impact their health, leading to acute and recurring injuries and chronic disabilities. Although the prevalence is high, the risk factors are not clearly understood. The objective of the review was to understand these risk factors for WRMDs among PTs. A comprehensive literature search was performed on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases. A search strategy was devised and articles were screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were then extracted from the eligible studies and summarized. A total number of studies included were ten, of which seven were cross-sectional studies, two were a combination of focus group discussion and interview, and one was a nonexperimental cohort study. The literature review highlights the following risk factors: transferring and lifting patients, performing manual therapy techniques, working in static postures, responding to unanticipated movement by patients, repetitive tasks, bending, twisting, continuing to work even while injured, treating an excessive number of patients in a single day, inappropriate work scheduling, and so on. However, future studies must focus on a comprehensive assessment of WRMD's risk factors and developing reliable and valid PT-specific tools among PTs.