Risk Factors For Pulmonary Tuberculosis Research Articles

Providing A Half Sitting Position to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients In The Seruni Treatment Room At The Central General Hospital

The lungs are one of the vital organs in the human body. To be precise, it is a respiratory (breathing) organ which is related to the respiratory and circulatory systems (blood circulation). Pulmonary tuberculosis is a contagious infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Meanwhile, Relapsed Pulmonary Tuberculosis is a patient with Pulmonary Tuberculosis who is declared cured or has had complete treatment and then comes back for treatment with a positive test result for a cough with phlegm from Acid-Fast Basil. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis at the Central General Hospital of South Sulawesi. This research uses a cross sectional approach. The population in this study includes the case population, namely pulmonary tuberculosis sufferers who experienced a recurrence and the control population, namely pulmonary tuberculosis sufferers who have been declared cured. The sample in this study was all data on patients with Relapsed Pulmonary Tuberculosis who received treatment at the Central General Hospital of South Sulawesi Province. Data analysis was carried out univariate and bivariate using the chi square test. The results of the study can be concluded that there is no relationship between age and the incidence of relapse of pulmonary tuberculosis. The problem and diagnosis determined is to fulfill the need to breathe normally and the inability to fulfill the need to eat and drink enough. Meanwhile, the nursing intervention that was prepared was directed at helping to control the patient's low-fat and low-salt diet regarding sitting therapy in the Semi-Fowler position. This theory can be applied and applied well in treatment focused on pulmonary tuberculosis cases. For pulmonary tuberculosis patients who experience shortness of breath, improve the quality of their breathing by performing the semi-Fowler position as a non-pharmacological therapy.

Factors Influencing Adherence to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Treatment among Adult Patients at St Francis’ Hospital-Katete, Zambia

Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is a contagious bacterial infection of the lungs caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, also known as tubercle bacilli. The symptoms of PTB can appear gradually and vary in severity. Malnutrition, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDs), age (young and old), diabetes mellitus, substance abuse, low socioeconomic status, malignancies, and or overcrowding are some of the common risk factors for PTB. According to the Zambia Demographic Health Survey (ZDHS, 2021), Zambia’s prevalence rate of PTB stood at 455 cases per 100,000 population. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended Direct Observation of Treatment (DOT) by a trained supervisor (WHO, 2019). However, implementing DOT in Zambia is challenging for both the patient and healthcare provider as it has been observed that a daily visit to a health facility for the first two months by PTB patients was very difficult for a range of reasons which included severe illness at the initiation of treatment, distance too far for walking, and high transportation costs. Objective: The study aimed at determining Factors Influencing Adherence to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Treatment among Adult PTB Patients at St Francis’ Hospital-Katete, Zambia. Methods and materials: Data was collected using a questionnaire and the study sample was one hundred (100) Adult PTB patients, who were selected by simple random sampling method. A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Conclusion: The study revealed a significant association between ‘level of information and knowledge, individual motivational support, behavioural skill’ and ‘Adult PTB patients’ adherence to PTB treatment’. Level of Information and knowledge (p-value 0.001), Individual .........

Analysis of factors influencing patient delay by patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Lishui City, Zhejiang Province

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to collect data on the current state of patient delay by patients with tuberculosis (TB) in Lishui City, Zhejiang Province who were under the care of a TB-designated hospital from 2011 to 2021 and to analyze the factors that contribute to this problem in order to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of TB.MethodsIn this observational study, we collected data on patients with pulmonary TB that were reported to the Chinese government's disease prevention and control information system by the Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital in Lishui City between 2011 and 2021. The data included demographics like age, gender, occupation, household registration, current address, date of symptoms, date of first visit, and etiology results. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factors influencing patient delay by patients with pulmonary TB.ResultsThere were 3,190 cases of pulmonary TB treated in a TB-designated hospital in Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, between 2011 and 2021. Of these, 2,268 involved patient delay, with the delay rate of 71.10% and the median (Q25, Q75) days of patient delay being 36 (25, 72) days. Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated the presence of risk factors-age > 60 years old (OR = 1.367, 95% CI: 1.144 ~ 1.632), pathogen positive (OR = 1.211, 95% CI: 1.033 ~ 1.419), and employed as peasants (OR = 1.353, 95% CI:1.144 ~ 1.601) for patient delay in patients with pulmonary TB. Patients with diabetes mellitus made up 64.94% of the pulmonary TB population, which was lower than the 71.58% of patients without diabetes mellitus (χ2 = 4.602, P = 0.032). Additionally, the presence of diabetes mellitus may be a protective factor in patient delay in patients with pulmonary TB (OR = 0.641, 95% CI: 0.481 ~ 0.856).ConclusionHigh rates of patient delay, age > 60 years old, a positive etiology, and being employed as peasants are all possible risk factors for pulmonary TB in Lishui City, Zhejiang Province.

Risk Factors for Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Patients with Lung Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: Lung cancer increases the risk for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). The risk factors for newly diagnosed PTB are not known in lung cancer. This study analyzed risk factors of new-onset PTB among lung cancer patients in Taiwan. Methods: Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database and Taiwan Cancer Registry were used to define PTB and lung cancer patients between 2007 and 2015. Considering that mortality was a competing risk event during the cancer treatment, Fine and Gray method was performed to estimate the possible risk factors for PTB among lung cancer patients. Results: A total of 1,335 patients had PTB after lung cancer. The incidence of PTB increased with patients' raising age. Males had 1.7-fold (95% CI: 1.5-2.0) risk of PTB compared with females. Patients aged between 60-69 years (HR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1-1.8) and those ≥70 years (HR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.5-2.4) had higher PTB risk than those aged under 50 years. Patients with history of pneumoconiosis and patients who received the treatments of surgery and chemotherapy also had significant increasing risk of PTB. Conclusion: Screening for PTB may be important among lung cancer patients with the aforementioned risk factors.

Indoor Urban Environment and Conventional Risk Factors for Pediatric Tuberculosis Among 1–12 Years Old Children in a Megacity in Pakistan: A Matched Case–Control Study

Background: Estimated 1.1 million children developed tuberculosis (TB) globally in 2020. Household air pollution has been associated with increased respiratory tract infections among children. Nonetheless, there are scarce data regarding the association of indoor environment with pediatric TB. Objectives: To determine the association of indoor urban environment and conventional risk factors for pulmonary TB among children 1-12 years and to discern the differences of these factors among younger (1-5 years) and older children (6-12 years). Materials and Methods: We conducted an age-matched case-control study among children in 2 hospitals (tertiary and secondary care) in megacity, Karachi, Pakistan. A total of 143 pulmonary TB cases, diagnosed on Pakistan Paediatric Association Scoring Chart for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis (PPASCT), were compared with 286 age-matched controls (ratio 1:2). Indoor urban environment and other conventional risk factors were ascertained through a questionnaire and analyzed by conditional logistic regression. Results: Overall, being a female child [matched odds ratio (mOR): 2.03, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16-3.53], having household TB contact (mOR: 8.64, 95% CI: 4.82-15.49), open kitchen for cooking in household (mOR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.59-5.66), and poorly ventilated house (mOR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.09-3.65) increased the risk of TB among children (1-12 years). Open kitchen was a risk factor for younger children (1-5 years), whereas poorly ventilated house and being female child was a risk factor for older children (6-12 years), respectively. Conclusions: This study strengthens the evidence that a poor indoor environment increases the risk for childhood TB. Concerted efforts are needed to improve the indoor air environment in urban areas for prevention of TB in addition to addressing the conventional risk factors.

To study the occurrence of risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in the homeless population in areas of Delhi, India

BackgroundIn India, there are only a few studies done in the area of assessing the risk factors of Tuberculosis (TB) among the homeless population. The homeless population has quite a higher chance of developing Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) as compared with the general population due to the presence of an inappropriate environment and high prevalence of risk factors. MethodsThis study was done among the homeless population in both males and females aged 18 years and above in areas of Delhi (Yamuna Pusta and Mansarovar Park). The participants were screened for TB symptoms and risk factors to diagnose active PTB in them. ResultsOut of 200 participants, 17 were diagnosed with active PTB. The overall occurrence of Tuberculosis among the studied homeless population was found to be 85 cases per 1000 population. The occurrence of behavioral habits such as smoking was found to be 41.2% (7/17), tobacco chewing at 47.1% (8/17), and alcohol at 47.1% (8/17) among the cases. The occurrence of HIV coinfection was 5.9% (1/17) and diabetes was 5.9% (1/17). The prevalence of TB among homeless females was 1.5 times higher than homeless males but out of 17 diagnosed patients, males had a higher prevalence of TB as compared to females. ConclusionThe occurrence of PTB in the homeless population is quite high as it is also reported in a study in the United States that the national incidence of tuberculosis in the homeless population was 36 cases/100,000 and it needs to be addressed to eliminate tuberculosis.7 Moreover, the risk factors such as tobacco, smoking, alcohol, coinfections, etc. might have played a major role in the development of PTB. Also, there is a need for larger studies with large sample sizes to provide evidence against the same.

Ginsenoside Rg1 Inhibits STAT3 Expression by miR-15b-5p to Attenuate Lung Injury in Mice with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-Associated Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been regarded as a critical risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Ginsenoside Rg1 has been identified as a potential therapeutic agent for T2DM by suppressing the inflammatory response. However, the effect of Rg1 on T2DM-associated PTB has not been reported. In this study, we aimed to explore the function of Rg1 in the regulation of T2DM-associated PTB. We established a T2DM-associated PTB mouse model and found that the fibrosis of lung tissues was inhibited by Rg1 in T2DM-associated PTB mice. The lung injury of T2DM-associated PTB mice was repressed by Rg1. Moreover, the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in the lung tissues and serum were decreased by Rg1 in T2DM-associated PTB mice. The treatment with Rg1 inhibited the levels of free fatty acid and enhanced the expression of miR-15b-5p in lung tissues of T2DM-associated PTB mice. MiR-15b-5p targeted and inhibited the STAT3 expression. The expression of STAT3 was downregulated by Rg1, while the inhibition of miR-15b-5p reversed the downregulation. The expression of miR-15b-5p was reduced, but the expression of STAT3 was upregulated in the lung tissues of T2DM-associated PTB mice. We validated that miR-15b-5p attenuated inflammation and lung injury in the T2DM-associated PTB mouse model. The overexpression of STAT3 or the suppression of miR-15b-5p restored lung fibrosis and injury inhibited by Rg1 in T2DM-associated PTB mice. Meanwhile, the Rg1-repressed levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β were enhanced by the overexpression of STAT3 or the suppression of miR-15b-5p. In addition, the levels of free fatty acid repressed by Rg1 were reversed by STAT3 overexpression and miR-15b-5p inhibition. Thus, we conclude that ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits the STAT3 expression by miR-15b-5p to attenuate lung injury in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated pulmonary tuberculosis.

Study of HLA-G gene polymorphism and serum level of soluble HLA-G in patients infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis affects about one-third of the world population. The incidence of the disease differs significantly among populations living under almost similar conditions, indicating the role of genetic factors. The present study aimed to appraise the impact of HLA-G gene polymorphisms and soluble HLA-G on the susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis. 48 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and other 42 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were included in the study. Both groups evaluated two gene polymorphisms in the HLA-G gene and soluble HLA-G protein. The frequency of Del/Del genotype of rs66554220 (14-bp Ins/Del) polymorphism in patients was 8.33% which was higher than that of controls (2.38%) with a significant difference (crude OR= 9.26, 95%CI=1.06-80.93, p=0.044). Such association remained significant after adjusting for confounding factors, including smoking, family history, socioeconomic status and residence (adjusted OR= 11.83, 95%CI=2.77-50.51, p= 0.01). The median serum level of soluble HLA-G in patients was 34.0 ng/ml (range 6.18-74.25 ng/ml), which was greater than that of controls (median 20 ng/ml, range 312-71.98 ng/ml) with a significant difference. We can conclude that The Del/Del genotype of rs66554220 (14-bp Ins/Del) polymorphism is an independent risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis in the Iraqi population Keywords: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HLA-G gene, single nucleotide polymorphism

Analysis of risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis with persistent severe inflammation: An observational study.

Introduction:Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) sometimes show persistent severe inflammation for more than 1 month, even if TB treatment is effective. Although this inflammation can be improved through continuous antituberculous therapy, the risk factors for persistent inflammation remain unclear. Therefore, we sought to study the characteristics of patients with persistent severe inflammation.Materials and methods:We retrospectively analyzed 147 hospitalized adult patients with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels of 5 mg/dL or more on admission to Fukujuji Hospital from April 2019 to March 2021. The patients were divided into 2 groups: 40 patients (27.2%) had CRP levels of 5 mg/dL or more at 4 weeks after admission (persistent inflammation group), and 107 patients (72.8%) had CRP levels that fell below 5 mg/dL within 4 weeks of admission (improved inflammation group).Results:The median CRP level on admission in the persistent inflammation group was 10.8 mg/dL (interquartile range 9.1–14.5), which was higher than that in the improved inflammation group (median 8.2 mg/dL [6.5–12.1], P = .002). Patients in the persistent inflammation group had a higher prevalence of large cavities, defined as cavities ≥4 cm in diameter, on chest computed tomography (CT) (n = 20 [50.0%] vs n = 12 [11.2%], P < .001).Discussion and conclusions:This study showed that 27.2% of patients who had high or moderate inflammation on admission did not achieve low CRP levels within 4 weeks after admission. Risk factors for persistent severe inflammation in patients with TB were presence of a large cavity (cavity diameter ≥4 cm) on chest CT and a high CRP level on admission. Therefore, in a patient with a large cavity on chest CT and/or CRP ≥9.0 mg/dL on admission, long-term inflammation may occur despite antituberculous therapy if other diseases are ruled out.

Clinical features and risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pulmonary aspergillosis.

This study was carried out to explore the clinical features and risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pulmonary aspergillosis. Through a retrospective analysis of 3,000 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis history or active pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pulmonary aspergillosis in the inpatient department of pulmonary tuberculosis in Shandong Provincial Public Health Clinical Center from January 2017 to January 2021, 70 cases of pulmonary aspergillosis were selected and diagnosed. In addition, 70 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis without other fungal infections in the same period were randomly selected as the control group. The risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pulmonary aspergillosis were analyzed by multi-factor logistic analysis, and the clinical characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pulmonary aspergillosis were analyzed by collecting the basic information of patients, drug use of pulmonary tuberculosis, imaging characteristics, past medical history, and test indicators. Univariate analysis showed that the single risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pulmonary aspergillosis were: the types of pulmonary tuberculosis (initial diagnosis or previous reexamination), hormone application time, antibiotic application time (rifampicin), hemoptysis/sputum blood, C-reactive protein, and pulmonary cavity were significantly correlated with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pulmonary aspergillosis (p-value <0.05). The proportion of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pulmonary aspergillosis was higher than that of patients with simple pulmonary tuberculosis in the follow-up of pulmonary tuberculosis, the time of antibiotics application ≥ 1 month, the time of hormone application ≥ 1 week and C-reactive protein. The incidence of hemoptysis/blood in sputum in the clinical symptoms of pulmonary aspergillosis group (24/70) was higher than that of simple pulmonary tuberculosis group (20/70), and the difference was statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that there were significant differences between the two groups in the two indexes of "hormone application time ≥ 1 week" and "antibiotic application time ≥ 1 month" (p-value < 0.05). Hemoptysis/blood in sputum can be considered as the main clinical feature of pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pulmonary aspergillosis. The main risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pulmonary aspergillosis were the application time of antibiotics ≥ 1 month and the application time of hormones ≥ 1 week.

Risk factors of tuberculosis (TB) among homeless population in Chennai city

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major concern among high-risk populations such as the homeless. Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem. The Chennai City has a large population of homeless persons and caregivers and is estimated to be the largest TB-endemic area in the intermediate-prevalence country, India. However, there have been few studies of homeless persons and caregivers. The objective of this study to assess the prevalence and risk factors for pulmonary TB among homeless population around Chennai. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study for screening TB symptoms using questionnaire. The study participants were recruited from 15 zones, which included 47-night shelters around Chennai under the control of the Chennai City in Tamil Nadu. Data was collected from homeless people who were living in night shelters in the northern, central, and southern regions of Chennai City. Results: Complete responses were available from 484 individuals (263 homeless persons and 173 caregivers). Four active TB cases (1.5%) among homeless persons were found, while there were no cases among caregivers.

Associated Risk Factors of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Ekiti State

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) persists as a major public health challenge in Nigeria. The study examined pulmonary tuberculosis and associated risk factors in Ekiti State. The study identified the presumed risk factors for PTB; examined the association between presumed risk factors and occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis; and determined the association between the demographic variables and occurrence of pulmonary Tuberculosis in Ekiti State. This study was a retrospective, quantitative, non-experimental study. The research was conducted at Ekiti State ministry of health Tuberculosis, Leprosy, and Buruli Ulcer Control Centre. The sample was 2045 patients recorded from January 2015 to December 2019 in the Tuberculosis Central Register. The sample for the study was selected through a consecutive sampling technique. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data collected. The results were presented in tables as percentages, means, and standard deviation. Chi-square was used to test the hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed that identified risk factors through patients treated in Ekiti State were alcohol/smoking, overcrowding, HIV, malnutrition diabetes, and unknown cause. A significant association was observed between presumed risk factors and the development of pulmonary tuberculosis. A significant association was also observed between the demographical variables and the development of pulmonary tuberculosis in Ekiti State. It was recommended among others that there should be more awareness of the risk factors of Tuberculosis in every community. Government should improve infrastructure, health policies, human resources development, services delivery at all health centers and Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTs) clinics, and trained nurses, doctors, community health workers should be encouraged to work in rural areas.

Pharmacotherapy and associated risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis

Pharmacotherapy and associated risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis

Risk Factors of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Working Area of Perumnas Public Health Center Kendari City

Kendari City is the area with the highest number of TB cases in Southeast Sulawesi Province with a total of 488 cases in 2019. Preliminary data at the Perumnas Public Health Center showed that there were 49 TB cases in 2019. This study aims to determine the risk factors for the incidence of pulmonary TB in the Work Area. Public Health Center. This study uses a case control design. The study population was 105 patients, with a sample consisting of 44 case samples and 44 control samples, which were taken by simple random sampling. Data analysis using Chi Square test and Odds Ratio. From the results of the study, it was found that there were significant risk factors between smoking habits (OR = 5,156), contact history (OR = 8,333), occupancy density (OR = 2,544), knowledge (OR = 3,852) and ventilation (OR = 3,071) with the incidence of pulmonary tuberkulosis. The conclusion of this study is smoking habits, contact history, occupancy density, knowledge, and ventilation are risk factors for the incidence of pulmonary tuberkulosis at the Perumnas Public Health Center. Therefore, it is suggested to the health workers of the Puskesmas are expected to continue to provide health promotion and improve work programs related to pulmonary TB in order to increase knowledge and awareness of the community to prevent transmission of pulmonary TB.

Risk Factors of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Countermeasures: A Literature Review

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is still the primary infectious disease in the world due to HIV/AIDS. In the 2015-2019 strategic plan of the Ministry of Health, infectious diseases are one of the main priorities that must create a Healthy Indonesia. The prevalence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Indonesia is 539,000 new cases each year, with the number of deaths around 101,000 per year. Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) (+) incidence rate is around 110/ 100,000 population.&#x0D; AIM: This study aimed to identify the influencing factors and efforts to overcome pulmonary tuberculosis disease.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research method was carried out by tracing the research reports/articles related to pulmonary tuberculosis incidence as many as 38 selected articles.&#x0D; RESULT: Factors that influence tuberculosis infection incidence include age, income level (socioeconomic), housing conditions, the behavior of opening windows every morning, smoking, and a history of contact with tuberculosis patients. There are various countermeasures undertaken to overcome pulmonary tuberculosis, one of which uses a tissue model. This model involves many stakeholders whose duty is to provide knowledge and record the number of sufferers. The stages of action to control tuberculosis include discovery, treatment, and surveillance.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Facts in the field show that several factors can affect the success of implementing pulmonary tuberculosis control. Therefore, it is necessary to participate in all society components and involve other agencies beyond the health agency so the reduction in the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis can be appropriately realized.

Analysis of Diabetes Mellitus and Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Exposure as Lung Tuberculosis Risk Factors

Indonesia, is the country with the second highest lung TB case in the world. Some studies suggest there is a relationship between TB and diabetes. The smoking habit is also linked because it can damage the lung defense mechanism thereby facilitating the entry of TB germs. This research was conducted to analyze diabetes mellitus and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) as risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis. This research is a quantitative analytic study with Case Control conducted in the TB Endemic Region in Palembang, namely the work area of ​​the Kertapati Health Center, Sei Selincah Health Center and 23 ilir Health Center in February to December 2018. Data were obtained from primary data obtained from questionnaires and examinations physical. The data obtained are presented in the form of a master tabulation and processed using the Chi-square test and T-test analysis. In this study showed no significant relationship between blood sugar levels when with tuberculosis status (p = 0.075).

Prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis and associated risk factors: A community survey in Thirvallur District, south India.

Tuberculosis (TB) prevalence surveys add to the active case detection in the community level burden of TB both national and regional levels. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in the community. Household community-based tuberculosis disease survey was conducted targeting 69054 population from 43 villages of 5 blocks in Tiruvallure district adopting cluster sampling methodology of ≥15 years old adult rural population of South India during 2015-2018. All eligible individuals with suspected symptoms of PTB were screened with chest X-ray. Two sputum specimens (one spot and the other early morning sample) were collected for M.tb smear and culture examination. Conversely demographical, smoking and alcohol drinking habits information were also collected to explore the risk factor. Stepwise logistic regression was employed to associate risk factors for PTB. A total of 62494 were screened among 69054 eligible population, of whom 6340 were eligible for sputum specimen collection. Sputum for M.tb smear and culture examination were collected in 93% of participants. The derived prevalence of PTB was 307/100000 population (smear-positive 130; culture positive 277). As expected that PTB has decreased substantially compared to preceding surveys and it showed that older age, male, low BMI, diabetes, earlier history of TB and alcohol users were significantly associated (p < .0001) with an increased risk of developing PTB. Upshot of the active survey has established a reduction in the prevalence of PTB in the rural area which can be accredited to better programmatic implementation and success of the National TB Control Programme in this district. It also has highlighted the need for risk reduction interventions accelerate faster elimination of TB.

Recurrence and risk factors to the pulmonary tuberculosis patients after successful initial treatment in Beijing

Objective To analyze the recurrence and risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases after successful initial treatment in Beijing. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted. The data of pulmonary TB cases with successful initial treatment in Beijing during 2015–2017 were collected from TB information management system. The medical records and infectious disease report cards registered or reported before December 31, 2020 were collected to find recurrent TB cases and survival analysis was performed. The recurrence of TB was estimated by using life-table method, Kaplan-Meier method was used for univariate analysis of recurrence, log-rank method was used for comparison between groups, and time-dependent Cox regression model was used for multivariate analysis. Results Of the 8 503 TB cases with successful initial treatment enrolled in Beijing, 253 (2.98%) had recurrence, with a recurrence rate density of 8.13/1000 person-years, in which 88.54% (224 cases) had recurrence within 3 years, and 3.57% had recurrence within 5 years. Multivariate analysis based on univariate analysis showed that, lung cavity (adjusted Hazard ratio, aHR =1.592, 95% CI: 1.166–2.172, P=0.003), time-dependent covariates such as age (aHR=1.004, 95% CI: 1.001–1.008, P=0.008), passive treatment (aHR=1.200, 95% CI: 1.008–1.428, P=0.040), being etiologically positive (aHR=1.154, 95% CI: 1.034–1.289, P=0.011) were the independent risk factors for TB recurrence. Conclusion We should strengthen the follow-up and management of pulmonary TB patients after successful treatment, and conduct targeted intervention for groups at high-risk for TB recurrence. Health education for the general people should be strengthened, and early detection and early treatment of TB cases should be performed to reduce TB recurrence.

Particularities of the evolution of the patients with tuberculosis associated with the pulmonary neoplastic process

Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis and pulmonary neoplastic process are interdependent. Antineoplastic treatment is a contributing factor in the reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection and the recurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the particularities of the evolution of patients with tuberculosis associated with pulmonary neoplastic process to identify recommendations for early detection of the neoplastic process. A retrospective, selective study was performed which included 105 patients distributed in the study group that included 50 cases with diagnosed pulmonary neoplatic process and the comparison group which consisted from 65 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis without current or previous neoplasia. Th e peculiarities of patients with associated neoplastic process was age over 55 years, urban residence, incomplete level of education, disadvantaged socio-economic peculiarities, immunosuppressive treatment (in one third of cases). Th e diagnosis of tuberculosis was established by the specialist, having a low rate of positive microbiological status and a wide range of clinical manifestations. Standardized antituberculosis treatment resulted in a low rate of therapeutic success. Conclusion: the standardized management of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis associated with the pulmonary neoplastic process led to the late detection of the neoplastic process and the completion of antituberculosis treatment with therapeutic success only in every second patient.

Risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis: A community-based case control study

Studies on risk factors of tuberculosis help to focus on risk of tuberculosis and take appropriate policy action which help to eliminate tuberculosis. Hence present study was carried out to study risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis. Community-based case-control studywas carried out among 78 age and sex matched cases and controls. Cases were incident cases of pulmonary tuberculosis aged 18-45 years of either sex. Data on housing condition was recorded with direct observation. Cases and controls were comparable for age, sex, presence of diabetes, HIV and immuno-compromised status. Mean body mass index was significantly low in cases as compared to controls (18.06 vs. 22.05; p&lt;0.0001). On binomial logistic regression odds of tuberculosis was 5.544 (95%CI=2.513-12.232; P=0.000) among those exposed to indoor air pollution after controlling for other factors. We conclude that exposure to indoor air pollution was significantly associated with risk of pulmonary tuberculosis