Risk Factors For Pulmonary Tuberculosis Research Articles

Analysis of Diabetes Mellitus and Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Exposure as Lung Tuberculosis Risk Factors

Indonesia, is the country with the second highest lung TB case in the world. Some studies suggest there is a relationship between TB and diabetes. The smoking habit is also linked because it can damage the lung defense mechanism thereby facilitating the entry of TB germs. This research was conducted to analyze diabetes mellitus and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) as risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis. This research is a quantitative analytic study with Case Control conducted in the TB Endemic Region in Palembang, namely the work area of ​​the Kertapati Health Center, Sei Selincah Health Center and 23 ilir Health Center in February to December 2018. Data were obtained from primary data obtained from questionnaires and examinations physical. The data obtained are presented in the form of a master tabulation and processed using the Chi-square test and T-test analysis. In this study showed no significant relationship between blood sugar levels when with tuberculosis status (p = 0.075).

Prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis and associated risk factors: A community survey in Thirvallur District, south India.

Tuberculosis (TB) prevalence surveys add to the active case detection in the community level burden of TB both national and regional levels. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in the community. Household community-based tuberculosis disease survey was conducted targeting 69054 population from 43 villages of 5 blocks in Tiruvallure district adopting cluster sampling methodology of ≥15 years old adult rural population of South India during 2015-2018. All eligible individuals with suspected symptoms of PTB were screened with chest X-ray. Two sputum specimens (one spot and the other early morning sample) were collected for M.tb smear and culture examination. Conversely demographical, smoking and alcohol drinking habits information were also collected to explore the risk factor. Stepwise logistic regression was employed to associate risk factors for PTB. A total of 62494 were screened among 69054 eligible population, of whom 6340 were eligible for sputum specimen collection. Sputum for M.tb smear and culture examination were collected in 93% of participants. The derived prevalence of PTB was 307/100000 population (smear-positive 130; culture positive 277). As expected that PTB has decreased substantially compared to preceding surveys and it showed that older age, male, low BMI, diabetes, earlier history of TB and alcohol users were significantly associated (p < .0001) with an increased risk of developing PTB. Upshot of the active survey has established a reduction in the prevalence of PTB in the rural area which can be accredited to better programmatic implementation and success of the National TB Control Programme in this district. It also has highlighted the need for risk reduction interventions accelerate faster elimination of TB.

Recurrence and risk factors to the pulmonary tuberculosis patients after successful initial treatment in Beijing

Objective To analyze the recurrence and risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases after successful initial treatment in Beijing. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted. The data of pulmonary TB cases with successful initial treatment in Beijing during 2015–2017 were collected from TB information management system. The medical records and infectious disease report cards registered or reported before December 31, 2020 were collected to find recurrent TB cases and survival analysis was performed. The recurrence of TB was estimated by using life-table method, Kaplan-Meier method was used for univariate analysis of recurrence, log-rank method was used for comparison between groups, and time-dependent Cox regression model was used for multivariate analysis. Results Of the 8 503 TB cases with successful initial treatment enrolled in Beijing, 253 (2.98%) had recurrence, with a recurrence rate density of 8.13/1000 person-years, in which 88.54% (224 cases) had recurrence within 3 years, and 3.57% had recurrence within 5 years. Multivariate analysis based on univariate analysis showed that, lung cavity (adjusted Hazard ratio, aHR =1.592, 95% CI: 1.166–2.172, P=0.003), time-dependent covariates such as age (aHR=1.004, 95% CI: 1.001–1.008, P=0.008), passive treatment (aHR=1.200, 95% CI: 1.008–1.428, P=0.040), being etiologically positive (aHR=1.154, 95% CI: 1.034–1.289, P=0.011) were the independent risk factors for TB recurrence. Conclusion We should strengthen the follow-up and management of pulmonary TB patients after successful treatment, and conduct targeted intervention for groups at high-risk for TB recurrence. Health education for the general people should be strengthened, and early detection and early treatment of TB cases should be performed to reduce TB recurrence.

Particularities of the evolution of the patients with tuberculosis associated with the pulmonary neoplastic process

Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis and pulmonary neoplastic process are interdependent. Antineoplastic treatment is a contributing factor in the reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection and the recurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the particularities of the evolution of patients with tuberculosis associated with pulmonary neoplastic process to identify recommendations for early detection of the neoplastic process. A retrospective, selective study was performed which included 105 patients distributed in the study group that included 50 cases with diagnosed pulmonary neoplatic process and the comparison group which consisted from 65 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis without current or previous neoplasia. Th e peculiarities of patients with associated neoplastic process was age over 55 years, urban residence, incomplete level of education, disadvantaged socio-economic peculiarities, immunosuppressive treatment (in one third of cases). Th e diagnosis of tuberculosis was established by the specialist, having a low rate of positive microbiological status and a wide range of clinical manifestations. Standardized antituberculosis treatment resulted in a low rate of therapeutic success. Conclusion: the standardized management of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis associated with the pulmonary neoplastic process led to the late detection of the neoplastic process and the completion of antituberculosis treatment with therapeutic success only in every second patient.

Risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis: A community-based case control study

Studies on risk factors of tuberculosis help to focus on risk of tuberculosis and take appropriate policy action which help to eliminate tuberculosis. Hence present study was carried out to study risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis. Community-based case-control studywas carried out among 78 age and sex matched cases and controls. Cases were incident cases of pulmonary tuberculosis aged 18-45 years of either sex. Data on housing condition was recorded with direct observation. Cases and controls were comparable for age, sex, presence of diabetes, HIV and immuno-compromised status. Mean body mass index was significantly low in cases as compared to controls (18.06 vs. 22.05; p&lt;0.0001). On binomial logistic regression odds of tuberculosis was 5.544 (95%CI=2.513-12.232; P=0.000) among those exposed to indoor air pollution after controlling for other factors. We conclude that exposure to indoor air pollution was significantly associated with risk of pulmonary tuberculosis

Prevalence and risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis among people living with diabetes mellitus at the National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) with concern over the convergence of these two diseases. Although screening for PTB among people with DM has been recommended by WHO, it has not been implemented in Bhutan yet. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of PTB among people living with DM at the National Referral Hospital (NRH), Thimphu, Bhutan. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from 1st June – 9th October 2018. All 343 consenting DM patients were screened for PTB using the WHO recommended questionnaire and those with TB positive symptoms were tested for active PTB using sputum smear microscopy and Gene-Xpert. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21. Results: The prevalence of PTB among people living with DM was 0.87% (95% CI: 0.20-2.50).The mean age was 54.95 (± 13.2 years) and all were DM type II. The median duration of diabetes was 4 years (range of 0.1-40 years), an average level of HbA1c 7.47 (± 2.6), and median duration on DM medication was 4 years (range of 0.1-40 years) with the majority (88.9%) on oral hypoglycemic drugs. Good glycemic control (HbA1c&lt; 7) was achieved by 39.4% of individuals. PTB risk factors included PTB positive symptoms (7.0%), prior PTB history (5.5%) and recent contact with PTB patient (5.0%). Additional known PTB risk factors were smoking (7.6%), alcohol use (4.1%) and low body mass index (1.5%). Conclusions: Although the prevalence PTB was low, health education, proper case management and risk based screening for PTB among DM is recommended.

Prevalence and Physical Environmental Conditions as Risk Factor for Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Indonesia 2015

OBJECTIVE: The number of tuberculosis (TB) cases in Indonesia is currently very high, so the analysis is needed to describe the environmental conditions at risk of TB disease. The aim of the study was to look at the prevalence of pulmonary TB in 2013-2014 in Indonesia based on the area of residence of the respondents and to see the relationship between the environmental conditions of the prevalence of TB in Indonesia. &#x0D; &#x0D; MATERIAL &amp;amp; METHODS: The Prevalence SPTB 2013-2014 was used cross-sectional design with national coverage. Sampling selection used multi-staged cluster sampling in the population aged 15 years and above. The analysis data used SPSS program; first analysis was used bivariate and continuing to multivariate analysis. &#x0D; &#x0D; RESULT: Tb prevalence rate with bacteriological confirmed was 759 [95% CI: 590, 961] per 100,000 population in aged 15 years and above. The bivariable analysis shown those participant who live at house with floor &amp;lt;8m2/person [95% CI:1,053,1,710] and those participant who lived in house with kitchen was not separated from the main living area in the house [95% CI: 1,034,1,669], that was significant related with TB. In the multivariable model, the density characterized by family members with a floor surface &amp;lt;8m2/person [95% CI: 1,017,1,671]is at risk of developing TB. &#x0D; &#x0D; CONCLUSION: This study shows that the effect of the physical environment of living in a crowded household can be a risk factor for TB transmission. The other factor might be influence of infection Tb in the community.

Factores predictivos de tuberculosis pulmonar en personas privadas de la libertad, Ecuador 2019

Objective: To determine the predictive factors and the proportion of cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis. Material and method: A cross-sectional study was realized with the prisoners who were admitted between February and April 2019 to the center with the highest prison density in Ecuador. Incidence, prevalence and risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis were calculated. Results: 634 prisoners were surveyed, 14% with respiratory symptoms and 0,2% were diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. The prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis was 1,4%, of which 22,2% were MDR and 11,1% presented coinfection with HIV. The TB prevalence rate was 1.419,6 per 100.000 prisoners (95% CI, 488,7-2.540,4) and MDR TB was 11% (95% CI, 8,7-205,9). Conclusion: The proportion of pulmonary tuberculosis cases were higher than those found in the general population and lower than those registered inside the prison and HIV infection was the main predictive factor found, so it is necessary to optimize the preadmission diagnostic algorithms for avoid transmission in these enclosures.

The child ecosystem and childhood pulmonary tuberculosis: A South African perspective.

This study investigates drivers of childhood pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) using a childhood ecosystem approach in South Africa. An ecosystem approach towardidentifying risk factors for PTB may identify targeted interventions. Data were collected as part of a prospective cohort study of children presenting at a primary care facility or tertiary hospital with possible TB. Characterization of the childhood ecosystem included proximal, medial, and distal determinants. Proximal determinants included child characteristics that could impact PTB outcomes. Medial determinants included relational factors, such as caregiver health, whichmight impact interactions with the child. Distal determinants included macro-level determinants of disease, such as socioeconomic status and food insecurity. Children who started on TB treatment were followed for up to 6 months. Multivariate regression models tested independent associations between factors associated with PTB in children. Of 1202 children enrolled, 242 (20%) of children had confirmed PTB, 756 (63%) were started on TB treatment, and 444 (37%) had respiratory conditions other than TB. In univariate analyses, childhood malnutrition and caregiver smoking were associated with treated or confirmed PTB. In multivariate analyses, proximal factors, such as male gender and hospitalization, as well as low socioeconomic status as a distal factor, were associated with PTB. Interventions may need to target subgroups of children and families with elevated proximal, medial, and distal risk factors for PTB. Screening for risk factors, such as caregiver's health,may guide targeting. The provision of social protection programs to bolster economic security may be an important interventionfor attenuating childhood exposure to risk factors.

Phosphorylated STAT3 suppresses microRNA-19b/1281 to aggravate lung injury in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated pulmonary tuberculosis.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and increased mortality. This work focused on the functions of phosphorylated STAT3 in lung injury in mouse with T2DM‐associated PTB and the molecules involved. A mouse model with T2DM‐PTB was induced by administrations of streptozotocin, nicotinamide and mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). A pSTAT3‐specific inhibitor AG‐490 was given into mice and then the lung injury in mice was observed. The molecules involved in AG‐490‐mediated events were screened out. Altered expression of miR‐19b, miR‐1281 and NFAT5 was introduced to identify their involvements and roles in lung injury and PTB severity in the mouse model. Consequently, pSTAT3 expression in mice with T2DM‐associated PTB was increased. Down‐regulation of pSTAT3 by AG‐490 prolonged the lifetime of mice and improved the histopathologic conditions, and inhibited the fibrosis, inflammation, Mtb content and number of apoptotic epithelial cells in mouse lung tissues. pSTAT3 transcriptionally suppressed miR‐19b/1281 expression to up‐regulate NFAT5. Inhibition of miR‐19b/1281 or up‐regulation of NFAT5 blocked the protective roles of AG‐490 in mouse lung tissues. To conclude, this study evidenced that pSTAT3 promotes NFAT5 expression by suppressing miR‐19b/1281 transcription, leading to lung injury aggravation and severity in mice with T2DM‐associated PTB.

Comparison The Value Of Bta Sputum Between Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients With Diabetes Mellitus And Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Non-Diabetes Mellitus.

Background &amp; Aims: Tuberculosis (TB) is a health problem. Based on the WHO report in 2016, Indonesia is a developing country with the second largest TB case. One risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis is having a history of diabetes mellitus disease. The aim of this research is to examine the differences the value of BTA sputum between pulmonary TB patients with diabetes mellitus and pulmonary TB patients non-diabetes mellitus.Methods: This research is descriptive analytic with comparative study. This study uses secondary data in Islamic Jemursari Surabaya Hospital period January - December 2017. The results will be processed using descriptive analysis and Mann-Whitney test with SPSS 25.00 for windows.Results: This research obtained 68 samples consisting of 34 the pulmonary TB non-diabetes mellitus and 34 pulmonary TB with diabetes mellitus. In pulmonary TB patients non-diabetes mellitus most have negative BTA sputum values, while pulmonary TB with diabetes mellitus is positive (+1), so there are differences in the value of BTA sputum with a significance value 0.001 (&lt;0.05).Conclusion: There is a difference in the value of BTA sputum between pulmonary TB patients with diabetes mellitus and pulmonary TB patients non-diabetes mellitus. It caused in patients with diabetes mellitus have immunological abnormalities, especially IFN-γ and pulmonary physiological disorder.

Risk Factors of Lung Tuberculosis Occurence in the Working Area of Kaluku Bodoa Health Center Makassar City

Makassar City is one of the coastal areas that are vulnerable to the transmission of pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB). The condition of population density in the area can increase the risk of transmission. The aims of the study to determine the risk factors for the occurrence of pulmonary TB in the coastal area of Makassar city. The Design study is case control. Cases are pulmonary TB patients recorded in the medical record of Kaluku Bodoa Health Center. Control is TB suspects who have experienced symptoms of a cough more than 2 weeks and do not have positive TB. The number of samples is 120 with details of 60 cases and 60 controls. Data analysis was used by bivariate and multivariate with odds ratio & logistic regression tests. The results showed that occupancy density (OR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.103-4.935) and TB contact (OR: 9.077; 95% CI: 1.098-75.02) were risk factors for pulmonary TB, while poor families (OR : 1.909; 95% CI: 0.811- 4.493) and smoking behavior (OR: 1.336; 95% CI: 0.463-3.856) is not a risk factor for the incidence of Pulmonary TB. The conclusion in this study is the probability of the occurrence of pulmonary TB in subjects whose home density is <10 m2 / person and has a contact history with pulmonary TB patients, which is 92%. For Suggestions need health promotion for coastal communities regarding healthy life behavior (PHBS) and ways to reduce the risk of pulmonary TB transmission

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Diabetic Patients

Background: One-third of India’s population is infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis; there are 12 million active tuberculosis cases in India. One person dies of Tuberculosis every minute in India. No other disease has so much sociological, economic and health significance as Tuberculosis has. In 2005 there were an estimated 8.8 million new cases of Tuberculosis worldwide, with 1.9 million of those occurring in India. In India in 2000, there were an estimated 481,573,000 people over the age of 25 years. Among these, 4.3% i.e. around 20,707,639 had diabetes, 19 and 939,064 developed. Subjects and Methods: The study conducted over a period of 2 yrs. Adult patients with diabetes mellitus with pulmonary Tuberculosis were included, while Diabetic patients with extrapulmonary Tuberculosis were excluded from the study. Results: The maximum incidence of pulmonary Tuberculosis was noted above the age of 30yrs were 13(26.0%). The peak incidence was in the age group of 31 – 40 and 41 – 50 yrs. The mean age is 52.62. As Shown in [Figgure 1], the total numbers of males were 64% and females were 36%. The male to female ratio was 2.11:1 As Shown in [Table 3], the distribution of patient according to their occupation noted were Skilled (18%), Unskilled (38%), Business (16%), Service (2%), Housewife (22%), and Student (4%). As shown in [Table 4], the socio-economic status among 50 patients was distributed into: Upper (2%), Upper Middle (22%), Upper lower (32%), Lower (12%), Lower middle (32%), and Lower-middle (32%). Conclusion: Early diagnosis and properly monitored treatment regimen is the only time tested answer to this problem. All diabetics at the initial diagnosis and every year must have an x-ray chest done. All diabetics with abnormal weight loss, unexplained cough, or sudden increase of insulin requirement should have sputum examination and chest x-ray done.

The Risk Factors for Pulmonary Tuberculosis Incidence in Ghana: A Small Matched Case-control Study

Aims: Knowing the risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) opens up avenues for identifying target groups for intensified case finding. We aimed to identify the risk factors for pulmonary TB (PTB) incidence in a rural district in northern Ghana.&#x0D; Study Design: A matched case-control study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The Kassena Nankana West District of the Upper East Region of Ghana, between February 2019 and March 2019.&#x0D; Methodology: This study was conducted in 4 public health facilities. Cases were newly confirmed PTB patients aged 15 years or over, controls were age and sex matched outpatients. A pre-tested questionnaire collected information on a range of possible risk factors from participants. Conditional logistic regression identified independent risk factors for PTB incidence in a multivariable model at 95% confidence level.&#x0D; Results: The analysis included 174 cases and controls. Multivariable analysis showed that the risk of PTB was increased with low household monthly income (AOR=3.45; 95% CI: 1.08-10.97; P=.03), smoking (AOR=2.69; 95% CI: 1.13-6.43; P=.02) as well as household exposure to a known TB case (AOR=2.57; 95% CI: 1.08-6.10; P=.03).&#x0D; Conclusion: Low household monthly income, smoking, and household exposure to a known TB case were independent risk factors for PTB incidence. These factors can be used to actively screen for PTB in the population.

Relationship between Diagnosis Period and Internal and External Air Quality in Patients with Tuberculosis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between bacteriological case definitions and indoor and outdoor air quality parameters in tuberculosis (TB). A total of 200 patients with TB diagnosed and treated in our hospital during 2012-2018 were included to this study. The air monitoring measurement parameters of the National Air Quality Network [particulate matter 10 (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), air temperature, air pressure, and relative humidity] for the same time period were obtained from the web page http://laboratory.cevre.gov.tr/Default.ltr.aspx. Of the 200 patients, 62.5% (125) were males and 37.5% (75) were females. The rate of diagnosis based on culture and smear positivity was 48.4% (31), which was significantly higher than that in the clinic [10.9% (7)] among patients who used stove for warming. The rate of diagnosis based on culture and smear positivity [52.1% (25)] was significantly higher than that in the clinic [8.3% (4)] among patients who were exposed to biomass. The univariate analysis revealed no significant independent effect of warming and biomass use on case definition. According to the case definitions, the mean values of PM10, SO2, and temperature in the diagnosed month showed no statistically significant difference. The humidity level in the month was significantly higher, during which cases diagnosed using smear and culture positivity were compared with cases diagnosed using only culture positivity (p=0.023). This study indicates that biomass used as a cooking fuel is a risk factor for pulmonary TB, implying that TB occurrence can be reduced significantly by lowering or preventing the exposure to cooking smoke emitted from biomass fuel.

Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of tuberculosis in leon bernard tuberculosis unit in algeria.

This study aimed at highlighting some demographic and clinical features of tuberculosis (TB) at Leon Bernard TB unit, Algeria. This was a retrospective and descriptive study based on TB data extracted from TB patient records during 2009-2019 at Leon Bernard TB unit. Of the total 1375 TB patients, 602 (43.8%) had extrapulmonary TB (EPTB), 482 (35.1%) had new sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB (PTB), 42 (3.1%) had sputum smear-negative with culture-positive PTB, and 97 (7%) EPTB patients had concomitant pulmonary involvement. The male-to-female ratio was 1.07. A total of 116 (8.4%) TB relapses were reported with predominance among ETPB cases (54.3%). Lymphadenitis TB was the most common manifestation of EPTB with 301 cases (39.6%), followed by pleural TB with 237 cases (31.2%). The number of bacteriologically not confirmed EPTB was 22.6% more than half (53.3%) of whom were pleural TB. Among patients with new sputum smear-positive PTB, 71.2% were males, whereas the reverse was observed among patients with EPTB where 62.3% were female. Two-third of recorded cases were between 15 and 45 years old. Nearly all children had EPTB (64/69). The results revealed that most of the patients who passed away were affected by PTB (15/18), and the most frequent cmorbidities were diabetes (9/18) and high blood pressure (6/18). Specific attention needs to be given to an examination of the risk factors of PTB among male population and of EPTB among female population and children and to diagnosis of pleural TB and primary PTB.

Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in health-care workers. Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo. Lima, Perú

espanolObjetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo para tuberculosis pulmonar en trabajadores de salud del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo. Lima, Peru. Materiales y metodos: Estudio analitico de casos y controles. La poblacion de estudio fueron trabajadores de salud con diagnostico de tuberculosis pulmonar del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo. Lima, Peru. Se recolectaron variables epidemiologicas (edad, sexo, comorbilidad, grupo ocupacional), variables ventilatorias (velocidad, direccion y patron del flujo aereo, sistema de ventilacion cerrada) y ambientales (luz ultravioleta, aire acondicionado). Se utilizo analisis univariado, se determino el riesgo relativo, estimado por Odds Ratio con su respectivo intervalo de confianza al 95 %. Posteriormente, se utilizo un modelo predictivo de regresion logistica multivariado paso a paso para identificar los factores de riesgo. Se considero el valor de p Resultados: La tasa de incidencia habitual de tuberculosis pulmonar fue de 348 por 100 000. Los factores asociados fueron velocidad del flujo aereo menor de 0,7m/s, presencia de aire acondicionado en los ambientes hospitalarios, elevado grado de hacinamiento (espacio libre menor de 2 m2/persona), edad menor de 40 anos, presencia de al menos una comorbilidad, y el tiempo de trabajo hospitalario menor de 20 anos. Conclusiones: La presencia de alto grado de hacinamiento y el tiempo de trabajo hospitalario menor a 20 anos constituyen importantes factores de riesgo para tuberculosis pulmonar activa en trabajadores de salud del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo. EnglishObjective: To determine the risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in health-care workers of the Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo in Lima, Peru. Materials and methods: A case-control analytical study. The study population consisted of health-care workers of the Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo in Lima, Peru, diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. Epidemiological variables (age, sex, comorbidity, occupational group), ventilatory variables (airflow velocity, direction and pattern; closed ventilation system) and environmental variables (ultraviolet light, air conditioning) were collected. A univariate analysis was performed, and the relative risk was estimated by odds ratio and its corresponding 95 % confidence interval. Subsequently, a multivariate logistic regression predictive model was used step by step to identify the risk factors. A p value Results: The usual incidence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis was 348 per 100,000 health-care workers. The associated factors were airflow velocity less than 0.7 m/s, use of air-conditioning in hospital rooms, high levels of overcrowding (available space less than 2 m2/person), age less than 40 years, presence of at least one comorbidity, and hospital job time less than 20 years. Conclusions: High levels of overcrowding and hospital job time less than 20 years are important risk factors for active pulmonary tuberculosis in health-care workers of the Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo.

Lack of an Association Between Household Air Pollution Exposure and Previous Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

Observational studies investigating household air pollution (HAP) exposure to biomass fuel smoke as a risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis have reported inconsistent results. To evaluate the association between HAP exposure and the prevalence of self-reported previous pulmonary tuberculosis. We analyzed pooled data including 12,592 individuals from five population-based studies conducted in Latin America, East Africa, and Southeast Asia from 2010 to 2015. We used multivariable logistic regression to model the association between HAP exposure and self-reported previous pulmonary tuberculosis adjusted for age, sex, tobacco smoking, body mass index, secondary education, site and country of residence. Mean age was 54.6years (range of mean age across settings 43.8-59.6years) and 48.6% were women (range of % women 38.3-54.5%). The proportion of participants reporting HAP exposure was 38.8% (range in % HAP exposure 0.48-99.4%). Prevalence of previous pulmonary tuberculosis was 2.7% (range of prevalence 0.6-6.9%). While participants with previous pulmonary tuberculosis had a lower pre-bronchodilator FEV1 (mean - 0.7 SDs, 95% CI - 0.92 to - 0.57), FVC (- 0.52 SDs, 95% CI - 0.69 to - 0.33) and FEV1/FVC (- 0.59 SDs, 95% CI - 0.76 to - 0.43) as compared to those who did not, we did not find an association between HAP exposure and previous pulmonary tuberculosis (adjusted odds ratio = 0.86; 95% CI 0.56-1.32). There was no association between HAP exposure and self-reported previous pulmonary tuberculosis in five population-based studies conducted worldwide.

Polymorphism in the NRAMP1 gene as a risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis -A case control study

Objective: Polymorphism in this gene was determined in pulmonary tuberculosis patients in order to explore this association. Design: We assigned 34 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and 30 subjects with latent tuberculosis to the infected group, and 30 healthy household cases to control group. Three polymorphisms were studied, a non-conservative single-base substitution at codon 543(D543N), a single nucleotide change in intron 4(469 14G/C, INT4) and TGTG deletion in the 3 ’ untranslated region (1729 55del4, 3 ’ UTR). Results: No polymorphism was detected in the later two regions. G/A variant was more commonly found in the uninfected group with G/G variant in the infected group. Among the infected group, the G/A variant was significantly associated (44.11%) with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Although homozygous variants (A/A) were also associated (20.58%) with active disease, the prevalence of heterozygous variant found to have a risk eleven folds higher than the later (OR= 11.5). Conclusion: The heterozygous genotype seemed to affect the burden of M. tuberculosis, and in particular the clinical presentation of the disease. Setting: Defective production of protein Nramp1, encoded by gene NRAMP1 disturbs the normal innate host resistance. Keywords: Nramp1, Pulmonary tuberculosis, Polymorphism RFLP.

Prognostic value of some serum protein fractions as Early Index of Clinical Recovery in Pulmonary Tuberculosis subjects

BackgroundMalnutrition is an important risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis and can result to adverse treatment outcomes. AimThis was a cross-sectional study designed to assess prognostic value of some serum protein fractions in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) subjects at Oron, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Thirty (30) TB subjects on Anti-tuberculosis therapy, thirty (30) drug naive TB subjects and thirty (30) apparently healthy control subjects aged 21–52 (35 ± 16) years were conveniently recruited. MethodsTotal protein and albumin were measured colourimetrically, Albumin-globulin ratio was calculated while demographic data was obtained using questionnaire. ResultsBMI (kg/m2), Albumin (g/dl) and AGR were significantly lower in TB subjects with or without ATT when compared with control subjects (p < 0.000 respectively), but higher in PTB subjects on ATT when compared with drug naive PTB subjects (p = 0.000 respectively). Serum Total protein (g/dl) level in PTB subjects with or without ATT was significantly higher when compared with controls (p = 0.004) while globulin (g/dl) level was lower in PTB subjects on ATT when compared with drug naive PTB subjects (p = 0.000). ConclusionDecreased BMI in TB subjects signifies reduction in muscle mass and wasting precipitated by PTB infection, while depleted albumin and AGR suggests high degree of malnutrition. Increased albumin and AGR in PTB subjects on ATT suggests improvement with ATT. Assessment of serum albumin and AGR may serve as affordable and early index of clinical recovery in PTB subjects especially in resource limited settings, and may be more reliable than the traditionally used BMI.