Risk Assessment Strategies Research Articles

Analyzing downside risk of BRICS stock indices: insights from value at risk and time series econometrics

Purpose This paper aims to analyze the downside risk for the stock indices of BRICS countries. The study also aimed to study the interrelationship, directional influence and interdependence among the stock exchanges of BRICS economies to provide insights for policymakers, fund managers, investors and other stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach The authors used Value at Risk (VaR) as an indicator of downside risk and time series econometrics for measuring the long run relationship, directional influence and interdependence. Findings The calculated VaR estimates, long-run linkages and strong interdependence among these indices especially with the returns of Brazil exerting a notable impact on the returns of other BRICS nations. These results emphasize the significance of taking into account cross-country spillover effects and domestic market dynamics in the context of portfolio management and risk assessment strategies. Further, from the extended results of variance decomposition analysis, the authors find that Brazil’s, China’s and South African stock market returns have a significantly lagged impact on their own stock market, while Russia’s and India stock market returns do not have a significantly lagged impact on their own stock markets. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study comprehensively analyzing the BRICS indices downside risk through the historical simulation method of VaR estimation, which is an unexplored area of risk management.

Systematic Analysis of Art Project Management Risks: an Exploration of Assessment Methods and Control Strategies

This study is dedicated to exploring risk assessment and control strategies in arts project management. Through a systematic theoretical framework, combining quantitative and qualitative research methods, this paper develops and validates a risk assessment model adapted to the characteristics of art projects. The empirical study involves three different types of art projects, and the results show that the model can effectively identify key risks and guide the implementation of risk control strategies. The study highlights the importance of systematic risk management in enhancing the success of arts projects and provides practical strategies and tools for arts project managers to facilitate further integration of theory and practice.

A framework for implementing structural integrity management of an aging fixed offshore platform using wave modeling for risk-based underwater inspection provision

Offshore platforms have become lucrative in the oil and gas industries due to their capabilities, which are exposed to harsh environmental hazards that affect the Structural Integrity.The scope of this study represents a risk assessment strategy for evaluating the structural integrity and proposed a framework for the Risk-Based Underwater Inspection to implement Structural Integrity Management for a fixed offshore jacket platform.The jacket platform is adopted for the Non-linear Quasi-Static Analysis (Push-over) using relevant code criteria. Regarding the required site-specific meteorological and oceanographic parameters, wave is simulated using WAVEWATCH III, third-generation version 4.18, considered input data and uncertain parameters.The Long-Term Load Distribution parameters are localized to determine the Probability of Failure due to the extreme wave loading action, and the platform structural damage rate is obtained by referring to the latest available underwater inspection carried out in the understudied oilfield. Moreover, the platform's structural failure may lead to safety, environmental, and economic impacts, which are the essential factors for evaluating the Consequence of Failure.Finally, the risk level is estimated by ranking the Probability and Consequences of Failure in the risk matrix, and resulting from the risk analysis, the framework for the Risk-Based Underwater Inspection is carried out.

Construction risk of highway bridges in plateau and mountainous areas based on safety risk assessment

The study designed a risk assessment scheme to reduce the risk of highway bridge construction in highland mountainous areas, and optimised the existing hierarchical analysis method used for risk weight calculation, using entropy weight and fuzzy numbers for improvement, and designed an optimised fuzzy hierarchical entropy weight comprehensive risk assessment model. The results found that the maximum affiliation degree of site safety management risk is 0.39, which is a low-level risk; the maximum affiliation degree of personnel safety and operation quality category is 0.42, which is an intermediate risk; the maximum affiliation degree of machinery and equipment is 0.40, which is a high-level risk; the maximum affiliation degree of construction materials is 0.69, which is a low-level risk; and the maximum affiliation degree of environment category is 0.51, which is an intermediate risk. The maximum affiliation of the overall construction risk is 0.369, which indicates that the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the project is an intermediate risk. The results of the study show that the proposed construction risk assessment scheme for highway bridges in highland mountainous areas can provide certain reference for the construction of highland mountainous areas and avoid the corresponding safety risks.

Polystyrene nanoplastics distinctly impact cadmium uptake and toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana

The ubiquitous presence of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) in soil has raised concerns regarding their potential effects on terrestrial plants. The coexistence and interactions between MNPs and heavy metals altering their phytotoxicity deserves further investigation. In this study, we explored the impacts of various concentrations of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) and cadmium (Cd) alone or in combination on the growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Additionally, we examined the effects of combined stress on the uptake and translocation of Cd within Arabidopsis thaliana. Our findings revealed several key insights: PS-NPs exhibited the capability to internalize in the maturation zone of Arabidopsis roots; the presence of Cd changed the particle size and zeta potential of PS-NPs; the presence of PS-NPs heightened Cd accumulation in the underground parts of Arabidopsis seedlings, leading to a stronger oxidative stress response in these regions; the composite stress exerted a more pronounced effect on the growth and development of Arabidopsis compared to individual stresses. Interestingly, while higher PS-NPs concentrations hindered Cd migration from roots to leaves, they also acted as carriers for Cd uptake in Arabidopsis roots. These findings shed light on the combined impacts of MNPs and heavy metals on plant physiology, offering theoretical insights to guide risk assessment strategies for MNPs and heavy metals in terrestrial ecosystems.

Comparative analysis of machine learning algorithms for identifying cobalt contamination in soil using spectroscopy

Cobalt (Co) has been recognized as one of the most hazardous elements by the United Nations Environmental Program; however, it has received limited attention in previous studies of identifying heavy metal contamination and has been limited to small, site-scale datasets and few machine learning algorithms. To fill this research gap, eight machine learning algorithms were combined with visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy in this study to develop a large-scale model for classifying Co content in soil. In total, 18,675 topsoil samples were used to train and validate the models. Spectral preprocessing, principal component analysis, and hyper-parameter tuning were utilized to improve the tested models’ performance, which was evaluated using multiple indicators. The optimal model was then applied to the United States soil spectral dataset. The results show that the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) performed the best on both the training and testing sets, with an area under the curve value of 0.901 on the training set and 0.904 on the testing set. The application of XGB revealed that Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, North Dakota, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Alabama were at higher risk of Co contamination. In summary, XGB can be used to effectively identify areas of potential Co contamination. The approach presented here not only fills a gap in terms of large-scale identification of Co contamination but can also greatly assist environmental managers in risk assessment and reclamation strategies.

Erosion, deposition and breach evolution of landslide dams composed of various dam material types based on flume tests

The accurate and rapid prediction of breach outflow rates of landslide dams is crucial for effective risk assessment and mitigation strategies. However, challenges arise due to the complexities associated with breaching mechanisms. In this study, 12 flume tests were conducted on landslide dams composed of various material types, including fine-grained, coarse-grained, well-graded, and gap-graded materials, each with two dry densities. This study comprehensively investigated erosion, deposition, and breach evolution, providing the foundation for the development of breach evolution models. A comprehensive logic diagram, focusing on shear stress and grain size distribution, was proposed to forecast the failure modes of landslide dams. The study also suggested a method to assess the longitudinal breach evolution based on the prediction of the Erosion Point (EP) and Deposition Point (DP), and to assess the lateral breach evolution by considering both steep and gentle breach side slopes. Our findings indicate that fine-grained materials undergo layer erosion, coarse-grained materials remain stable, well-graded materials develop erosion pits, and gap-graded materials are prone to piping. The existence of an interface can result in piping channels, even when the overall hydraulic gradient is insufficient to initiate piping. Incorporating the longitudinal slope angle and its influence on both driving and resisting forces into the traditional erosion rate equation can significantly enhance its accuracy, especially when coarse particles are present. Coarse particles play a pivotal role in erosion and deposition behavior and reshaping the breach evolution as the initiation of coarse particles is dominated by rolling instead of slipping in fine particles. Deposition on the downstream slope of a dam can significantly influence the longitudinal breach process, leading to changes in the downstream topography and grain size distribution. The proposed method for assessing longitudinal breach evolution unifies the previous methodologies by predicting the positions of EP and DP based on erosion and deposition.

Addressing “beyond control”: nuclear safety goals in the age of risk governance

Much of the risk science literature, in an increasingly complex world, suggests a transition from conventional risk management to risk governance. Risk governance, which highlights the multiplicity of actors and interactions among them, requires a new holistic, inclusive, and adaptive approach to managing systemic risks that cannot be addressed by traditional risk assessment and management schemes. Although nuclear risks have long been characterized as typical examples of systemic risks, the established framework of nuclear risk management has not necessarily been oriented toward risk governance. This study aims to analyze the features and challenges of the nuclear safety principles and safety goals from the risk governance perspective. The analysis shows that while the structure of existing safety goals focuses on reactor safety and quantifiable factors under the licensee’s control, it is silent on the factors that are difficult to quantify and beyond the licensee’s control. The structure of the responsibility and management framework for nuclear safety has systematically oriented the practice of risk assessment and management toward a circumscribed and compartmentalized approach. To overcome these challenges, this study presents a new conceptual framework for hybrid safety goals, reflecting the perspectives of risk governance and disaster studies. The hybrid safety goals consist of the goals for ‘artefacts’ to address reactor safety, and the goals for ‘area’ to reduce local vulnerability. The goals for ‘artefacts’ prioritize preciseness, quantitativeness, and practicality, whereas the goals for ‘area’ emphasize inclusivity and adaptability, which play a catalytic role in the collaborations between nuclear practitioners and local actors. The significance and future challenges of hybrid safety goals are discussed, particularly in terms of control and responsibility.

Perfluoroalkyl compounds in groundwater alter the spatial pattern of health risk in an arsenic‑cadmium contaminated region

Integrated health risk assessment strategies for emerging organic pollutants and heavy metals that coexist in water/soil media are lacking. Contents of perfluoroalkyl compounds and potentially toxic elements in multiple media were determined by investigating a county where a landfill and a tungsten mine coexist. The spatial characteristics and sources of contaminants were predicted by Geostatistics-based and multivariate statistical analysis, and their comprehensive health risks were assessed. The average contents of perfluorooctane acid, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, arsenic, and cadmium in groundwater were 3.21, 0.77, 1.69, and 0.14 μg L−1, respectively; the maximum content of cadmium in soils and rice highly reached 2.12 and 1.52 mg kg−1, respectively. In soils, the contribution of mine lag to cadmium was 99 %, and fertilizer and pesticide to arsenic was 59.4 %. While in groundwater, arsenic, cadmium and perfluoroalkyl compounds near the landfill mainly came from leachate leakage. Significant correlations were found between arsenic in groundwater and arsenic and cadmium in soils, as well as perfluoroalkyl compounds in groundwater and pH and sulfate. Based on these correlations, the geographically optimal similarity model predicted high-level arsenic in groundwater near the tungsten mine and cadmium/perfluoroalkyl compounds around the landfill. The combination of analytic network process, entropy weighting method and game theory-based trade-off method with risk assessment model can assess the comprehensive risks of multiple pollutants. Using this approach, a high health-risk zone located around the landfill, which was mainly attributed to the presence of arsenic, cadmium and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, was found. Overall, perfluoroalkyl compounds in groundwater altered the spatial pattern of health risks in an arsenic‑cadmium contaminated area.

Environmental risk assessment of coastal dredging based on clustering of meteocean forcing

Dredging and dumping in-situ sediments is a fundamental operation for most coastal engineering projects and coastal defense projects, such as the construction of breakwaters, beach nourishment and land reclamation. Future projections in terms of coastal hazard suggest that coastal protection and land reclamation project will be more and more frequent. In this context, the assessment of the environmental and socio-economic impact of the risk induced by dredging is a fundamental step during both the design stage and the operational management. Most of the standard practices and available risk assessment frameworks rely on the numerical prediction of the sediment plume in the large field driven by coastal circulations forced by tides, winds and waves. In this study, we formulated a new risk assessment framework based on an unsupervised machine learning clustering algorithm, K-means clustering, for generating representative meteocean scenarios subsequently used to force a regional circulation model. Moreover, we introduced three criteria of hazard/risk based on the spatial and temporal evolution of the suspended sediment concentration that explained different environmental impacts and two new methods to synthetically present the risk values. The major improvement of the present framework is that the final probability of risk fully describes the statistics in terms of hydrodynamic and dredging conditions.This framework presents the probability analysis of risk spatial distribution based on representative hydrodynamic conditions and dredging scenarios, which is a major improvement of this study compared with previous risk assessment strategies that were unable to predict quantified dredging risk before field construction. Finally, to demonstrate the potentiality of the risk assessment framework, we applied this methodology to the Hong Kong Water and Pearl River Estuary (China) as a pilot case.

Addendum To: Supplier risk assessment strategy

Addendum To: Supplier risk assessment strategy

Pollution Characteristics and Multilevel Risk Assessments of Antibiotics in the Urban Rivers of Beijing, China

To comprehensively assess the pollution characteristics and ecological risks of antibiotics in the rivers in Beijing, the concentrations of 35 common antibiotics belonging to four categories were quantified by using solid phase extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The ecological risks of antibiotics were evaluated using the methods of risk quotient (RQ) and joint probability curves (JPCs). The results showed that a total of 33 antibiotics were detected in the surface water of ten rivers in Beijing, and the total concentrations of antibiotics ranged from N.D. to 1 573.57 ng·L-1. Sulfamethoxazole showed the highest concentration (N.D.-160.04 ng·L-1), followed by sulfadiazine (0.09-147.90 ng·L-1) and ofloxacin (0.28-94.72 ng·L-1). There were 16 antibiotics with a detection frequency greater than 50.0 %. The RQ method showed that there were 12 antibiotics with potential ecological risks. Tetracycline, clarithromycin, and trimethoprim showed the highest risks, with RQs of 3.99, 1.86, and 1.01, respectively. The risks of antibiotics at the outlets of wastewater treatment plants were higher than those in mainstream rivers. The PNEC exceedance rates of tetracycline, clarithromycin, and trimethoprim were above 2.3 %. Based on JPCs, the maximum risk product of clarithromycin was 1.66 %, and it showed low risks to 0.3 %-7.0 % of species. The risks of other antibiotics could be ignored. The detection frequency, distribution of concentrations, most sensitive species, and species sensitivity distribution of antibiotics had important impacts on the ecological risk assessment. Using the multilevel ecological risk assessment strategy can effectively avoid inadequate protection and overprotection and is also conducive to the hierarchical and zoning management of antibiotics throughout the region.

Why did I participate in an HIV vaccine study? Experiences of participation in the first phase II HIV vaccine trial in Mozambique: An ancillary study using a mixed-method approach

IntroductionThis study recognized the lack of information regarding recruitment and retention factors associated with implementing HIV vaccine trials from the perspective of de facto participants. It aimed to describe the motives and experiences of 31 young adults who participated in a phase II HIV vaccine clinical trial conducted in Maputo, Mozambique. MethodsThis was an ancillary study with a mixed-method approach that employed a convergent design, combining both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Data collection involved questionnaire surveys, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. Participants were assessed before and after learning whether they received the experimental vaccine or placebo. Thematic analysis was used for qualitative data, while descriptive analysis and statistical tests such as Fischer’s test and McNemar’s exact test were applied to quantitative data. The study also utilized the Health Belief Model to understand the decision-making process of participating in an HIV vaccine study. ResultsMost of our participants were young females, single, with limited financial resources. Participants joined the trial with the belief that they had a unique opportunity to help the fight against HIV and contribute to the research for the discovery of an HIV vaccine. Positive experiences related to trial participation include gaining knowledge about HIV and personal health and receiving risk reduction counseling. Participants reported blood collection as a negative experience and that they suffered social harm because of trial participation. Participants felt abandoned after the trial ended. ConclusionPreventive HIV vaccine trials should integrate a social-behavioral component to assess reasons for participation and refusal in real-time. Providing ongoing personal attention is crucial for young individuals who have committed 1–2 years to trial participation, extending beyond the trial period. Implementing tailored strategies for HIV risk assessment and reduction during and after the trial is essential. Addressing these factors can enhance preventive HIV vaccine trial implementation.

Gender Matters: A Multidimensional Approach to Optimizing Cardiovascular Health in Women.

Cardiovascular diseases remaina leading cause of mortality among women, yet they are often underestimated and insufficiently addressed. This narrative review delves into the gender disparities in cardiovascular health, underscoring the critical importance of recognizing and addressing the unique challenges women face. The article explores the pathophysiological differences between men and women, highlighting the role of hormonal factors, such as estrogen and menopause, in conferring cardioprotection or increasing risk. It examines the complexities of diagnosis and assessment, including differences in symptom presentation, diagnostic accuracy, and the challenges of interpreting non-invasive testing in women. The review also highlights the need for tailored risk assessment and prevention strategies, incorporating sex-specific conditions and pregnancy-related factors. It emphasizes the importance of lifestyle modifications and interventions, as well as the potential benefits of personalized treatment approaches, considering gender-specific variations in medication responses and cardiac interventions. Furthermore, the article sheds light on the impact of psychosocial and sociocultural factors, such as gender norms, mental health considerations, and access to healthcare, on women's cardiovascular health. It also addresses the significant gaps and challenges in research, including the historical underrepresentation of women in clinical trials and the lack of sex- and gender-sensitive studies. Finally, the review advocates for a multidisciplinary approach, involving patient-centered care, shared decision-making, and collaboration among policymakers, stakeholders, and healthcare systems. This comprehensive strategy aims to enhance awareness, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiovascular disease in women, ultimately improving health outcomes and reducing the burden of this often overlooked epidemic.

Toward Adoption of Health Risk Assessment in Population-Based and Clinical Scenarios: Lessons From JADECARE

Introduction: Health risk assessment (HRA) strategies are cornerstone for health systems transformation toward value-based patient-centred care. However, steps for HRA adoption are undefined. This article analyses the process of transference of the Adjusted Morbidity Groups (AMG) algorithm from the Catalan Good Practice to the Marche region (IT) and to Viljandi Hospital (EE), within the JADECARE initiative (2020–2023). Description: The implementation research approach involved a twelve-month pre-implementation period to assess feasibility and define the local action plans, followed by a sixteen-month implementation phase. During the two periods, a well-defined combination of experience-based co-design and quality improvement methodologies were applied. Discussion: The evolution of the Catalan HRA strategy (2010–2023) illustrates its potential for health systems transformation, as well as its transferability. The main barriers and facilitators for HRA adoption were identified. The report proposes a set of key steps to facilitate site customized deployment of HRA contributing to define a roadmap to foster large-scale adoption across Europe. Conclusions: Successful adoption of the AMG algorithm was achieved in the two sites confirming transferability. Marche identified the key requirements for a population-based HRA strategy, whereas Viljandi Hospital proved its potential for clinical use paving the way toward value-based healthcare strategies.

Coronary Artery Obstruction After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Past, Present, and Future.

Coronary obstruction (CO) is a rare but critical complication of transcatheter aortic valve implantation. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This comprehensive review elucidates the evolving landscape of CO risk assessment and management strategies in the contemporary era of transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Drawing upon recent advances in computed tomography angiography, we delve into the nuanced evaluation of anatomic parameters crucial for predicting CO risk. Furthermore, this review explores the utility of interventional and surgical techniques, including chimney stenting and leaflet modification systems, in mitigating CO complications. In summary, this review serves as a practical guide for clinicians navigating the complexities of CO prevention and management in the evolving landscape of transcatheter aortic valve implantation, with the goal of optimizing patient outcomes and ensuring procedural success.

Anaphylaxis biomarkers: present and future.

Anaphylaxis is a severe, rapidly developing, and life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction. The diagnosis of anaphylaxis is primarily clinical. Numerous studies on the mechanisms and the biomarkers of the disease are initiated every year. The biomarkers of anaphylaxis may become an important tool for the diagnosis, prevention, repeated risk assessment, severity stratification, and new therapeutic strategies for treatment of the disease. Various immune and non-immune mediators produced and released by effector cell populations are currently considered as biomarkers of anaphylaxis. Here, we review the current data on potential biomarkers of anaphylaxis and the possibilities and perspectives for their use in future clinical practice.

Evaluation of Childhood Allergy Risk Among Pregnant Women in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Thailand.

This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of pregnant women whose children are at higher risk for childhood allergies and to assess knowledge of risk assessment and prevention strategies. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 310 pregnant women in an antenatal care clinic at a tertiary care hospital in Thailand. In addition to baseline demographic and obstetric characteristics, all participating pregnant women were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding risk evaluation and knowledge of childhood allergies on various topics. A childhood allergy risk assessment was evaluated based on the history of allergy disease in immediate family members. The questionnaire on knowledge was derived from a guideline issued by the Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology Association of Thailand, with possible scores of 0-30. The mean maternal age was 30.6 years, and 139 (44.8%) were nulliparous. Overall, 86 couples (27.7%) were at high risk for childhood allergies. The mean total knowledge score was 15.2 out of 30, and only 24 women (7.7%) had an overall score of >20, and 40 women (12.9%) had an overall score of ≤10. The mean knowledge score for almost every subtopic was less than half of the possible points, except for the risk reduction strategies during pregnancy. Comparisons between those with higher and lower scores (≥16 vs. ≤15 points) showed that women with higher knowledge scores were significantly more likely to have had a previous child with an allergy (p=0.010). The prevalence of pregnant women whose children were at higher risk for childhood allergies was 27.7% (86 of 310 couples). The women had limited knowledge of childhood allergies with regard to risk assessment, risk reduction strategies, and various interventions. The only factor associated with a higher knowledge score was having a previous child with an allergy.

Next-gen regional fire risk mapping: Integrating hyperspectral imagery and National Forest Inventory data to identify hot-spot wildland-urban interfaces

The increasing threat of high-severity wildfires in Mediterranean Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) areas demands to develop effective fire risk assessment and management strategies. Simultaneously, the newfound accessibility of spaceborne hyperspectral data represents a significant potential for generating fire severity assessments, whereas National Forest Inventories (NFI) offer a vast dataset related to vegetation and fuel loads, which is essential for shaping the planning and strategies of forest services. This research work aims to advance the state-of-the-art in WUI fire risk mapping in the western Mediterranean Basin by combining PRISMA spaceborne hyperspectral data and Spanish NFI data. The proposed methodology had three main stages: (i) fire severity assessment at local scale (a wildfire) by using PRISMA hyperspectral data and Multi-Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis (MESMA) leveraging field-based measurements of the Composite Burn Index (70 plots); (ii) development of a high fire severity probability map at regional scale from the extrapolation of a Random Forest predictive model calibrated from fire severity estimates, NFI data and topo-climatic variables at local scale (overall accuracy = 92 %; Kappa = 0.8); and (iii) identification and characterization of zones that concentrate WUIs with high probability of high fire severity if a fire event occurs (hot-spot WUIs) by crossing the information from the previous regional high fire severity probability map and a WUI cartography developed at regional scale. Study area was Castilla y León Autonomous Region (larger Spanish region, 94,226 km2), where the second-largest extreme Spanish wildfire event (28,000 ha) occurred. We identified hot-spot WUIs so that stakeholders and decision-makers could (i) prioritize resources and interventions for effective fire management and mitigation, (ii) allocate resources for prevention, and (iii) plan evacuation measures to safeguard lives and property. This study contributes to the development of next-generation fire risk assessment methods that combine remote sensing technologies with comprehensive ground-level datasets.

CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN HOSPITALITY

This paper presents a comprehensive review of crisis management in the hospitality sector, focusing on key themes, theoretical frameworks, empirical findings, and practical implications. The review highlights the significance of proactive planning and preparedness, emphasizing the importance of risk assessment, scenario planning, and business continuity strategies to enhance organizational resilience. Effective communication emerges as a cornerstone of crisis management, underscoring the necessity for transparent, timely, and empathetic communication with stakeholders. Collaboration with external stakeholders is essential for effective crisis response, emphasizing the benefits of information sharing and joint training exercises. Additionally, the integration of technology and innovation presents opportunities for enhancing crisis management capabilities, albeit accompanied by challenges. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of proactive, holistic approaches to crisis management that encompass preparedness, communication, collaboration, and innovation to safeguard organizational sustainability in the face of adversity.