Risk Factors In Young Adults Research Articles

Association between preventable risk factors and metabolic syndrome.

The risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome (Met-S) including hypertension, hyperglycemia, central obesity, and dyslipidemia are preventable, particularly at their early stage. There are limited data available on the association between Met-S and preventable risk factors in young adults. We randomly selected 2,010 Saudis aged 18–30 years, who applied to be recruited in military colleges. All the procedures followed the guidelines of International Diabetes Federation. The results showed that out of 2,010 subjects, 4088 were affected with Met-S. The commonest risk factors were high blood sugar (63.6%), high systolic and diastolic blood pressures (63.3 and 37.3%), and high body mass index (57.5%). The prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes were 55.2 and 8.4%, respectively. Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia were significantly associated with Met-S. The frequency of smoking was significantly linked with the development of Met-S. The prevalence of Met-S was found to be significantly higher in individuals with sedentary lifestyle. In conclusion, the results of this study clearly indicate that military recruits, who represent healthy young adults, are also prone to Met-S. The findings of this study will help in designing preventive measures as well as public awareness programs for controlling the high prevalence of Met-S in young adults.

Sex Differences in Cardiac Risk Factors in Young Adults: A Secondary Analysis and Surveillance Study.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is increasing in young adults, and greater understanding of their cardiac risk factors is essential to ensure effective prevention. Given the sex differences in CAD observed in older adults, understanding sex differences in risk factors for this younger group of adults is important. Having insight of cardiac risk factors and sex differences in the young adult population is essential to creating personalized strategies for prevention in nursing care and in this age group. The aims of this study were to determine the differences in CAD risk factors for young adult men and women and examine which factors are related to CAD early in life, ultimately to guide approaches for CAD prevention in primary care. In this secondary analysis, 125 017 community-dwelling young adults were evaluated for health behaviors considered as risk factors for CAD. The 2017 Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System database from the Center for Disease Control was utilized. This database contains questions asked of young adults that would help with risk management for chronic diseases like CAD. Young adults in this article were defined as being between 18 and 44 years of age. Men reported more cardiovascular risk factors than women and developed risk factors at an earlier age. Women had greater percentages of obesity and low activity levels. In this population, those with hypertension had the highest odds ratio for developing CAD. Differences between men and women in CAD risk factors included lifestyle and other chronic conditions. Greater prevention efforts should focus on these differences in young men and women to reduce risk factors and prevent the development of CAD.

High Prevalence of Additional Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Eastern-Indian Young Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Background and Aims:The American Diabetes Association recommends statin therapy for young type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) adults only if one additional cardiovascular (CV) risk factor coexists. The data regarding CV risk factors in young Indian T2DM adults is limited. Hence, we assessed the prevalence of CV risk factors in young adults with T2DM from eastern India.Methods:In this cross-sectional study, diabetic medical health check records of eastern-Indian T2DM patients performed between March 2018 and March 2019 were retrospectively reviewed and the relevant data of T2DM patients (n = 3564) including CV risk factors [serum LDL-cholesterol of ≥100 mg/dL, hypertension (>140/90 mmHg), smoking, chronic kidney disease (eGFR of <60 ml/min), microalbumin to creatinine ratio of ≥30 mg/mg, and obesity/overweight (body mass index ≥23 kg/m2)] were analysed.Results:There were 3280 T2DM patients from eastern India and 679 (20.7%) were ≤40 years of age. Overweight/obesity (74.3%) and serum LDL-cholesterol of ≥100 mg/dL (69.2%) were the two most common additional CV risk factors. At least one additional CV risk factor was present in 576 (95.36%) patients, whereas at least two additional CV risk factors were present in 409 (67.7%) patients. At least one non-obesity/overweight CV risk factor was present in 472 (78.1%) patients.Conclusions:The study demonstrates a high prevalence of additional CV risk factors in young eastern-Indian adults with T2DM. Hence, there is a need for an intensive approach to managing the CV risk factors in young Indian adults with T2DM.

Risk Factors in Young Adults With First Myocardial Infarction

Modifiable risk factors (RFs) play an important role in the development and prognosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study sought to study the prevalence rates of modifiable RFs during a first AMI, and sex differences in Tunisian young adults. This was a retrospective cohort analysis of a Tunisian tertiary center. From January 2014 to December 2020, we retrospectively studied data of patients with AMI younger than 45 years of age hospitalized for a first AMI. Prevalence rates of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking, dyslipidemia, and drug abuse were analyzed in these patients. We enrolled 210 patients in the study. The prevalence of AMI in young patients was 8.5%. The mean age was 39.3 ± 4.9 years with a sex ratio of 11. The most frequent cardiovascular risk factors were smoking (88,6%) and dyslipidemia (32%) were the most prevalent risk factors (RF), and 98.6% of patients had at least 1 RF. Hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and drug abuse had a prevalence respectively of 30%, 28%, 8%, and 7.6%. Women had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity, and men had a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia, drug abuse, and smoking. During a first AMI in young adults in whom preventive measures are more likely to be effective, modifiable RFs were highly prevalent and progressively increased over time. Significant sex disparities were observed for individual RFs.

Study of lipid profile in young patients (age 40 years or below) with acute coronary syndrome.

ABSTRACTBackground:Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to a group of clinical symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia and includes unstable angina, non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.Aims and Objectives:To study the incidence of lipid profile abnormalities in young patients (age 40 years or below) with ACS with clinical and cardiovascular risk profile.Material and Methods:The study was conducted on 223 young patients of acute coronary syndrome with age 40 years or below. 89 young patients with acute coronary syndrome having lipid abnormalities were further followed up after 1 month.Results:Majority of patients (55.15%) in the study population belonged to 35–40 years age group. Mean age of study population was 35.65 + 4.62 years with 90.13% males and 9.86% females. Main presenting symptom was precordial chest pain in 93.72% patients. Smoking was the commonest risk factor in young adults (81.7%). Other risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, family history were less common in young adults. Drug addiction was also higher in younger population (16%). Majority of young adults with acute coronary syndrome had more than 1 (47.53%) risk factor. Majority of patients were in Killip class I (86.9%) and only few patients (13.1%) had Killip class II or above. ST elevation myocardial infarction was far more common than NTEMI/USA and was found in 164 (73.5%) patients. Most common type of infarction was anterior wall myocardial infarction (62.80%). Majority of young patients had negative TMT, so it suggests that ACS in younger population has lesser complications during presentation, hospital stay and on follow-up.Conclusion:ACS in young continues to increase in Indian subcontinent. Younger patient with an ACS have different clinical characteristics and a different prognosis than older patients. The extent of CAD and degree of myocardial necrosis has influence on presentation and subsequent MACE in ACS and in this study, it appears dyslipidemia do not play any significant role in influencing extent of CAD and has little effect on outcome whether during acute stage or on immediate follow-up after ACS.

Omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins as potential markers of cardiometabolic risk in young adults.

ObjectiveOmega‐6 and omega‐3 oxylipins are known to play a role in inflammation and cardiometabolic diseases in preclinical models. The associations between plasma levels of omega‐6 and omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid–derived oxylipins and body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults were assessed.MethodsBody composition, brown adipose tissue, traditional serum cardiometabolic risk factors, inflammatory markers, and a panel of 83 oxylipins were analyzed in 133 young adults (age 22.1[SD 2.2] years, 67% women).ResultsPlasma levels of four omega‐6 oxylipins (15‐HeTrE, 5‐HETE, 14,15‐EpETrE, and the oxidative stress–derived 8,12‐iso‐iPF2α‐VI) correlated positively with adiposity, prevalence of metabolic syndrome, fatty liver index, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index and lipid parameters. By contrast, the plasma levels of three omega‐3 oxylipins (14,15‐DiHETE, 17,18‐DiHETE, and 19,20‐DiHDPA) were negatively correlated with adiposity, prevalence of metabolic syndrome, fatty liver index, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index, and lipid parameters. The panel of seven oxylipins predicted adiposity better than traditional inflammatory markers such as interferon gamma or tumor necrosis factor‐alpha. Pathway analyses revealed that individuals with obesity had higher plasma levels of omega‐6 and lower plasma levels of omega‐3 oxylipins than normal‐weight individuals.ConclusionPlasma levels of seven omega‐6 and omega‐3 oxylipins may have utility as early markers of cardiometabolic risk in young adults.

Echocardiographic findings and risk factors in young adults with heart failure in Hospital Tuanku Ampuan Najihah

Heart failure (HF) among the young is rare, but may exert a greater impact on active and income-generating individuals. Most HF-studies are based on older adults, and accordingly, little is known about the aetiology, incidence, and trends in HF among younger patients.

Echocardiographic findings and risk factors in young adults with heart failure

There is scarce data on the clinical characteristics and outcomes of heart failure (HF) in younger patients, defined as age less than 40 to 50 years. Echocardiography is currently recommended in the diagnostic workup of patients with HF.

Acute myocardial infarction in young patients.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is an incredibly destructive disease when it occurs in a young patient. Thus, the investigation of the disease presentation and treatment options seem to be particularly important in young patients with AMI. The study objective was to investigate the differences between young and older patients diag-nosed with AMI in terms of clinical characteristics and treatment strategies. The patient data comes from the National Registry of Procedures of Invasive Cardiology (ORPKI). Between 2014 and 2017, data of more than 230 000 patients with a diagnosis of AMI were collected in that registry. Young patients were defined as under 40 years old. Young patients with AMI (n = 3208, 1.3%) compared with older patients with AMI were more often men (86.3% vs. 65.8%; P <0.001) with higher body weight (mean 85.9 vs. 79.7 kg; P <0.001). Typical risk factors of coronary heart disease were less frequent in younger patients than in older patients. However, in the under-40 group, there was a significantly higher number of current smokers (37.5% vs. 23.0%; P <0.001). Young patients with AMI were more often diagnosed with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI; 62.0% vs. 50.0%; P <0.001). Moreover, they had more frequently non-significant ste-nosis in coronary arteries diagnosed (14.4% vs. 6.8%; P <0.001). The left anterior descending artery was more frequently an infarct-related artery in young patients (51.3% vs. 36.3%; P <0.001). Bioresorbable vascular scaffolds were more commonly implanted in young patients with AMI than in the older ones (5.6% vs. 0.9%; P <0.001). The relative number of AMI in the young patients increased from 1.20% in 2014 to 1.43% in 2017. Smoking is the most common risk factor in young adults. The relative number of AMI in young patients is growing.

Plasma Levels of Bile Acids Are Related to Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Young Adults

ContextBile acids (BA) are known for their role in intestinal lipid absorption and can also play a role as signaling molecules to control energy metabolism. Prior evidence suggests that alterations in circulating BA levels and in the pool of circulating BA are linked to an increased risk of obesity and a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged adults.ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the association between plasma levels of BA with cardiometabolic risk factors in a cohort of well-phenotyped, relatively healthy young adults.MethodsBody composition, brown adipose tissue, serum classical cardiometabolic risk factors, and a set of 8 plasma BA (including glyco-conjugated forms) in 136 young adults (age 22.1 ± 2.2 years, 67% women) were measured.ResultsPlasma levels of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) were higher in men than in women, although these differences disappeared after adjusting for body fat percentage. Furthermore, cholic acid (CA), CDCA, deoxycholic acid (DCA), and glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA) levels were positively, yet weakly associated, with lean body mass (LBM) levels, while GDCA and glycolithocholic acid (GLCA) levels were negatively associated with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by brown adipose tissue. Interestingly, glycocholic acid (GCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), and GUDCA were positively associated with glucose and insulin serum levels, HOMA index, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-8 levels, but negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ApoA1, and adiponectin levels, yet these significant correlations partially disappeared after the inclusion of LBM as a confounder.ConclusionOur findings indicate that plasma levels of BA might be sex dependent and are associated with cardiometabolic and inflammatory risk factors in young and relatively healthy adults.

Cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults with acute myocardial infarction.

Cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults with acute myocardial infarction.

Pre-Hypertension and Its Determinants in Healthy Young Adults: Analysis of Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VII.

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to identify risk factors in the normotensive and pre-hypertensive group based on the blood pressure results of healthy young adults from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2018. The participants were 2225 healthy young adults between the ages of 19 and under 45, excluding those with a diagnosis of hypertension or taking antihypertensive medications. Of the 2225 participants, the normotensive group was 1498 (67.3%) and the pre-hypertensive group 727 (32.7%). Determinants of pre-hypertension were analyzed using multiple logistic regression based on a complex sample design. Factors related to pre-hypertension in young adults were age, smoking, waist circumference, diabetes, anemia, cholesterol levels including HDL cholesterol, and uric acid levels. Pre-hypertension is a pre-stage that can prevent the morbidity of hypertension through lifestyle control, so its management is very important. Furthermore, a young adult is a stage in the growth and development of human beings, in which lifestyles such as healthy behaviors, eating habits, and exercise are fixed. Therefore, it is very important to improve lifestyles such as diet, exercise, and smoking cessation and to control risk factors in young adults who are at the pre-hypertension stage for health promotion. Continuous health examinations should be conducted for young adults, and education that can be practiced based on clinical data through this should be implemented for community health.

Exposure to Air Pollutants, Circulating miRNAs, and Cardiometabolic Health among Young Adults

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Prior work has linked exposure to ambient air pollutants (AAP) with cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults. This association may be mediated by changes to microRNAs (miRNAs), which regulate gene expression. This study aimed to examine relationships between circulating miRNAs with AAP exposure and cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults. METHODS: Residential exposure to AAP (particulate matter 2.5 and 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter [PM2.5, PM10]; nitrogen dioxide [NO2]; 24-hour ozone [O3]) was modeled for 113 participants from the Metabolic and Asthma Incidence Research (Meta-AIR) Study, a cohort of young adults (17-22 years) from Southern California. NanoString technology was used to measure circulating miRNAs in serum. Multivariate linear regression was performed to examine the relationships between pre-selected circulating miRNAs (miR-146a-5p, miR-148a-3p, miR-126-3p, miR-122-5p), short-term (prior 1-month) and long-term (prior 1-year) AAP exposure, and cardiometabolic risk factors (e.g., fasting glucose, fasting insulin, lipids). Models adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index. Sex interactions were tested, and effects are reported for each standard deviation increase in exposure. RESULTS:Short-term O3 exposure was associated with greater expression of miR-148a-3p and miR-122-5p (β=12.7, p=0.01 and β=0.56, p=0.04, respectively). MiR-148a-3p (pinteractions=0.001) was also associated with triglycerides and VLDL among males (β=21.8, p=0.003 and β=4.4, p=0.003, respectively), but not females (β=0.7, p=0.90 and β=0.1, p=0.90, respectively). Long-term O3 exposure was positively associated with miR-146a-5p (β=19.6, p=0.04) and miR-146a-5p was inversely associated with fasting glucose levels (β=-2.0, p=0.03). Short-term PM2.5 was inversely associated with miR-126-3p (β=-195.4, p=0.04) and miR-126-3p was also modestly inversely associated with fasting glucose levels (β=-1.7, p=0.06). CONCLUSIONS:Circulating miRNAs with putative gene targets involved in hepatic lipid metabolism (miR-122-5p, miR-148a-3p), NFκβ signaling (miR-146a), and insulin signaling (miR-126-3p) were associated with residential AAP exposure among young adults. Results suggest that miRNA expression may be a mechanistic link between AAP and cardiometabolic disease risk. KEYWORDS: Air pollution, Particulate matter, Obesity and metabolic disorders, Environmental epidemiology, Molecular epidemiology

Elevated plasma succinate levels are linked to higher cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults

BackgroundSuccinate is produced by both host and microbiota, with a key role in the interplay of immunity and metabolism and an emerging role as a biomarker for inflammatory and metabolic disorders in middle-aged adults. The relationship between plasma succinate levels and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in young adults is unknown.MethodsCross-sectional study in 100 (65% women) individuals aged 18–25 years from the ACTIvating Brown Adipose Tissue through Exercise (ACTIBATE) study cohort. CVD risk factors, body composition, dietary intake, basal metabolic rate, and cardiorespiratory fitness were assessed by routine methods. Plasma succinate was measured with an enzyme-based assay. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) was evaluated by positron emission tomography, and circulating oxylipins were assessed by targeted metabolomics. Fecal microbiota composition was analyzed in a sub-sample.ResultsIndividuals with higher succinate levels had higher levels of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass (+ 42.5%), triglycerides (+ 63.9%), C-reactive protein (+ 124.2%), diastolic blood pressure (+ 5.5%), and pro-inflammatory omega-6 oxylipins than individuals with lower succinate levels. Succinate levels were also higher in metabolically unhealthy individuals than in healthy overweight/obese peers. Succinate levels were not associated with BAT volume or activity or with fecal microbiota composition and diversity.ConclusionsPlasma succinate levels are linked to a specific pro-inflammatory omega-6 signature pattern and higher VAT levels, and seem to reflect the cardiovascular status of young adults.

English

BACKGROUND The objective of the study was to assess and determine the level of awareness regarding cerebral palsy and its risk factors in young adults and provide a statistical data showing the level of awareness in young adults. Cerebral palsy is one of the most commonly occurring neurological disorders in children with having lifelong abnormalities. Increasing prevalence of cerebral palsy needs attention as this is the leading cause of disability in children. The age group of 18 - 35 years is known as the reproductive age group; it is important to assess the level of awareness to educate them about the preventive measures during pregnancy. Due to this, the percentage of occurrence of cerebral palsy will drop significantly. METHODS The research was completed by survey method. It is an observational study including 192 participants. Sample size was calculated by the formula n = 4pq/l2. Both males and females in the age group of 18 to 35 were included. A structured questionnaire comprising of cerebral palsy and risk factor questions was used. Ethical approval from institutional ethical committee, permission from respective authorities were taken. After the protocol and ethical clearance, the procedure was started. Results were obtained from statistical analysis. RESULTS The obtained results revealed significantly low level of awareness about cerebral palsy in younger adults which was 29.17 % of the sample size 192 (100 %) which made 70.83 % unaware about the condition with an extreme low level of awareness regarding the risk factors causing cerebral palsy. Only 9.38 % were aware about risks causing cerebral palsy. CONCLUSIONS Study results concluded that there is lack of awareness about cerebral palsy and its risk factors in young adults. KEY WORDS Awareness, Cerebral Palsy, Disability, Risk Factors, Young Adults, Pregnancy

Effect of Moderately but Persistently Elevated Lipid Levels on Risks of Stroke and Myocardial Infarction in Young Korean Adults.

BackgroundIdentifying predictive markers for future atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases may be helpful to motivate young adults to promote healthy lifestyle. We sought to determine the association between persistently elevated low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) and/or triglyceride levels and the atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases risks in young adults.Methods and ResultsWe conducted a nationwide population‐based cohort study of 1 887 853 statin‐naive adults aged 20 to 39 years, with LDL‐C <190 mg/dL, using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. Persistently elevated LDL‐C and triglyceride levels were defined by ≥3 measurements of ≥160 and ≥175 mg/dL, respectively. The primary outcome was a composite of stroke and myocardial infarction. Among the study population, 11 121 (0.59%) and 167 373 (8.87%) had persistently elevated LDL‐C and triglycerides, respectively. During a median follow‐up of 5.2 years, 2170 and 1537 incidences of stroke (0.16%) and myocardial infarction (0.23%) occurred. Persistently elevated LDL‐C levels were significantly associated with increased risks of the primary outcome, with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.396 (95% CI, 1.005–1.940). This association was independent of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Persistently elevated triglycerides were significantly associated with increased risks of the primary outcome (HR, 1.120; 95% CI, 1.015–1.236), but attenuated after adjustment for high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.ConclusionsPersistently elevated LDL‐C and triglyceride levels were associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases risk in young Korean adults without severe hypercholesterolemia. These lipid abnormalities should be considered risk factors in young adults since their effects on lifetime atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases risk may become more pronounced over the life course.

Caesarean delivery is associated with increased blood pressure in young adult offspring

We examined the associations between caesarean section (CS) delivery and cardiovascular risk factors in young adults in Thailand. Participants were 632 offspring from a birth cohort in Chiang Mai (Northern Thailand), born in 1989–1990 and assessed in 2010 at a mean age of 20.6 years, including 57 individuals (9.0%) born by CS and 575 born vaginally. Clinical assessments included anthropometry, blood pressure (BP), carotid intima-media thickness, and fasting blood glucose, insulin, and lipid profile. Young adults born by CS had systolic BP (SBP) 6.2 mmHg higher (p < 0.001), diastolic BP 3.2 mmHg higher (p = 0.029), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) 4.1 mmHg higher (p = 0.003) than those born vaginally. After covariate adjustments, SBP and MAP remained 4.1 mmHg (p = 0.006) and 2.9 mmHg (p = 0.021) higher, respectively, in the CS group. The prevalence of abnormal SBP (i.e., pre-hypertension or hypertension) in the CS group was 2.5 times that of those born vaginally (25.0% vs 10.3%; p = 0.003), with an adjusted relative risk of abnormal SBP 1.9 times higher (95% CI 1.15, 2.98; p = 0.011). There were no differences in anthropometry (including obesity risk) or other metabolic parameters. In this birth cohort in Thailand, CS delivery was associated with increased blood pressure in young adulthood.

Risk factor distribution features and trends of young adults with first acute coronary syndrome

Objective: To observe the characteristics and trends during the last 11 years of risk factors of young adults with first acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: It was a cross-sectional study. We included young adults (18 to 44 years old) hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome in Beijing Anzhen Hospital for a first time from January 2007 to December 2017. Acute coronary syndromes include ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA). The general information, medical history and laboratory test were recorded. Risk factors of ACS were smoking, dyslipidemia, overweight/obesity, hypertension and diabetes. Results: Data from 7 106 patients were analyzed, mean age was (39.8±4.2) years old and 6 593(92.8%)were men, including 2 254 (31.7%) STEMI, 704 (9.9%) NSTEMI and 4 148 (58.4%) UA. Most patients were male (6 593(92.8%)). Dyslipidemia (85.8%(6 094/7 106)), overweight/obesity (82.3%(5 850/7 106)), and smoking (63.9%(4 545/7 106)) were most prevalent. 98.3% (6 885/7 106) patients had at least 1 risk factor. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and overweight/obesity increased from 2007 to 2017. Rates of hypertension increased from 37.1%(111/299) to 48.1%(498/1 035) (Ptrend<0.01), diabetes from 12.0%(36/299) to 19.4%(201/1 035) (Ptrend<0.01), overweight/obesity from 74.2%(222/299) to 83.9%(868/1 035) (Ptrend<0.05), respectively. Conclusions: Dyslipidemia, overweight/obesity and smoking are most prevalent risk factors in young adults with a first ACS and most patients have at least 1 risk factor for ACS. Rates of hypertension, diabetes and overweight/obesity progressively increases over time in this patient cohort.

Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Young Adults through the Nursing Diagnosis: A Cross-Sectional Study among International University Students.

Four out of five deaths from cardiovascular disease are due to heart attacks and strokes in low- and middle-income countries. Early identification of risk factors in exposed individuals will help to develop interventions that may eliminate and/or reduce these risks and prevent the development of cardiovascular diseases. So, it is necessary to investigate the risk of impaired cardiovascular function in university students due to the increase in some risk factors and cardiovascular events in young adults, and to describe its epidemiology among international university students. For this, an observational cross-sectional study through interviews is designed. The clinical validity was addressed following the Fehring model. In addition, anthropometric data and results of laboratory tests were collected. The nursing diagnosis “Risk of impaired cardiovascular function” showed clinical validity, high sensitivity and specificity, as well as predictive values. Fehring ratio values were above 0.79 and Kappa Index above 0.72. The study showed a high frequency of this nursing diagnosis among university students, especially in students of Brazilian nationality. The main risks of impaired cardiovascular function found in 86.8% of students were: family history of cardiovascular disease, sedentary lifestyle, pharmacological agent, dyslipidemia, and insufficient knowledge. The most prevalent risk factors of the nursing diagnosis in the studied population were related to insufficient knowledge of modifiable health habits, such as sedentary lifestyle. The information provided is expected to serve as the basis for the planning and implementation of health actions aimed at reducing modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Status of the collagen metabolism and intracardiac hemodynamics in patients with mitral valve prolapse and diabetes mellitus type 1

Summary. Mitral valve prolapse is a significant cardiovascular risk factor in young adults. Its combination with type 1 diabetes mellitus can influence the nature and development of the disease. Objective – a comparative analysis of free and peptide-bound oxyproline levels and basic echocardiographic parameters (ECP) in patients with mitral valve prolapse, type 1 diabetes and their combination. Materials and methods – 93 people aged 19–33 years were examined, including 24 people with mitral valve prolapse without concomitant pathology; 33 patients with mitral valve prolapse and type 1 diabetes; 36 patients with type 1 diabetes without mitral valve prolapse. Results. The level of free and peptide-bound oxyproline in blood serum and their ratio were assessed as a marker of collagen metabolism. The levels of free oxyproline were significantly higher only for the group of MVP patients with type 1 diabetes (p &lt; 0.05) compared to the control group. Severity of destructive processes was demonstrated by a high level of peptide-bound oxyproline, both in combined pathology compared with control group, and compared with groups of patients with monomorbid diabetes and MVP (p &lt; 0.05). In patients with mitral valve prolapse and type 1 diabetes for more than 10 years in anamnesis were found significant differences in the echocardiography parameters (ventricular septum thickness, posterior wall of the left ventricle thickness) compared with the subgroup of patients with less than 10 years of type 1 diabetes in anamnesis and the group with isolated mitral valve prolapse. Conclusions. The data obtained indicate an aggravation in collagen metabolism disorders in patients with mitral valve prolapse depending on the duration of type 1 diabetes, and demonstrate the effect of carbohydrate metabolism disorders on the risk of developing connective tissue degradation of the heart valve apparatus.