Risk Factors For Reoperation Research Articles

Reoperation following Adult Tonsillectomy: Review of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program.

Tonsillectomy remains a common procedure in adults; however, there are few population-level data evaluating risk factors for reoperation. Retrospective review of national database. American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP), 2005-2013. The ACS-NSQIP was queried for patients undergoing tonsillectomy ± adenoidectomy as their primary procedure (CPT 42821 or 42826). Demographic information and indications were reviewed along with complications and reoperation rates. In total, 12,542 cases met inclusion criteria. Patients were predominantly female (66.4%) and white (70.8%), with mean age of 30 ± 12 years (range: 16-90+). Thirty-day mortality was 0.03%, and 4.8% of patients experienced at least 1 complication, including reoperation (3.6%). Risk of complications was associated with male sex (P < .0001; odds ratio [OR], 1.7), diabetes (P = .0002; OR, 2.1), and presence of a bleeding disorder (P = .002; OR, 3.2). Risk factors for reoperation were similar, in addition to older age (P = .002; OR, 0.986). Complications other than reoperation were correlated with older age (P = .001; OR, 1.02) and diabetes (P = .001; OR, 2.59). Procedures were done mostly for infectious/inflammatory (70.4%) versus hypertrophic (16.4%) indications. Indication had no significant effect on the rate of reoperation. Most reoperations occurred after postoperative day 1 (86%; mean, 6.4 ± 4.2 days). This review of a large validated surgical database provides an overview of the rates of, and risk factors for, complications and reoperations following tonsillectomy in the adult population.

Current expectations of the arterial switch operation in a small volume center: a 20-year, single-center experience.

BackgroundWe reviewed our 20-year experience with arterial switch operation (ASO) for transposition of the great arteries (TGA) or double outlet right ventricle with subpulmonary ventricular septal defect (Taussig-Bing anomaly) to assess the early and long-term outcomes.MethodsBetween January 1995 and December 2014, 139 consecutive patients who underwent ASO for TGA or Taussig-Bing anomaly were included in this retrospective study. The median age at the operation was 9 (0–485) days, and 97 patients (70 %) underwent ASO less than 2 weeks. The median weight was 3.3 (2.1-10.3) kg. The patients were divided into three groups; simple TGA (n = 78) included patients with TGA with intact ventricular septum, complex TGA (n = 46) included those who had TGA with ventricular septal defect or other anomalies, and Taussig-Bing anomaly (n = 15). Median follow-up duration was 72.5 (0.4-230) months.ResultsThere were 3(2.2 %) in-hospital deaths. One patient (0.7 %) underwent early reoperation due to coronary insufficiency. Late deaths occurred in 3 (2.2 %) of 136 survivors. The Kaplan-Meier’s survival rate was 97.6 ± 1.4 % at 15 years. Twenty-three patients (16.9 %) required 26 reintervention. The freedom from reintervention rates were 82.5 ± 3.7 % at 5 years and 75.8 ± 4.7 % at 10 years, respectively. Median interval between ASO and first reintervention was 22.8 (6.4-89.2) months. The multivariate analysis showed that diagnosis of Taussig-Bing anomaly (hazard ratio, 7.09; P < 0.001) and side by side great artery relationship (hazard ratio, 7.98; P = 0.001) were independent risk factors for reoperation. Five patients (3.9 %) had developed at least moderate neo-aortic regurgitation during the follow-up and one patient underwent reoperation mainly for neo-aortic regurgitation. By multivariate analysis, Taussig-Bing anomaly was the risk factor for at least moderate neo-aortic regurgitation (P = 0.035).ConclusionsASO can be performed with a low risk of early mortality and satisfactory long-term outcomes even in a small volume center. Close long-term surveillance is mandatory to detect structural or hemodynamic changes.

THE RESULTS OF SURGICAL TREATMENT OF TRICUSPID VALVE INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS USING VALVE REPAIR AND VALVE REPLACEMENT OPERATIONS

Aim. To evaluate in-hospital and long-term results of surgical treatment of patients with infective endocarditis of the tricuspid valve, to compare the effectiveness of valve repair and valve replacement techniques, and to identify risk factors of mortality and reoperations. Materials and methods. 31 surgical patients with tricuspid valve infective endocarditis were evaluated. Patients were divided into 2 groups. In Group 1 (n = 14) repairs of the tricuspid valve were performed, in Group 2 (n = 17) patients had undergone tricuspid valve replacements. Epidemiological, clinical, microbiological and echocardiographic data were studied. Methods of comparative analysis, the Kaplan–Meier method, and Cox risk models were applied. Results. The most common complication of in-hospital stay was atrioventricular block (17.7% of cases in Group 2). In Group 1, this type of complication was not found. Hospital mortality was 7.14% in Group 1, and 0% in Group 2. Long-term results have shown the significant reduction of heart failure in general cohort and in both groups. In Group 1 the severity of heart failure in the long term was less than in Group 2. No significant differences in the severity of tricuspid regurgitation were found between the groups. In 7-year follow up no cases of death were registered in Group 1. Cumulative survival rate in Group 2 within 60 months was 67.3 ± 16.2%. No reoperations were performed in patients from Group 1. In Group 2, the freedom from reoperation within 60 months was 70.9 ± 15.3%. Combined intervention was found as predictor of postoperative mortality. Prosthetic valve endocarditis was identified as risk factor for reoperation. Conclusion. Valve repair and valve replacement techniques of surgical treatment of tricuspid valve endocarditis can provide satisfactory hospital and long-term results. Tricuspid valve repair techniques allowed reducing the incidence of postoperative atrioventricular block. In the long-term, patients after tricuspid valve repair have shown less severity of heart failure as well as better rates of survival and freedom from reoperation. Combined intervention and prosthetic endocarditis were found to be main risk factors for adverse outcome.

Predictors of Reoperation after Microdecompression in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis.

ObjectiveThe risk factors of reoperation after microdecompression (MD) for lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) are unclear. In this study, we presented the outcomes of MD for degenerative LSS and investigated the risk factors associated with reoperation.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted using the clinical records and radiographs of patients with LSS who underwent MD. For clinical evaluation, we used the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scoring system for low back pain, body mass index, and Charlson comorbidity index. For radiological evaluation, disc height, facet angle, and sagittal rotation angle were measured in operated segments. Also the Modic change and Pfirrmann grade for degeneration in the endplate and disc were scored.ResultsForty-three patients aged 69±9 years at index surgery were followed for 48±25 months. The average preoperative JOA score was 6.9±1.6 points. The score improved to 9.1±2.1 points at the latest follow-up (p<0.001). Seven patients (16.3%) underwent reoperation. Clinical and radiological factors except operation level and Pfirrmann grade showed a p-value >0.1. Patients with Pfirrmann grade IV and lower lumbar segment had a 29.1% rate of reoperation (p=0.001), whereas patients without these factors had a 0% rate of reoperation.ConclusionModerate disk degeneration (Pfirrmann IV) in lower lumbar segments is a risk factor of disk herniation or foraminal stenosis requiring reoperation after MD in LSS.

Prognostic Factors for Reoperation After Plate Fixation of the Midshaft Clavicle.

To determine which prognostic factors were associated with an increased risk for all-cause reoperation in a heterogeneous population of patients treated with primary plate fixation of a midshaft clavicular fracture. Retrospective observational study. Single university-affiliated tertiary care Level 1 trauma center. Of 235 consecutive patients with primary plate fixation for a midshaft clavicular fracture. A reviewer extracted data through a retrospective chart review regarding 20 possible prognostic variables and documented reoperations (defined as any surgical procedure after the initial surgery, including implant removal, bone grafts, implant exchanges, or debridement for infection). Open reduction and internal fixation of the clavicle using straight and precontoured clavicle plates. Complete 2-year follow-up information was available for 153 of 235 patients (65%). Of these 153 patients included in the analysis, 58 (38%) had reoperations. The preoperative risk factors for 3 specific "reoperation outcomes" were examined: (1) reoperation for implant removal alone; (2) reoperation for nonunion, infection, or fixation failure; and (3) multiple reoperations. There was a significant reoperation rate in this patient series (58 of 153 patients, 38%). Although most were for isolated plate removal (42 of 153 patients, 27%), there were a minority of patients who required more complex (16 of 153 patients, 10%) or multiple (8 of 153 patients, 5%) procedures. For these 3 possible outcomes (reoperation for implant removal alone, reoperation for nonunion, infection, or fixation failure, and the need for multiple reoperations), significant risk factors were identified that can assist surgeons in patient selection and predicting reoperation after plate fixation of midshaft clavicle fractures. The significant risk factors for implant removal alone (42 of 153, 27%) were the use of a plate that was not precontoured and patient height <175 cm. The significant risk factors for reoperation for nonunion, infection, or fixation failure (16 of 153, 10%) were illicit drug use, diabetes, and previous surgery of the shoulder. The significant risk factors for multiple reoperations (8 of 153, 5%) were age >55 years and alcohol use >15 drinks per week. The use of precontoured plates can decrease the rate of hardware removal after primary fixation of displaced fractures of the midshaft clavicle. Also, specific preoperative prognostic factors may be used to counsel patients, maximize outcomes, minimize serious complications, and limit revision surgery. Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Chronic otitis media surgery and re-operation risk factor analysis: A nationwide retrospective cohort study of 18 895 patients

Conclusion: Patients with risk factors including younger age, mastoiditis, external ear disease, treatment by older surgeons, and concomitant mastoidectomy should receive detailed management to minimize the probability of re-operation for chronic otitis media (COM).Objectives: Although COM remains a common ear disease requiring surgical intervention, its re-operation risks are less well-documented. This study aimed to compare patients with COM who underwent re-operation and those patients with no re-operation, and identify the risks of re-operation.Method: This retrospective cohort study analyzed the trend of COM surgery from 1999–2009, and identified the re-operation risks of 18 895 patients with COM who underwent surgery from 2002–2006 using the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan.Results: Among the study population, 129 patients underwent revision surgery during a 5.5 ± 1.5 year follow-up period. A univariate logistic regression analysis showed that the re-operation rate was significantly higher in patients under 18 years of age, those with mastoiditis, disorders of external ear, treatment by surgeons of 50–64 years of age, use of a very high volume surgeon, and combined surgery with mastoidectomy. A multivariate analysis further limited the re-operation risk factors to younger patients, those with mastoiditis, external ear disorders, treatment by older surgeons, and concomitant mastoidectomy.

Combat periarticular tibia injury outcome study (CAPTIOUS): risk factors for reoperation and amputation after open periarticular tibia fractures

Fleming, Mark E. DO; Bharmal, Husain MD; Lewandowski, Louis MD; Evans, Korboi MD Author Information

Prevalence, repairs and complications of hypospadias: an Australian population-based study

ObjectiveTo investigate hypospadias’ prevalence and trends, rate of surgical repairs and post-repair complications in an Australian population.MethodsHypospadias cases were identified from all live-born infants in New South Wales, Australia, during...

Risk factors for reoperation after initial burr hole trephination in chronic subdural hematomas

BackgroundThe optimal management of chronic subdural hematomas remains a challenge. Twist drill craniotomy or burr hole trephination are considered optimal initial treatments, but the reoperation rate for hematoma recurrence and other complications is still high. Therefore, evaluation of possible risk factors for initial treatment failure is crucial. In this context, we performed a study to define a possible subpopulation that may benefit from a more invasive initial treatment regime. MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of 193 patients with 250 chronic subdural hematomas who had undergone burr hole trephination as first-line therapy in our institution between January 2005 and October 2012. To identify risk factors for reoperation, a multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed with reoperation as the dependent variable. Surgical complications, including acute rebleeding, infection and chronic hematoma recurrence, were analyzed separately using a logistic regression model. ResultsThe mean age of the cohort was 71.4 years. The male/female ratio was 137:56. Reoperation was necessary in 56 cases (29%) for recurrent hematomas and surgical complications. Predictors for reoperation for surgical complications were midline shift (odds ratio [OR] (per mm) 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.29, p=0.006), arterial hypertension (OR 5.44, 95% CI: 1.45–20.41, p=0.012) and bilateral hematomas (OR 4.22, 95% CI: 1.22–14.58, p=0.023). There was a trend toward a higher risk of surgically-relevant hematoma recurrence in patients with prior treatment with vitamin K antagonists (OR 1.76, 95% CI: 0.75–4.13, p=0.191). ConclusionBurr hole trephination is the therapy of choice in most chronic subdural hematomas, but the rate of recurrent hematomas is high. Every hematoma should be treated individually especially in relation to midline-shift and pre-existing conditions. Further prospective studies evaluating types of treatment and hematoma density are needed.

Risk factors for reoperation due to chronic groin postherniorrhaphy pain.

Chronic groin postherniorrhaphy pain (CGPP) is common and sometimes so severe that surgical treatment is necessary. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for being reoperated due to CGPP. All 195,707 repairs registered in the Swedish Hernia Register between 1999 and 2011 were included in the study. Out of these, 28,947 repairs were excluded since they were registered as procedures on the same patient after a previous repair. Age, gender, hernia anatomy (indirect reference), method of repair (anterior sutured repair reference) and postoperative complications were included in a multivariate Cox analysis with reoperation due to CGPP as endpoint. Of the patients included in the study cohort, 218 (0.13%) later underwent reoperation due to CGPP, including 31 (14%) women. Median age at the primary repair was 61.5 years. Risk factors for being reoperated were age < median [hazard ratio (HR) 3.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.22-4.12], female gender (HR 2.13, CI 1.41-3.21), direct hernia (HR 1.35, CI 1.003-1.81), other hernia (HR 6.03, CI 3.08-11.79), Lichtenstein repair (HR 2.22, CI 1.16-4.25), plug repair (HR 3.93, CI 1.96-7.89), other repair (HR 2.58, CI 1.08-6.19), bilateral repair (HR 2.58, CI 1.43-4.66) and postoperative complication (HR 4.40, CI 3.25-5.96). Risk factors for being reoperated due to CGPP in this cohort included low age, female gender, a direct hernia, a previous Lichtenstein or plug repair, bilateral repair and postoperative complications. Further research on how to avoid CGPP and explore the effectiveness of surgery for CGPP is necessary.

Long-term outcomes and risk factors for aortic regurgitation after discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis resection in children

ObjectivesTo characterise long-term outcomes after discrete subaortic stenosis (DSS) resection and to identify risk factors for reoperation and aortic regurgitation (AR) requiring repair or replacement.MethodsAll patients who underwent DSS resection...

Laparoscopic Repair of Primary Inguinal Hernia Performed in Public Hospitals or Low-Volume Centers Have Increased Risk of Reoperation for Recurrence.

Inguinal hernia repair is traditionally carried out as either open or laparoscopic repair. Laparoscopic repair has been shown to be superior in terms of pain and discomfort, but has a higher risk of reoperation. Quality of inguinal hernia repair is related to factors such as method of repair, characteristics of patients, and possibly the annual volume of procedures performed by a center. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that hospital volume and type of hospital (private vs public) could influence the reoperation rate for recurrence as a marker of surgical quality of care. This study was based on data from the Danish Hernia Database covering the period from January 1, 1998, to December 31, 2013. Hernia repairs included in this study were laparoscopic repair of primary, inguinal hernias in the elective setting, performed on adult male patients. A total of 14 532 laparoscopic repairs were included for analysis. Centers reporting less than 50 procedures a year had a significantly higher cumulative reoperation rate compared with centers reporting more than 50 procedures a year (9.97% vs 6.06%), P < .0001. Private centers had a lower cumulative reoperation rate compared with public centers: 5.36% versus 8.53%, P ≤ .0001. Type of center and center volume were both independent risk factors for reoperation in a Cox regression model. Hospital volume had an effect on the reoperation rate for recurrence after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Furthermore, private centers performed better than public centers irrespective of volume.

The Fate Of Meniscus Tears Left in situ At The Time Of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Objectives:Meniscus tears frequently accompany acute anterior cruciate ligament ruptures. Management of meniscus tears is highly variable and includes repair, meniscectomy, and non-treatment of tears identified at the time of ACL reconstruction. The purpose of this study is to determine the rate of subsequent reoperation and clinical outcome of meniscal tears left in situ without treatment at the time of ACL reconstruction with a minimum follow-up of 6 years.Methods:Patients with meniscus tears left untreated at the time of primary ACL reconstruction were identified from a multicenter study group between 2002 and 2004 with minimum 6-year follow-up. Patient demographic variables, comorbidities, meniscus tear characteristics, and information on subsequent surgery were obtained. The primary endpoint of the study was need for reoperation for meniscal pathology. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used in order to determine patient demographic variables and meniscus tear characteristics that served as risk factors for reoperation.Results:There were 1440 primary ACL reconstructions performed during the timeframe of the study. There were 955 patients (66.3%) with concomitant meniscal tears identified. Of these, 143 (15.3%) had meniscal tears left in situ at the time of surgery. There were 11 patients (7.9%) who underwent reoperation for meniscal pathology within the same compartment as the meniscal tear left in situ (Table 1). Reoperation was performed more frequently for medial meniscus tears as compared to lateral meniscus tears (17.6% vs. 4.3%, p = 0.048). Medial meniscus tears and tears ≥10 mm in length were identified as risk factors for reoperation.Conclusion:Lateral and medial meniscus tears left in situ at the time of ACL reconstruction did not require reoperation at minimum 6-year follow-up in 95.7% and 82.4% of patients, respectively. Our results suggest that surgeons should consider alternative treatment for medial meniscus tears and tears ≥ 10 mm in length at the time of ACL reconstruction.

Results of Primary Repair Versus Shunt Palliation in Ductal Dependent Infants With Pulmonary Atresia and Ventricular Septal Defect

The 2 management strategies of neonates born with ductal-dependent pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect (PAVSD) include single stage primary biventricular repair (BVR) or staged palliation with modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (BTS) followed by second stage repair. Each approach is associated with specific benefits and drawbacks. We report outcomes of those 2 different strategies. Between 2002 and 2012, 86 neonates with ductal-dependent PAVSD underwent surgery using primary repair (BVR group: n= 28, 33%) or shunt palliation (BTS group: n= 58, 67%). Early and late results were compared between the 2 groups. Median age was 6 days (interquartile range [IQR] 3-17) and median weight was 2.8 kg (IQR 2.5-3.3) with 27 patients (31%) 2.5 kg or less. Associated risk factors such as prematurity 36 weeks or less and genetic or extra-cardiac malformations were present in 30% and 40% of patients, respectively. Hospital mortality occurred in 5 (5.8%) patients (1 [3.6%] for BVR versus 4 [6.9%] for BTS, p= 1.00). Overall 8-year survival was 76.5% (85.5% for BVR versus 72.2% for BTS, p= 0.189). On multivariable analysis, risk factors for mortality were genetic or extra-cardiac malformations (hazard ratio [HR], 2.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7% to 16.0%), p= 0.036) and postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (HR, 4.0 [95% CI, 1.1% to 14.4), p= 0.039). Freedom from right ventricular outflow tract reoperation after achievement of repair was 63.2% at 8 years (52.4% for BVR versus 70.2% for BTS, p= 0.170). On multivariable analysis, risk factors for reoperation were the use of conduit (HR, 8.7 [95% CI, 1.1% to 65.8%], p= 0.037) and prematurity (HR, 2.8 [95% CI, 1.1% to 7.2%], p= 0.028). Primary BVR of neonates with ductal-dependent PAVSD is associated with a trend for improved survival due to hospital and interstage mortality with the staged approach. Genetic or extra-cardiac malformations are common and are associated with worse survival.

Ankaferd blood stopper decreases postoperative bleeding and number of transfusions in patients treated with clopidogrel: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.

The risk of reoperation due to bleeding after open heart surgery is 2.2%-4.2%. Patients who undergo reoperation have a two to six times greater mortality rate. Risk factors for reoperation include: older age, low body mass index, time on extracorporeal circulation, and emergency operations. In coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients who are treated preoperatively with antiplatelets, including clopidogrel, the source of postoperative bleeding may be difficult to detect. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of local Ankaferd blood stopper (ABS) to prevent mediastinal bleeding in CABG patients who were treated with clopidogrel and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) preoperatively. Twenty-five emergency CABG patients premedicated with clopidogrel and ASA as antiplatelet drugs were included in the study (Group 1). An additional twenty-five patients who were premedicated with the same antiplatelet agents were selected as a control group (Group 2). Preoperative clinical characteristics of the two groups were comparable. At the end of the surgery, 4-10 mL of ABS solution was sprayed on the mediastinal and epicardial tissue following protamine administration in Group1. We compared postoperative total mediastinal bleeding, reoperation rate and total blood and blood products transfused between the two groups. There was no mortality in either of the two groups. Mean postoperative bleeding was 430 mL in the ABS group, and 690 mL in the CG group (P = .044). In the ICU, bleeding in groups 1 and 2 was 610 mL and 980 mL, respectively (P = .025); total bleeding from the mediastinum was 830 mL and 1490 mL, respectively (P = .001) and the amount of autotransfusion was 210 mL and 400 mL (P = .003). Total transfusion of PRBCs in the operating room in groups 1 and 2 was 0.3 and 0.8, respectively (P = .003). No patients in the ABS group needed surgical revision due to severe bleeding or cardiac tamponade. The use of local ABS reduces bleeding, transfusion requirements of packed red blood cells, platelets and total blood units in patients premedicated with clopidogrel and ASA undergoing emergent CABG .

Tobacco use as a risk factor for reoperation in patients with stress urinary incontinence: a multi-institutional electronic medical record database analysis.

Recurrence rates of stress urinary incontinence after surgery are reported to be between 8 to 15%. Both surgical technique and non-surgical risk factors have been shown to affect post-operative outcomes. Tobacco use is a possible risk factor that may increase the surgical failure rate, however, there are currently conflicting reports in the literature regarding the affect of tobacco use on surgical outcomes. Our objective is to evaluate the effect of tobacco use on the risk of repeat surgery for stress urinary incontinence (SUI). We performed a retrospective cohort analysis using a de-identified clinical database from a large multi-institution electronic health records data web application EPM:ExploreTM (Explorys Inc, Cleveland, Ohio) to identify women with and without a history of tobacco use who underwent reoperation for stress urinary incontinence within 2 years of the first surgery. We then evaluated previously described risk factors for reoperation: diabetes mellitus (DM), pelvic organ prolapse (POP), anti-muscarinic (AM) use at initial surgery, obesity, and advanced age on rate of reoperation and the impact of tobacco use on these risk factors. Tobacco use was associated with an increased rate of a second surgery for SUI (OR=1.43, p <0.001), as was anti-muscarinic use (OR = 1.68, p<0.001), DM (OR = 1.21, p = 0.005), age >50 years (OR= 1.16, p = 0.040), and BMI > 30 kg/m2 (OR = 2.97 p<0.001). The odds of a second surgery for SUI in patients who used tobacco and anti-muscarinic medications or had pelvic organ prolapse were lower when compared to non-users. The odds of a second surgery for SUI were higher in patients who used tobacco and had asthma when compared to non-users who had asthma. Tobacco increases the overall risk of second surgery for SUI, however, in patients with specific risk factors, tobacco use is associated with a decrease risk of reoperation.

Characterization and Risk Factor Analysis for Reoperation After Microendoscopic Diskectomy.

A population-based database of 1263 consecutive patients who underwent microendoscopic diskectomy for single-level lumbar disk herniation between 2005 and 2010 was retrospectively analyzed to identify causes and characteristics of reoperation and associated risk factors. A total of 952 patients were eligible. Of these, 58 had revision spinal surgery. Causes and clinical parameters were retrospectively assessed, and possible risk factors were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analysis. In total, 76 disk herniations were excised with revision diskectomy, with or without interbody fusion. The overall mean interval between primary surgery and revision surgery was 39.05 months (range, 2-95 months). Cumulative overall reoperation rates gradually increased from 1.56% at 1 year to 8.17% after nearly 10 years. Reoperated patients were older and had a higher level of lumbar degeneration, with severe Modic changes (type 1, 17.2%; type 2, 34.5%), vs patients without reoperation (type 1, 1.5%; type 2, 30.6%). In addition, patients with reoperation had a higher rate of obvious adjacent disk degeneration (81.1%). Logistic regression analysis showed that adjacent segment degeneration and Pfirrmann grading for disk degeneration were significant risk factors for reoperation after primary microendoscopic diskectomy (odds ratios, 2.448 and 1.510, respectively). The current study reported a relatively low incidence of reoperation after primary microendoscopic diskectomy. Adjacent segment degeneration and Pfirrmann grading for disk degeneration were identified as risk factors for reoperation after microendoscopic diskectomy to treat lumbar disk herniation. Treatment options for patients with these factors at the first visit should be carefully evaluated.

Early Complete Atrioventricular Canal Repair Yields Outcomes Equivalent to Late Repair

Repair of complete atrioventricular canal early in infancy has traditionally carried greater morbidity and mortality than repair performed later. However, an individualized anatomy-based repair may give young infants outcomes that are equivalent to older patients. We retrospectively reviewed 139 patients who underwent complete atrioventricular canal repair from January 2005 to December 2012. An individualized approach was used: 2-patch repair was performed in 98 patients for large ventricular septal defects and a modified single-patch ("Australian technique") was used in 41 for "shallow" ventricular septal defects. The average age was 25.5 ± 3.9 weeks, 50% were boys, and 78% had trisomy 21. Mean follow-up was 5.1 ± 0.2 years, with 100% completeness of data. There were 3 in-hospital deaths (2.1%) and 1 late death (0.7%). A permanent pacemaker was required in 2 patients (1.4%). The rate for left atrioventricular valve reoperation was 8% at a mean of 211 ± 238 days after the original repair (range, 6 to 682 days). Compared with patients aged older than 3 months, the 39 patients (28%) who were younger than 3 months had similar perioperative courses and rate of reoperation. Compared with patients with an Australian repair, the 98 patients (71%) with a 2-patch repair were more likely to have trisomy 21 and had slightly increased cardiopulmonary bypass and cross-clamp times but similar outcomes. Multivariate analysis showed postoperative left atrioventricular valve regurgitation greater than 2 and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction were significant risk factors for reoperation on the left atrioventricular valve (both p < 0.05). Repair of complete atrioventricular canal using an individualized surgical approach yields reoperation and early mortality rates similar for younger infants compared with older infants, obviating the need to delay operation in symptomatic patients.

Reoperation After Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate for Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Assessment of Risk Factors with Time to Event Analysis.

To determine risk factors of reoperation after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) for management of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with time to event analysis. A prospectively maintained database was reviewed for patients undergoing HoLEP. Baseline and follow-up data were compared in terms of International Prostate Symptoms Score, quality of life, peak flow rate, residual urine, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at 1, 6, and 12-months and then annually. Perioperative and late adverse events were recorded. Reoperation was defined as the need for any surgical intervention to relieve bothersome LUTS after HoLEP. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine covariates associated with reoperation and the Kaplan-Meier curve assessed the time to reoperation. A total of 1216 HoLEP procedures were performed between March 1998 and October 2013 with a mean prostate volume of 94.8 ± 52.7 cc. Catheter time and hospital stay were 1.4 ± 1.9 and 1.3 ± 1.6 days, respectively. After a median follow-up of 7.6 years (1-14 years), 52 (4.3%) patients needed reoperation for recurrent LUTS, including 13 (1.07%) for residual/recurrent adenoma, 14 (1.15%) for bladder neck contracture (BNC), and 25 (2.05%) for de novo urethral stricture. In multivariate regression, smaller prostate size (< 62 cc), PSA reduction < 50%, and history of previous prostate surgery were significantly associated with recurrence of adenoma. BNC was significantly associated with smaller glands (< 54 cc) while longer operative time and postoperative catheterization were significantly associated with urethral stricture. Kaplan-Meier curve demonstrates post-HoLEP freedom from reoperation of 96.9% at 5 years and 95.1% at 10 years. In a single center large series, HoLEP has 95% reoperation-free probability at 10 years. Relatively small-size prostate may have an impact on recurrence of adenoma and bladder neck contracture. PSA reduction < 50% was significantly associated with recurrence of adenoma while longer operative time and postoperative catheterization were significantly associated with postoperative urethral stricture.

Risk factors for reoperation and mortality after the operative treatment of tibial plateau fractures in Ontario, 1996-2009.

To define the rates and risk factors for reoperation and early mortality after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of a tibial plateau fracture (AO type 41A-C) with or without concomitant tibial shaft fractures. Retrospective cohort study of administrative health data (prognostic level II). Ontario, Canada. Eight thousand four hundred twenty-six patients who underwent unilateral tibial plateau ORIF between 1996 and 2009. ORIF of the tibial plateau. Reoperation included irrigation and debridement, compartment syndrome release, amputation, knee fusion, implant removal, and repeat ORIF within 1 year of the index surgery and 90-day mortality. Outcomes were fit to a multivariate logistic regression model that included patient demographics, surgical factors, and provider factors as covariates. The median cohort age was 48 years, with 51.5% male sex. Of all included plateau fractures, 27.9% were bicondylar fractures and 4.8% were open fractures. The odds of undergoing a repeat ORIF were increased significantly by the presence of an open fracture [odds ratio (OR) = 1.8, 1.3-25], bicondylar fracture (OR = 1.4, 1.2-1.7), an associated tibial shaft fracture (OR = 1.8, 1.3-2.5), surgery performed during the evening/weekend (OR = 1.24, 1.05-1.47), or surgery performed after midnight (OR = 2.08, 1.42-3.06). The odds of requiring an irrigation and debridement were also increased significantly by open fractures, bicondylar fractures, use of a temporizing external fixator, and an associated tibial shaft fracture [OR = 3.2 (2.2-4.6), 2.7 (2.1-3.5), 1.97 (1.09-3.56), and 3.2 (2.2-4.6), respectively]. The odds of repeat ORIF were significantly lower [0.8 (0.7-0.9)] when the index operation was performed in an academic center. Ninety-day mortality was 0.85% overall but 8.2% in patients older than 80 years. Markers of higher energy injury are associated with higher reoperation rates and 90-day mortality after ORIF of the tibial plateau. Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.