Risk Analysis Process Research Articles

Risk Analysis of Jet A-1 Tank Filling and Storage Processes at the Shorebase

Coastal Logistics Centers (CLS) provide logistics support to deep-sea drilling operations. Jet A-1 (helifuel), required for helicopters that transfer personnel to drilling ships, is filled into tanks from the tanker arriving at CLS and stored in open areas. Jet A-1 is a hazardous chemical with flammable and toxic effects and can also explode when exposed to flame. Risk analysis of this hazardous chemical is essential for CLS. This study aimed to determine the process hazards and risk analysis in the filling and storage operation of Jet A-1 from tankers to tanks. For this purpose, the Preliminary Hazard List (PHL) and Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) were performed. Then, a Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) study was carried out based on these analysis results. The HAZOP study identified Jet A-1 overflow from the tank as a high-risk event. Afterward, Event Tree Analysis (ETA) was performed on the initial event of Jet A-1 spilling due to tank overflow. In ETA analysis, immediate ignition, delayed ignition, and explosion probabilities resulting from delayed ignition were calculated with the CCPS (Center for Chemical Process Safety) Module. The probability and frequency values of accident scenarios were calculated as P=0.0028, f=1.736 x10-4 year-1 for jet fire, P=0.0225, f=1.395x10-3 year-1 for vapor cloud explosion, P=0.127, f=7.874x10-3 year-1 for flash fire, P=0.847, f = 0.0525 year-1 for toxic release, respectively. It was determined that all accident scenario frequency values were above the legislation threshold value (10-4 year-1). Design solutions and preventive measures have been proposed to reduce risks. The combination of risk analysis methods is effective in risk assessment studies.

A recipe for safer food: The theory of change underpinning risk analysis in the context of the Codex Alimentarius

Food safety has benefited from systematic approaches to assess and control risks. The paradigm of risk analysis calls for the components of risk assessment and risk management to be bridged and complemented with risk communication, yet still be separate activities. In practical terms, risk assessment and risk management are, in fact, heavily interdependent upon one another. Collectively, risk assessments, risk management and risk communications are tools or processes that deliver specific outputs. For food safety enhancement, these outputs must be translated into outcomes to yield the desired impacts—improved food safety, human health, and livelihoods. The purpose of this paper to illustrate, using the example of listeriosis, how steps in the risk analysis process used by the Codex Alimentarius Commission's, Codex Committee on Food Hygiene (CCFH), of the and the FAO/WHO Joint Expert Meeting on Microbiological Risk Assessment (JEMRA) align with the various components of the theory change, ultimately leading to impacts on food safety, enhanced health and livelihoods on the global scale.

Sustainable Information System for Enhancing Virtual Company Resilience Through Machine Learning in Smart City Socio-Economic Scenarios

Abstract This paper introduces an innovative framework for the management of virtual companies in smart urban environments, with an emphasis on socio-economic resilience facilitated by Sustainable Information Systems. The system aims to equip virtual enterprises in smart cities with tools for robust operations amid socio-economic challenges. Its effectiveness is evidenced by improvements in investment risk assessment, business process simulation, and HR project management, enhancing efficiency and foresight. A key feature is predictive analytics for crisis demand forecasting, enabling swift market adjustments and strategic inventory management. It also helps identify alternative clients and suppliers, ensuring business continuity. Integrating machine learning and augmented reality, the system supports automation and strategic decision-making, significantly benefiting the e-commerce sector by addressing fluctuating demand, supply chain issues, and market adaptations during crises. The Sustainable Information System for Virtual Company Management in Smart Cities offers crucial support for e-businesses facing these socio-economic challenges, facilitating their navigation through turbulent times. Its meticulously designed architecture and functionalities make it a powerful instrument for assisting virtual companies in crisis conditions, fostering their sustainable growth within the socio-economic framework of smart urban settings. Comparative studies with existing models underscore this system’s superior efficiency and holistic approach, highlighting its contribution to enhancing the operational efficiency of virtual companies by 95%, reducing the time needed for critical activities like investment risk analysis and business process simulation, and bolstering the socio-economic resilience of smart cities against crises

The Role of Risk Analysis in EU Food Governance: Balancing Scientific Food Safety Factors and External Factors that Inform Risk Management for Healthier Food Systems

Abstract Scientific consensus links dietary choices to health outcomes, highlighting the urgency to prioritise healthy food production in food systems. At the EU level, however, defining healthy food and integrating it into food governance remains a challenge, particularly regarding the inclusion of health-related characteristics in food safety assessments. While the EU primarily relies on the risk analysis principle to address food safety concerns, the process still exhibits weaknesses that hinder its direct impact on fostering a healthier food production landscape. This review demonstrates how the risk analysis process, particularly scientific opinions in risk assessment and external factors (economic and political) in risk management, impact food governance and the healthiness of food systems. We find that while external factors play a crucial role in risk management decisions by incorporating non-food safety considerations, they often stem from an imbalance of power favouring major industry and political stakeholders. This imbalance disproportionately influences decision-making, often overshadowing nutritional and health aspects. To address these challenges, we recommend directing research towards filling knowledge gaps and exploring minority scientific findings, and separating external factors from risk management’s decision-making process, to ensure that food governance prioritises public health and healthy food production.

An extended Bayesian network model for calculating dam failure probability based on fuzzy sets and dynamic evidential reasoning

Effective risk analysis is crucial for ensuring the safe operation of hydropower dams. Existing methods typically rely solely on subjective or objective data. The subjectivity of expert opinions and insufficient objective data affect the reliability of results. To reduce subjectivity in the risk analysis process and enhance the utilization of subjective and objective data, this study proposes an extended Bayesian network (BN) model for calculating the dam failure probability based on fuzzy sets (FSs) and dynamic evidential reasoning. To address the fuzziness and uncertainty of expert opinions, a Gaussian FS was introduced to transform expert opinions into fuzzy numbers. Additionally, a dynamic evidential reasoning approach was proposed to combine subjective and objective data, considering their differences, subjectivity, and potential conflicts. To maintain consistency in the fuzzification and defuzzification processes, an improved Onisawa formula was proposed. Finally, the BN was employed for probability prediction and sensitivity analyses. The model was applied to the Z hydropower dam in China. The results showed that the failure probability was 5.2 × 10−4, and the main controllable risk factors were identified. A comparative analysis was conducted and the results showed that the proposed method had a better ability to handle uncertainty, reduce subjectivity, and mitigate conflicts.

Framework for process risk analysis of maritime accidents based on resilience theory: A case study of grounding accidents in Arctic waters

The complexity and non-linear interactions involved in maritime accidents make it challenging to apply traditional models of risk analysis to them. Resilience is adopting a perspective focuses on holistic aspects of safety across the pre-accident, mid-accident, and post-accident phases. This paper proposes a framework for process risk analysis of maritime accidents based on resilience theory by applying the function resonance analysis method (FRAM). We first identify a three-layer maritime accident based on maritime accident investigation reports and then analyze the potential variability of all relevant functions. Subsequently, a FRAM model is constructed to analyze the accident's functional resonance of accidents by aggregating variations in the functions. Finally, we apply Monte Carlo simulations to compute the values of coupling of all interconnected functions. The ship grounding accidents in Arctic waters is chosen as the case to demonstrate the proposed framework. The relationships of influence between the functions were analyzed to obtain critical coupling pathways of coupling between them, and a time-weighted PageRank algorithm was used to identify key functions. The results show that the proposed approach can reveal vulnerabilities and instabilities in the system, and enables the proposal of targeted, long-term measures of risk control to enhance its resilience and safety.

A novel risk analysis method for hazardous cargo operations at port integrating the HFLC model and DEMATEL method

The development of maritime chemical and industrial trade has led to the large-scale hazardous cargo operations at port, making it essential to conduct risk analysis to analyze the risk factors affecting port safety and prevent the occurrence of accident. However, the complex interrelationships among risk factors in hazardous cargo operations and the uncertainties in the risk analysis process pose significant challenges to the effectiveness of risk analysis results. To this end, this paper proposes an integrated risk analysis method for hazardous cargo operations at port based on the hesitant fuzzy linguistic cloud (HFLC) model and the DEMATEL method. Firstly, 20 risks related to hazardous cargo operations are determined based on accident analysis and previous literatures. The HFLC model is then applied to characterize the linguistic judgements with uncertainty provided by the experts on the different risk factors. Next, the DEMATEL method is extended to the HFLC environment and utilized to calculate the centrality degree and causality degree of different risk factors in the form of HFLC. Finally, ten factors for cause group and effect group are identified separately, and the critical influence relationships between the factors are determined. This study can assist port managers in mitigating the risks of hazardous cargo operations at port, and can also serve as a crucial basis for the formulation of management decision-making and emergency response strategy.

Artificial intelligence for risk analysis-A risk characterization perspective on advances, opportunities, and limitations.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has seen numerous applications for risk analysis and provides ample opportunities for developing new and improved methods and models for this purpose. In the present article, we conceptualize the use of AI for risk analysis by framing it as an input-algorithm-output process and linking such a setup to three tasks in establishing a risk description: consequence characterization, uncertainty characterization, and knowledge management. We then give an overview of currently used concepts and methods for AI-based risk analysis and outline potential future uses by extrapolating beyond currently produced types of output. We end with a discussion of the limits of automation, both near-term limitations and a more fundamental question related to allowing AI to automatically prescribe risk management decisions. We conclude that there are opportunities for using AI for risk analysis to a greater extent than is commonly the case today; however, critical concerns about proper uncertainty representation and the need for risk-informed rather than risk-based decision-making also lead us to conclude that risk analysis and decision-making processes cannot be fully automated.

Beyond the present: How climate change is relevant to pest risk analysis

AbstractClimate change is widely recognized as a critical global challenge with far‐reaching consequences. It affects pest species by altering their population dynamics, actual and potential distribution areas, as well as interactions with their hosts and natural enemies. Climate change thus has potentially important implications for multiple areas of the pest risk analysis (PRA) process. The importance of including climate change in PRA may vary depending on the climatic context of the PRA area in relation to the speed of climate change. If climatic changes within the time horizon of interest are minimal, their potential impact on pest risk is reduced accordingly. For PRAs in a changing climate, we need to be concerned with how future climates could alter our assessment of the risks currently posed by each pest species. While climate can influence the distribution and abundance of pests and hosts alike, its significance will vary depending on the situation. The inclusion of climate change within a PRA also presents challenges. The dynamic nature of climate change, with its complex interactions and uncertainties, can make it difficult to predict and assess the future risks posed by pests accurately. Uncertainties related to future predictions may be much greater than the potential effects associated with climate change and species’ responses to it. This paper outlines examples of the effects of climate change on hosts and different groups of pests, including invertebrates, pathogens, weeds and vector species. The aim is to review the opportunities and challenges of incorporating climate change into PRA, offering insights for a variety of stakeholders including policymakers on this topic.

Intelligent risk management system for enhancing performance of stock market applications

This paper proposes an intelligent risk management system in stock markets based on indications of social media platforms. Based on a brief survey, we found that the literature focuses on identifying, assessing and optimizing risks in stock markets using classical data sources as well as utilizing mathematical, statistical and machine learning techniques. So, we suggest a trendy data source that is social media and employing natural language processing as an advanced technique to identify and estimate risks in stock markets. This NLP model can help the investors of stock markets to be aware of the potential risks, its types and magnitudes which can help them to take the best decisions. In addition, we describe this model and some important expressions for risk analysis, risk recognition and risk estimation are driven. Besides, a practical experiment is provided to identify and evaluate the potential risks in NASDAQ stock market. Moreover, several performance measures are used to validate the efficiency of the proposed model such as the mean accuracy for the processes of risk analysis, risk identification and risk assessment is 73.33 %.

Reconciling risk as threat and opportunity: The social construction of risk in boardrooms.

Board directing is a continuous process of risk analysis and control in response to the duality of risk as threat and opportunity. Judgments are made and remade to simultaneously reduce the potential for damaging threats (e.g., fraud, reputation damage), while exploiting opportunities (e.g., new product development, mergers and acquisitions). Adopting an institutional logics approach, we explore this process of risk analysis and control through the varied subject identities (e.g., directorial roles), risk management practices (the procedures and tools used to identify, assess, and control risk), and risk objects (the product of risk identification, assessment, and control, e.g., a risk matrix or register) of boards. We argue that the contingent interaction between these identities, practices, and objects inform the "risk logic" of a board, which may draw attention to the notion of risk as threat, risk as opportunity, or both threat and opportunity. Using the testimony of 30 executive and nonexecutive directors that represent 62 companies from a range of public, private, and third-sector organizations, we contribute to the literature on the microfoundations of risk analysis in organizations by shining a light on how board directors understand, assess, control, and ultimately govern risk in organizations.

Modified FMEA for risk management in geotechnical structures during hydraulic circuit filling of a hydroelectric power plant

This article presents an approach centered on a modification of the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis Method (FMEA) for risk management concerning geotechnical structures during the hydraulic circuit filling process within a hydroelectric power plant. In this work, the conventional FMEA method, typically employed in various projects and processes, was adapted through the development of specific classification criteria. The primary objective was to enhance the applicability of this method to geotechnical structures during the filling procedure. The validity of this method was confirmed through its application in a case study. This analysis suggests that the newly devised scoring tables have streamlined the risk analysis process by reducing the number of classification categories and adopting a color scale. In addition to their role in classifying failure modes, these tables also serve as a guide for mitigating the risks associated with the filling procedure. The appropriate course of action is determined based on the specific aspects presented in the analyzed geotechnical model. It is our belief that the insights generated by this research will offer valuable support to technical professionals responsible for hydraulic circuit filling in hydroelectric projects. This support aims to enhance the safety of this activity by minimizing the severity of failures and increasing the probability of their detection.

Evaluating Company Efficiency in Malaysian Stock Markets: Insights from DEA and <!-- ============== --> <journal_article publication_type='full_text'> <titles> <title>Risk Analysis and Management and Significance of Halalan Tayyiban Sustainability in Halal Warehousing Operations

The global warehousing and storage market was valued at 451.9 billion in 2021 and is predicted to be approximately USD 605.6 billion by 2026. The current existing landscape of the global warehousing and storage market is skyrocketing dramatically, owing to the rapid enhancement of digitalization, globalization, and technological development. This situation can create both potential and obstacles which directly shows an alarming need for comprehensive risk analysis and management in the industry. In Halal warehousing operation, the Halal product is potentially exposed to a variety of cross-contamination risks that would affect the Halalan Tayyiban integrity, which embraces both the safety risks as well as Halal risks. This study critically focuses on the integration of comprehensive risk analysis and management processes in Halal warehouses by examining any potential risk in depth, ranging from contamination and productivity issues to misconduct. It also explains how the implementation of risk analysis and management could assist in the long-term sustainability of the Halal warehousing industry by ensuring that operations completely adhere to the principle of Halalan Tayyiban while fulfilling the growing market for Halal products. In doing so, the relevant literature was reviewed and analyzed qualitatively using content analysis. Applicable secondary sources, including previous studies, operating handbooks, certification guidelines, and legislation will be reviewed. Therefore, through the implementation of a content analysis approach, the study’s findings demonstrate that Halal products are exposed to various risks and contaminants, during various activities in Halal warehouse business operations. Because risk can result in a significant loss, a critical part of the Halal warehouse business operation is the identification, assessment, elimination, and/or control of hazards. These could be done by conducting a risk analysis and developing a risk management plan with the integration of the Halalan Tayyiban concept.

Experimental research on radiation blockage of the fuel vapor and flame in pool fires

Pool fires are the most prevalent accidents in the process industry. Revealing the physical mechanism of pool fire has both fundamental and practical applications in process safety and risk analysis. This paper intends to study the radiation blockage phenomenon caused by fuel vapor and flame in pool fires. Combustion and evaporation (non-combustion) experiments under different external radiative heat fluxes have been conducted to differentiate the radiation blockage of the fuel vapor and the flame. Four different sooting fuels including methanol, ethanol, n-heptane and toluene were used in the experiments. The radiation blockage of fuel vapor was determined through evaporation experiments. The radiation blockage of flame and the total radiation blockage of pool fires were investigated by burning experiments. Based on the assumptions of radiation gray for flame radiation and external radiation, the effective radiation blockage was determined. It is found that the effective radiation blockage coefficient of the fuel vapor increases with fuel mass flux first, and then gradually approaches a constant value because the radiation absorption capacity of the fuel vapor tends to saturate with the increase of fuel mass flux. The correlations between the fuel vapor radiation blockage coefficient and fuel mass flux are established based on theoretical analysis and experimental data. Moreover, the flame blockage coefficient decreases with external radiation for methanol, ethanol and n-heptane because the fire expands, causing enhanced radiative heat feedback from the flame. For the heavily sooting fuel, toluene, the flame radiation blockage almost remains constant with external radiation due to high soot concentrations.

Analisis Risiko Pelaksanaan Pembangunan Jembatan Waborobo - Batu Popi Kota Bau-Bau

Risk management is a process carried out in order to respond to a risk that occurs or is likely to occur through a process of risk identification and analysis. The implementation of the construction of the Waborobo Bridge - Batu Popi, Bau-Bau City, experienced delays during its implementation. From the identification results, it was found that 35 risks occurred and the results of the risk level assessment using the Probability Impact Matris (PIM) method showed that there were 9 risk variables with dominant categories, namely: High rainfall intensity, high water discharge or flooding, changes in design and technical work due to adjustments. with field conditions, changes in work implementation schedules, poor access to the project site, difficulty accessing heavy equipment to the project site, damage to equipment or heavy equipment during work, delays in material delivery from suppliers and fatigue due to the large amount of work being done overtime. Risk mitigation carried out is planning the sequence of activities well in accordance with weather records, using pumps to remove stagnant water or mud from the project site, waiting for a decision from the owner regarding the design plan that will be used, rescheduling and intensively handling workers and work in progress. experiencing schedule changes, planning access or departure or mobility, looking for alternative tools or replacing with new tools, ordering materials before starting work, making material ordering schedules before starting work, providing optimal supervision, so that materials do not arrive late at the project location, providing additional vitamins for workers on site when doing overtime and increasing the number of working hours (overtime). Keywords: Risk Management, Development, Bridges

Proposal of a facilitating methodology for fuzzy FMEA implementation with application in process risk analysis in the aeronautical sector

PurposeThis study aims to propose a facilitating methodology for the application of Fuzzy FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis), comparing the traditional approach with fuzzy variations, supported by a case application in the aeronautical sector.Design/methodology/approachBased on experts' opinions in risk analysis within the aeronautical sector, rules governing the relationship between severity, occurrence, detection and risk factor were defined. This served as input for developing a fuzzyfied FMEA tool using the Matlab Fuzzy Logic Toolbox. The tool was applied to the sealing process in a company within the aeronautical sector, using triangular and trapezoidal membership functions, and the results were compared with the traditional FMEA approach.FindingsThe results of the comparative application of traditional FMEA and fuzzyfied FMEA using triangular and trapezoidal functions have yielded valuable insights into risk analysis. The findings indicated that fuzzyfied FMEA maintained coherence with the traditional analysis in identifying higher-risk effects, aligning with the prioritization of critical failure modes. Additionally, fuzzyfied FMEA allowed for a more refined prioritization by accounting for variations in each variable through fuzzy rules, thereby improving the accuracy of risk analysis and providing a more realistic representation of potential hazards. The application of the developed fuzzyfied FMEA approach showed promise in enhancing risk assessment in the aeronautical sector by considering uncertainties and offering a more detailed and context-specific analysis compared to conventional FMEA.Practical implicationsThis study emphasizes the potential of fuzzyfied FMEA in enhancing risk assessment by accurately identifying critical failure modes and providing a more realistic representation of potential hazards. The application case reveals that the proposed tool can be integrated with expert knowledge to improve decision-making processes and risk mitigation strategies within the aeronautical industry. Due to its straightforward approach, this facilitating methodology could also prove beneficial in other industrial sectors.Originality/valueThis paper presents the development and application of a facilitating methodology for implementing Fuzzy FMEA, comparing it with the traditional approach and incorporating variations using triangular and trapezoidal functions. This proposed methodology uses the Toolbox Fuzzy Logic of Matlab to create a fuzzyfied FMEA tool, enabling a more nuanced and context-specific risk analysis by considering uncertainties.

Selection of most significant risk factors for Indian tunnel projects: an integrated fuzzy-based MCDM approach

The purpose of this study is to develop a comprehensive fuzzy-based multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology to generate ranking of risk factors on Indian tunnel projects. The complexities and high costs involved in tunnelling projects create a strong necessity to look into quantitative risk assessment so as to prevent project underperformance. The analysis of large number of risk factors makes the task difficult. Thus, the present study attempts to address this challenge by developing a comprehensive framework for risk prioritization. In the previous work, critical risk factors (CRFs) were identified using Relative importance Index from the factor pool. The present study utilizes the Analytic Hierarchy Process approach for the identification of CRFs. The list of 25 critical factors, obtained by integrating both RII and AHP results, is further analyzed using the Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (Fuzzy TOPSIS), based on three criteria, probability of occurrence, impact and cost. The methodology developed in this work will help in selecting the most significant risk factors, thus substantially improving the risk analysis process on Indian tunnel projects. This study contributes towards the development of framework for risk prioritization which will be useful for researchers and practitioners.

Application of the EAST-BL method on a MASS system for Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

As can be seen through the continuous research on the Marine Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) in recent years, several positive as well as optimistic results have been emerged, along with several concerns. In particular, the risk analysis process regarding MASS faces many difficulties as the lack of respective data may lead the estimation of probability or frequency to be extremely uncertain or even biased. To this end, the application of risk informed approaches, that are based on the traditional definition of risk, can be quite misleading. This paper presents a methodology for risk assessment on MASS based on the utilisation of the EAST-BL, a system-based methodology that combines the output of three different networks (i.e., task, social and information) for human and non-human agents of a system to identify hazards and the DNV’s framework for risk assessment from the RBAT study. The objective of the paper is to provide insights regarding the application of EAST-BL on MASS as well as the way that system-based methods can be utilised to enhance the hazard identification and risk assessment processes for MASS.

Performance Evaluation of Business Continuity Plan in Dealing with Threats and Risks in Cilegon Companies Use ISO 22301:2019 & NIST Sp 800-30 R1 Frameworks Case Study: PT. X

This research was conducted at PT.X which is located in Cilegon, Merak-Banten. Seeing the geographical location of PT.X which is in a disaster-prone area, the company must ensure an effective business continuity process. In accordance with government regulations on Electronic-Based Government Systems (SPBE) related to corporate and government business activities, companies must be able to ensure business continuity in every condition that poses a threat and risk, but with no specific obligation that is the basis for the company's business continuity if it does not have a Business Continuity Plan (BCP) process, it will get a sanction. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the existing BCP process at PT X Cilegon and provide recommendations for a standardized BCP framework in the company to ensure business continuity as the company's Business Continuity Management System (BCMS) to avoid all threats and risks. BCP has standards regulated in ISO 22301: 2019 as its framework, and in BCP there is a risk analysis process and this research will be carried out using the NIST SP 800-30 Revision 1 method as its best practice. The evaluation results show that the previous BCP process at PT X Cilegon was not in accordance with the standards and the risk analysis carried out was still based on the ISO that the company had implemented but not ISO 31000 which is the risk management standard, so this study provides recommendations for a BCP framework that is in accordance with the standards and risk analysis with risk analysis methods that produce risk priorities.

Water safety for human supply in rural communities: a risk-based approach for the Brazilian semiarid region

The existence of water in sufficient quantity and quality is directly linked to the maintenance of public health. In this context, the aim of this study is to assess the quality of water used for human consumption in the rural area of Campina Grande, Paraiba, Brazil. The study also examines the sanitation conditions that could lead to potential health risks for the population residing in these areas, due to water contamination. As a result, alternative collective supply solutions (ACS) and individual supply solutions (AIS) were analyzed, starting from water collection to storage at households. A total of 10 sampling points were used, comprising 5 cisterns and 5 water trucks. The physical and chemical analyses included: free and combined residual chlorine (FRC), turbidity, color, pH, electrical conductivity, and the presence of total coliforms and Escherichia coli. Subsequently, a product and process risk analysis was conducted using the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method, which enabled the identification and evaluation of key failure risks and their effects. The physicochemical and microbiological results demonstrated that the waters were unsuitable for human consumption at all collection points. Furthermore, the main hazards identified for the product (water), following the classification of risk priority levels, were the presence of E. coli, the presence of total coliforms, low concentration of FRC, high apparent color, and for the process, the absence of rechlorination in the water consumption reservoir. Ultimately, it was possible to diagnose the non-compliance of the waters from alternative supply solutions with Ministry of Health Ordinance No. 888 of 2021. Additionally, the risk analysis proved to be a highly efficient method for this supply method, successfully pinpointing the main vulnerabilities of these waters to contamination.