Risk Assessment Checklist Research Articles

Good Intentions, Risky Inventions: A Method for Assessing the Risks and Benefits of AI in Mobile and Wearable Uses

Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into mobile and wearables offers numerous benefits at individual, societal, and environmental levels. Yet, it also spotlights concerns over emerging risks. Traditional assessments of risks and benefits have been sporadic, and often require costly expert analysis. We developed a semi-automatic method that leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) to identify AI uses in mobile and wearables, classify their risks based on the EU AI Act, and determine their benefits that align with globally recognized long-term sustainable development goals; a manual validation of our method by two experts in mobile and wearable technologies, a legal and compliance expert, and a cohort of nine individuals with legal backgrounds who were recruited from Prolific, confirmed its accuracy to be over 85%. We uncovered that specific applications of mobile computing hold significant potential in improving well-being, safety, and social equality. However, these promising uses are linked to risks involving sensitive data, vulnerable groups, and automated decision-making. To avoid rejecting these risky yet impactful mobile and wearable uses, we propose a risk assessment checklist for the Mobile HCI community.

Ergonomic Risk Assessment of Warehouse Workers in the Courier Service Industry: A Case Study from Kuantan, Malaysia

The global surge in demand for courier services has introduced both benefits and challenges. Courier workers face immense pressure to handle large volumes of orders, leading to increasing cases of health and occupational injuries. The lack of ergonomic interventions in their work highlights the urgent need for ergonomic assessments in the courier industry. In Malaysia, current ergonomic risk assessments for warehouse courier workers are insufficient, making it essential to identify prevalent musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and determine the associated risk factors and levels posed by their daily tasks. This study aimed to address this gap by conducting ergonomic risk assessments among 35 warehouse workers using the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ), the Initial Ergonomic Risk Assessment (ERA) Checklist, and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Three different work tasks were observed: scanning and sorting, tiered storage and stacking, and load unloading. The findings revealed that lower back pain was the most common ailment (14.5%), followed by hip pain (8.39%) and neck pain (7.89%). The tiered stacking storage activity posed the highest ergonomic risk, with identified risk factors including awkward postures, static and sustained activity, and repetitive tasks. The REBA analysis indicated a very high-level risk for tiered stacking storage, necessitating immediate ergonomic interventions. These findings contribute to the field of ergonomics and provide valuable insights for safety practitioners, ergonomists, researchers, and academicians in occupational safety and health and the courier service industries.

Interrater reliability of the violence risk assessment checklist for youth: a case vignette study

BackgroundFacilities providing health- and social services for youth are commonly faced with the need for assessment and management of violent behavior. These providers often experience shortage of resources, compromising the feasibility of conducting comprehensive violence risk assessments. The Violence Risk Assessment Checklist for Youth aged 12–18 (V-RISK-Y) is a 12-item violence risk screening instrument developed to rapidly identify youth at high risk for violent behavior in situations requiring expedient evaluation of violence risk. The V-RISK-Y instrument was piloted in acute psychiatric units for youth, yielding positive results of predictive validity. The aim of the present study was to assess the interrater reliability of V-RISK-Y in child and adolescent psychiatric units and acute child protective services institutions.MethodsA case vignette study design was utilized to assess interrater reliability of V-RISK-Y. Staff at youth facilities (N = 163) in Norway and Sweden scored V-RISK-Y for three vignettes, and interrater reliability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsResults indicate good interrater reliability for the sum score and Low-Moderate-High risk level appraisal across staff from the different facilities and professions. For single items, interrater reliability ranged from poor to excellent.ConclusionsThis study is an important step in establishing the psychometric properties of V-RISK-Y. Findings support the structured professional judgment tradition the instrument is based on, with high agreement on the overall risk assessment. This study had a case vignette design, and the next step is to assess the reliability and validity of V-RISK-Y in naturalistic settings.

Antimicrobial stewardship hindered by inadequate biosecurity and biosafety practices, and inappropriate antibiotics usage in poultry farms of Nepal-A pilot study.

Nepal's poultry industry has experienced remarkable growth in the last decade, but farm biosafety and biosecurity measures are often overlooked by farmers. As a result, farms often suffer from sporadic and regular outbreaks of many diseases, impacting production and creating public health challenges. Poor management practices, including overuse of antibiotics for prophylaxis and therapeutics, can enhance the spread of poultry diseases by propagating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) that is threatening poultry and human health. We assessed biosafety, biosecurity risks and AMR stewardship in sixteen poultry farms located in four districts: Ramechhap, Nuwakot, Sindhupalchowk, and Kavre. Risk assessment and AMR stewardship evaluation questionnaires were administered to formulate biosafety and biosecurity compliance matrix (BBCM). Risk assessment checklist assessed facility operations, personnel and standard operating procedures, water supply, cleaning and maintenance, rodent/pest control and record keeping. Oral and cloacal samples from the poultry were collected, pooled, and screened for eight poultry pathogens using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests. Based on BBCM, we identified the highest BBCM score of 67% obtained by Sindhupalchowk farm 4 and the lowest of 12% by Kavre farm 3. Most of the farms (61.6%) followed general poultry farming practices, only half had clean and well-maintained farms. Lowest scores were obtained for personnel safety standard (42.4%) and rodent control (3.1%). At least one of the screened pathogens were detected in all farms. Mycoplasma gallisepticum was the most common pathogen detected in all but three farms, followed by Mycoplasma synoviae. More than half of the farmers considered AMR a threat, over 26% of them used antibiotics as a preventive measure and 81% did not consider withdrawal period for antibiotics prior to processing of their meat products. Additionally, antibiotics classified as "Watch" and "Restrict" by the WHO were frequently used by the farmers to treat bacterial infections in their farms.

Investigating effective psychological interventions in pregnant women's sexual satisfaction: A systematic review.

Sexual satisfaction is an important factor in people's lives, which is effective in all aspects of a couple's life. During pregnancy, due to existing changes, sexual performance is affected, which will also change sexual satisfaction. By performing effective interventions, changes can be made in the level of sexual satisfaction. The aim of this study is to investigate effective psychological interventions in the sexual satisfaction of pregnant women, which has been conducted in the form of a systematic review. This study is performed in 2022 with the steps of design of study question, search in SID, PubMed, Magiran, Iran doc, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar search engine with keywords such as "interventions", "sexual satisfaction", "Sexual function", "couples", "pregnant women" and their English equivalents, and after that, related studies were identified from the period of 2012 to 2022 (the last 10 years), the selection of studies, which after screening the title, abstract, and full text. Among 821 studies, finally 13 studies were left to announce the results. Researches that had unclear sample size and method of implementation and whose full text was not available were initially excluded from the study process. Screening of the quality of the studies was done by the risk assessment checklist and the Jadad Scale of the intervention studies. Then the findings were classified. The results of the present study were taken from 13 articles, which included mindfulness, cognitive-behavioral therapy, therapy based on acceptance and commitment and group counseling, PLISSIT model intervention, and education and support package. As per the results of interventions, all interventions during pregnancy can increase sexual satisfaction in pregnant women. Therefore, such interventions are recommended but it is necessary to do more interventions with minimal bias and long-term follow-up and comprehensive examination of variables to reach stronger evidence.

Implementation of Electronic Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Assessment and Best Practice Advisory Tools to Improve Patient Care.

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) affects 30% of surgical patients undergoing anesthesia. PONV is a substantial cause of increased length of stay, cost of care, and unanticipated patient admission and readmission. Seventy percent of patients received PONV prophylaxis; PONV assessment was performed in only 63% of patients in this hospital system. A standardized PONV preoperative assessment checklist and a best practice advisory (BPA) were implemented in our electronic medical record (EMR) and charting system. Anesthesia providers and postanesthesia care unit (PACU) nurses completed training on patient management for PONV, including preoperative assessment and BPA use. The PONV preoperative assessment achieved high adoption, and providers followed its recommendations in more than 90% of cases. During the 6-month implementation phase, PONV rates decreased from 56% to 43.6%. Implementing a standardized, electronic PONV preoperative risk assessment checklist and a BPA effectively reduced PONV rates in this hospital system.

Documentation of Assessments and Interventions Using a Pediatric Preoperative Risk Assessment Checklist in the Postanesthesia Care Unit: A Quality Improvement Initiative

PurposeDescribe the impact of the implementation of an evidence-based pediatric preoperative risk assessment (PPRA) checklist on the frequency of postanesthesia care unit (PACU) nursing assessments and interventions in children at risk for respiratory complications during emergence from anesthesia. DesignProspective pre-/postdesign. MethodsPediatric perianesthesia nurses assessed 100 children preintervention according to current standard. After nurses received pediatric preoperative risk factor (PPRF) education, another 100 children were assessed postintervention using the PPRA checklist. Pre-/postpatients were unmatched for statistical purposes due to two different groups. Frequency of PACU nursing respiratory assessments/interventions was evaluated. FindingsDemographic variables, risk factors, frequency of nursing assessments/interventions were summarized in pre-/postinterventions. Significant differences (P < .001) were noted between pre-/postintervention groups with increased frequency of postnursing assessments/interventions that correlated with increased risk factors and weighted risk factors. ConclusionsBy identifying total PPRFs, PACU nurses used their plan of care to frequently assess and pre-emptively intervene with children who had increased risk factors to prevent or mitigate respiratory complications on emergence from anesthesia.

PREVALENCE OF GYNAECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AND ASSOCIATED LIFESTYLE HABITS AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS

A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of gynaecological problems and associated lifestyle habits among adolescent girls. Objectives:1. To determine the prevalence of gynaecological problems among adolescent girls 2.To assess the lifestyle habits of adolescent girls 3.To nd out the association between gynaecological problems and lifestyle habits. In this study quantitative research approach and Methodology: cross-sectional research design were used. The study was based on health belief model. Four schools from Trivandrum district were chosen for the present study. 440 subjects who satised inclusion criteria were selected. The tools used to collect data were socio personal proforma, gynaecological problem assessment questionnaire, PCOD risk assessment checklist, Standardized PMS screening tool and self-reported lifestyle habits assessing rating scale. Data were analyzed by using SPSS 20. The ndings revealed tha Results: t severe menstrual pain was observed in 26.6% of adolescent girls. Nearly 46.4% of subjects had mild and 24.3% had severe risk of PCOD. One third of subjects (30.2%) had moderate to severe symptoms of PMS and 32.1% had Premenstrual dysphoric disorder. There was a highly signicant association between dysmenorrhea, PCOD and PMS with lifestyle habits at 0.001 level of signicance and there was signicant association between excessive vaginal discharge with lifestyle habits at 0.01 level of signicance. The results suggest that Conclusion: dietary habits and physical activities directly affect the reproductive health of adolescent girls. Hence its important to promote health awareness session on adolescent health and lifestyle habits for preventing the many present and future gynaecological problems

The Impact of Stopping Risk Assessment Checklists at a Specialist Personality Disorder Unit.

Aim This study was conducted in Springbank Ward, a specialist ward for patients with emotionally unstable personality disorder, based in Cambridge, United Kingdom. We aimed to assess any change in incident frequency following the introduction of a new protocol for leaving the ward, in which patients are offered an optional conversation with staff in place of a formal risk assessment checklist. We also aimed to assess patient and staff perceptions of the change. Methods We used data routinely collected by Springbank Ward to compare incident frequency in the year before and after the change in protocol. We conducted structured interviews with patients and staff to obtain qualitative data on the new protocol and used thematic analysis to interpret the interview data. Results There were 466 incidents during the period before the change in protocol and 408 incidents in the period after. Adjusted for occupancy rate, there was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of incidents. Patients and staff were generally satisfied with the new protocol, with an average satisfaction rating of 4.1 out of 5. Thematic analysis generated five main themes: 'taking ownership', 'autonomy versus restriction', 'staff-patient interaction', 'staff expertise' and 'protocol efficiency'. Conclusions Our study reveals high satisfaction with the new way risk is assessed and managed for patients leaving Springbank Ward, with an appreciation for its holistic and minimally restrictive approach. This was achieved without significantly increasingincident frequency.

Practice of Ocular Hygiene and Risk for Ocular Disorders among Undergraduate Students of Mangaluru, Karnataka, India: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: The eyes are the most precious human organ for the function of vision, expression and beauty. Good vision contributes to improved athletic ability, better driving skills, improved learning, comprehension and better quality of life. Eye helps to participate in occupation, hobbies, and even to perform most everyday tasks. Aim: To assess the practice of ocular hygiene and the risk for ocular disorders among undergraduate students in a selected college in Southern India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Yenepoya Ayurvedic College, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India from October 2021 to September 2022. It was conducted among 178 subjects recruited by convenience sampling technique. Undergraduate students between the age group of 18-24 years were selected as study participants. Students who underwent special training in ocular hygiene were excluded from the study. One time data was collected using demographic proforma, ocular hygiene practice scale and risk assessment checklist for ocular disorders. Participants were required to take 30 minutes to complete the data collection questionnaires. The collected data was coded and transformed into a master data sheet for statistical analysis. Data was analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The results of this study showed that 47 (26.4%) of the students had a very good practice and 124 (69.7%) of them had good practice of ocular hygiene. The results of risk assessment for ocular disorders showed that 146 (82%) had low-risk and a very less percentage 3 (1.7%) of them had a high-risk for the development of ocular disorders. There was a significant association between practice scores and demographic characteristics such as age (p-value=0.04) and using eye accessories (p-value=0.03). Conclusion: In this study, there was a negative correlation between practices of ocular hygiene and risk for ocular disorders among undergraduates. Vision impairment and eye conditions are associated with poor quality of life. An initiative can be taken to improve the practice of ocular hygiene to reduce the risks for ocular disorders among undergraduates.

Early rehabilitation and mobilisation of neonatal and paediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients: A UK and Ireland consensus document.

Despite increasing early rehabilitation and mobilisation (ERM) in paediatric intensive care, current evidence for ERM of neonatal and paediatric patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is limited. The proposed benefits of ERM in neonatal and paediatric ECMO patients are multifaceted, including reduced immobility related issues and maintenance of functional ability. However, ECMO presents additional safety and logistical challenges, and currently there are no published neonatal or paediatric guidelines. A consensus document was developed to provide guidance for ERM with neonatal and paediatric ECMO patients. The document was developed by specialist physiotherapists from nine ECMO centres within the UK and Ireland, together with the UK Paediatric Critical Care Society ECMO group and members of the multidisciplinary team. The document covers key considerations and practicalities for completing ERM in this population including, acuity level measurement, activity level guidance, safety and risk assessment, and goal setting. Risk assessment and safety checklist bedside tools are also included and designed to be adapted as required to meet specific unit policies and protocols.

Preliminary Development and Testing of the Risk Assessment Checklist for Self-Injury in Autism-Medical (RACSA-M).

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is a major treatment focus for clinicians treating children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A review of the literature identified medical conditions that may be risk factors for an individual engaging in SIB. This study involved the creation and preliminary validation of a standardized assessment checklist: Risk Assessment Checklist for Self-Injury in Autism-Medical (RASCA-M) for the physical, behavioral, and diagnostic evaluation of non-verbal children with autism and SIB living in a residential setting. Preliminary content validity, criterion-related validity, and interobserver agreement were established. The RACSA-M is a promising instrument to assess underlying medical issues in non-verbal children with ASD and SIB.

Determinants of food security among people from refugee backgrounds resettled in high-income countries: A systematic review and thematic synthesis.

Food is intrinsically linked to culture, identity, and for people with lived refugee experiences, cultural foods are a critical part of settlement into a new country, which is often a time of high stress and dislocation from friends and family. However, cultural foods in settlement countries may be unavailable or inaccessible, adversely impacting on food security. This systematic review aimed to identify facilitators and barriers to accessing foods in high-income countries for people with lived refugee experiences. Sixteen health databases were searched from June 2020 and April 2021 and 22 articles met the inclusion criteria. Bias was assessed using a modified thematic synthesis method and the relevant Joanna Briggs Institute risk assessment checklist. Findings were thematically synthesised and the socio-ecological model and postcolonialism were used as a lens through which the data was viewed. Analysis revealed three themes: “Practicalities and Pragmatism”; “Identity, Belonging and Placemaking”; and “Postcolonial and Societal Influences”. The determinants of food security were present across all levels of the socio-ecological model and people with lived refugee experiences used practical and pragmatic strategies to feed their families. Food was intrinsically linked to identity, belonging and placemaking, and as such, people preferred consuming cultural foods. Societies adversely affected the food security of people from refugee backgrounds by limiting their access to resources and restricting cultural food gathering practices, impacting on their ability to access or afford foods, especially cultural foods. To improve food security for people with lived refugee backgrounds, governments and organisations should collaborate with the cultural communities with lived experiences of accessing cultural foods, appreciate their strengths, and recognise the value of social and cultural capital.

Quantitatively Evaluating the Impact of Eliminating Risk Assessment Checklists for Granting Leave in a Specialist Personality Disorder Ward

AimsSpringbank Ward, in the CPFT NHS trust, is a specialist unit for patients with a diagnosis of emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD). Psychiatric wards often use restrictive practices to try and minimise suicide risk. Using risk assessment checklists to decide whether to grant leave is one example. Research shows that it is not possible to predict suicide or self-harm risk at an individual level, regardless of the assessment method used, so we questioned the utility of such an approach. A previous evaluation of our leave protocol showed that patients and staff would favour a less restrictive and more personalised approach. We introduced a new protocol that eliminated use of checklists, replacing them with an optional 1:1 conversation with staff before leaving the ward. Our aim in this service evaluation was to determine whether there was any significant change in rates of incidents on the ward and during leave as a result of this new, less restrictive leave protocol.MethodsData were obtained from the records of incidents on Springbank ward from March 2019 to March 2021. These incidents were recorded by members of staff on the ward, and ranked according to the severity of harm that resulted from these incidents. The rankings from least severe to most severe recorded during the study were ‘No harm’, ‘Low (Minimal Harm)’, and ‘Moderate (Short term harm)’. The number of incidents which occurred for the year before and the year after the policy change were compared. The comparison compared both the total amount of incidents and the sub-types of incidents.ResultsIn the 365 days following the change in protocol, there was a 15.5% decrease in total incidents and a 51.0% decrease in incidents occurring off the ward compared to the 365 days before the change in protocol. Notably there was a 61% decrease in total (both on and off the ward) Moderate (Short term harm) incidents, the most harmful type of incident recorded, following the change in protocol.ConclusionThe decrease in incidents following the change in protocol suggests that replacing the use of a formal risk assessment checklist with a holistic alternative improves patient safety.

Patient and Staff Perspectives on a Non-Restrictive Leave Protocol at Springbank Ward, Specialist Personality Disorder Unit

AimsSpringbank Ward is a specialist unit for patients with a diagnosis of emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD). Psychiatric wards often use restrictive practices to try and minimise suicide risk. Using risk assessment checklists to decide whether to grant leave is one example. Research shows that it is not possible to predict suicide at an individual level, regardless of the assessment method used, so we questioned the utility of such an approach. A previous evaluation of our leave protocol showed that patients and staff would favour a less restrictive and more personalised approach. We introduced a new protocol that eliminated use of checklists, replacing them with an optional 1:1 conversation with staff before leaving the ward. Our aim was to gauge patient and staff satisfaction with the new protocol and investigate their views on the change.MethodsData were obtained through structured interviews with staff who assessed risk (nurses and psychiatrists) and patients. 9 patients and 8 members of staff were interviewed between 9–19 March 2021. Interviewees were presented with diagrams of both the new protocol and old risk assessment checklist and asked a series of questions, including: rating their satisfaction; any potential improvements; and whether they would prefer the previous or current protocol. Thematic analysis of interview answers was used to explore patient and staff perspectives. Two authors independently analysed the interview transcripts, before discussing any discrepancies to reach a unified set of themes, subthemes and codes.ResultsBoth patients and staff gave the new protocol an average satisfaction rating of 4.1/5. Thematic analysis generated five themes: “taking ownership”, “autonomy Vs restriction”, “staff-patient interaction”, “staff expertise” and “protocol efficiency”. Most interviewees agreed that the new protocol supported patients in taking responsibility for their safety, helping to prepare for life in the community. The protocol was considered minimally restrictive and more efficient than the previous system. The importance of communication and trust between patients and staff, as well as the use of staff intuition in holistically assessing risk, was emphasised. Potential disadvantages included the perceived riskiness of reducing restrictions and difficulty seeking support early in the admission.ConclusionIn general, the new protocol is rated highly by patients and staff and is considered to be minimally restrictive and more holistic, in line with the aims established by our previous evaluation. Our findings have implications regarding risk management for inpatients with EUPD.

Development of an Evidence-Based Pediatric Preoperative Risk Assessment Checklist

PurposeTo describe how a pediatric preoperative risk assessment (PPRA) checklist was developed to inform perianesthesia nurses of potential postanesthesia care unit (PACU) respiratory complications. DesignEvidence-based practice approach. MethodsA systematic search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL and Cochrane Library databases for this project. In addition, an integrative review process was conducted to develop an assessment checklist of evidence-based pediatric preoperative risk factor criteria associated with PACU respiratory complications. Evidence-based review focused on summarizing and appraising current research for quality levels for each of the individual pediatric preoperative risk factor that comprised the assessment checklist. FindingsEleven risk categories were established: Age, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status, gender, general anesthesia, airway comorbidities, syndromes/congenital anomalies, pulmonary comorbidities, African American ethnicity, obesity, neurologic comorbidities, and cardiac comorbidities. Multidisciplinary experts came to consensus on content and face validity as well as reliability of the PPRA checklist. ConclusionsThe PPRA checklist presents a rapid way to communicate through handoff the preoperative “big picture” to interpret children's acuity and comprehensive risk for significant pediatric respiratory adverse events in the PACU.

Analysis of Fire Risk Assessment in South Jakarta 2021

Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia, with a dense population of more than 10 million population. DKI Jakarta Province is divided into five city areas, including South Jakarta. South Jakarta has an area of 141,17 km2, with more than three million population. The scope for this study focused on two sub-districts in South Jakarta, which are Pasar Minggu and Jagakarsa. The objective of this study was to provide fire risk situations in two sub-districts of South Jakarta. The study used a descriptive method with non-probabilistic sampling. Data collection was performed from June 2021 to July 2021 through focus group discussions (FGDs) and filling out questionnaires. FGDs were performed to the Local Government Fire Brigade, and questionnaires were filled out by the head of the RW. The FGD guideline and questionnaire were developed based on the fire risk assessment checklist. The checklist instrument was developed by utilizing a disaster fire risk approach, including fire hazard, vulnerability, and fire protection, with twenty-two questions. The data was then analyzed using univariate analysis, bar, and spider chart. The results showed three RWs with severe-risk classification. The factors that increase the risk of fire are the use of combustible building materials and the high density of population and buildings. There were several recommendations contributed such as firefighters must have a list of the high-risk areas and develop a rescue evacuation plan, doing a routine inspection in each target area, and raising public awareness for the community to increase participation in fire risk management.

Probabilistic microsimulation to examine the cost-effectiveness of hospital admission screening strategies for carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae (CPE) in the United Kingdom

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance has been recognised as a global threat with carbapenemase- producing-Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) as a prime example. CPE has similarities to COVID-19 where asymptomatic patients may be colonised representing a source for onward transmission. There are limited treatment options for CPE infection leading to poor outcomes and increased costs. Admission screening can prevent cross-transmission by pre-emptively isolating colonised patients.ObjectiveWe assess the relative cost-effectiveness of screening programmes compared with no- screening.MethodsA microsimulation parameterised with NHS Scotland date was used to model scenarios of the prevalence of CPE colonised patients on admission. Screening strategies were (a) two-step screening involving a clinical risk assessment (CRA) checklist followed by microbiological testing of high-risk patients; and (b) universal screening. Strategies were considered with either culture or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. All costs were reported in 2019 UK pounds with a healthcare system perspective.ResultsIn the low prevalence scenario, no screening had the highest probability of cost-effectiveness. Among screening strategies, the two CRA screening options were the most likely to be cost-effective. Screening was more likely to be cost-effective than no screening in the prevalence of 1 CPE colonised in 500 admitted patients or more. There was substantial uncertainty with the probabilities rarely exceeding 40% and similar results between strategies. Screening reduced non-isolated bed-days and CPE colonisation. The cost of screening was low in relation to total costs.ConclusionThe specificity of the CRA checklist was the parameter with the highest impact on the cost-effectiveness. Further primary data collection is needed to build models with less uncertainty in the parameters.

Impact of Oral Health Educational Intervention for Reduction in New Lesions of Dental Caries: Cross Sectional Study

Oral health in the nation’s evolution, especially in this globalization, an absence of illness in the population plays a key role for a fecund and well established society. Purpose: To see the impact of oral health education intervention to improve oral health practices along-with formation of new carious lesions after oral health education after 3 months of intervention. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Methodology: Children (n=383) were included in present study through non-probability, convenient sampling technique. Children who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were examined with the examination tools on the dental unit office in the RHC for caries risk using a pre-validated caries risk assessment checklist and dental caries detection form. Statistical analysis: Data analyzed by SPSS 21.0v. Results: Majority of respondents (383) 100% didn’t have access to fluoridated water supply. Only 23.5% of the respondents have literate parent’s majority of them (76.5%) have illiterate parents. All the respondents 100% were at moderate risk. In comparison of risk associated with teeth missing due to caries in past 36 months, the respondents at low risk were 63.2%, High risk were 25.3% and moderate risk were 11.5%. Conclusion: This study concluded that intervention of oral hygiene instruction has produced significant results in motivating people for cleaning teeth regularly and avoiding the use of sugary foods and beverages to maintain their oral and general health. The study has interventions of tooth brush with paste and oral hygiene instruction for motivating and treating people. Key Words: Early Childhood Caries, Risk Assessment, Health Education and Oral Hygiene.

Evaluation of Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dental Caries: Cross Sectional Study

Oral health in the nation’s evolution, especially in this globalization, an absence of illness in the population plays a key role for a fecund and well established society. Purpose: To find the prevalence of dental caries along-with the risk factors related to them in rural children of District Kasur. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Methodology: Children (n=383) were included in present study through non-probability, convenient sampling technique. Children who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were examined with the examination tools on the dental unit office in the RHC for caries risk using a pre-validated caries risk assessment checklist and Dental Caries detection form. Statistical analysis: Data analyzed by SPSS 21.0v. Results: There are 83 (22%) male and 300 (78%) females in the present study. The respondents of age 7 and over with active and smooth surface caries 383 (100%). The DMFT status for respondents with age 7-10 was 26.4% , age 11-13 was 53.5% , age 14-15 with was 18.8%. Overall dental caries risk in the participants while categorizing them on the basis of high risk i.e. 55.6% , moderate risk i.e. 42% and low risk i.e. 2.3%. Conclusion: This study concluded that caries are present in the form of tooth decay, molars, plaque, lesions, cavities, and gingivitis. The dental problems can be prevented with cleaning teeth at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste. Key Words: Early Childhood Caries, Risk Assessment, Prevalence and Oral Hygiene.