Rise In Costs Research Articles

A dissection of Indian growth using a DSGE filter

In order to build a strong and sustainable recovery post the COVID-19 pandemic, we need to draw important observations from the growth experience of the past. In this context, this paper uses a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model that takes into account persistent growth rate shocks to decompose the Indian GDP into potential output and output gap. Apart from analysing the trajectory of potential output-output gap, it also examines their underlying drivers. The results suggest that a combined deceleration in neutral and investment-specific technology growth post 2016, brought down the potential growth to around 6 per cent in 2020Q1. The output gap also witnessed a persistent decline since 2018Q1, primarily due to weak demand and a rise in investment adjustment costs reflecting heightened stress in the investment and financial sectors. A forecasting exercise is also undertaken which shows that the estimates of output gap from the model possess competing inflation forecasting ability compared to HP filtered output gap.

Nonlinear intraday trading invariance in the Russian stock market.

Using high-frequency transaction-level data for liquid Russian stocks, we empirically reveal a joint nonlinear relationship between the average trade size, log-return variance per transaction, trading volume, and the asset price level described by the Intraday Trading Invariance hypothesis. The relationship is also confirmed during stock market crashes. We show that the invariance principle explains a significant fraction of the endogenous variation between market activity variables at the intraday and daily levels. Moreover, our tests strongly reject the mixture of distributions hypotheses that assume linear relationships between log-return variance and transaction intensity variables such as trading volume or the number of transactions. We demonstrate that the increase in the ruble risk transferred by one bet per unit of business time was accompanied by the rise in the average spread cost. Different aggregation schemes are used to mitigate the impact of errors-in-variables effects. Following the predictions of the Information Flow Invariance hypothesis, we also study the relationship between trading activity and the information process approximated by either the flows of news articles or Google relative search volumes of Russian stocks over the 2018–2021 period. The evidence suggests that a sharp increase in the number of retail investors who entered the Moscow Exchange in 2020 entailed a higher synchronization between trading activity and search queries in Google since February 2020, in contrast to the arrival rates of news articles. The changes are driven by the increasing influence of the trading behavior of individual investors using Google Search rather than professional news services as the main source of information.

Pediatric flame burn injuries from adulterated kerosene explosion – A public health alert from Southern Nigeria

Childhood burns injuries remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. Scald injuries had previously been noted to be the predominant aetiologic factor. Burns from kerosene explosions were virtually absent from early epidemiologic studies on burns in Nigeria but have been on a steady rise in the last few years mirroring the rise in kerosene costs. This study aims to highlight the rising incidence of burns from adulterated kerosene explosions among children in Uyo.This was a retrospective study of children aged 3 months – 17 years admitted with burn injuries to the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital over the three-year period between November 2018 and October 2021. The demographic characteristics, aetiologic factors, and treatment outcomes were documented using Microsoft Excel. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS version 25.Sixty-seven cases of pediatric burn injuries were recorded in the period under review accounting for 2.7% of all pediatric emergency admissions. Fifty-eight case records were available for review. Flame burn injuries accounted for 71% of all burn injuries. Kerosene explosions accounted for about 90% of all flame injuries and 64% of all burn injuries. Overall mortality rate was 31% and mortality rate from kerosene explosion burns was 40.5% (p = 0.97). Kerosene was mostly purchased from neighborhood sellers.Flame burn injuries from kerosene explosion have become increasingly prevalent in our society. Factors involved include adulteration of kerosene by sellers with the now cheaper petrol to increase profits, poverty and child neglect. Legislation to punish offenders responsible for adulterating petroleum products and enforcing the child rights act is recommended.

Development of natural gas industry in China: Review and prospect

In order to better promote the sustainable, effective and rapid development of natural gas business and the on-schedule realization of “carbon peak and carbon neutrality” goal, this paper summarizes and reviews the achievements and experience in the development of natural gas industry in China. Then, the influence of energy environmental policies on the development of natural gas industry is analyzed, and domestic natural gas exploration and development situations are dissected. Finally, domestic natural gas exploration and development prospect is forecasted, and the corresponding development suggestions are proposed. And the following research results are obtained. First, under the commitment of the Paris Agreement and the strategy of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, China's natural gas industry faces unprecedented development opportunities. Second, domestic natural gas is characterized by abundant resource bases, low proven rate of resource and clear target and field of reserve and production increase, but the complexity of the resources and the rise of exploration and development cost make it more difficult to realize the large-scale efficient increase of natural gas production. Third, nevertheless, in order to ensure national energy security and reach the dual goals of economic development and environmental protection, China continues to powerfully enhance domestic oil and gas exploration and development. According to the growth trend of new proved gas reserves, it is predicted that the domestic new proved gas reserves by 2040 will be 16 × 1012–20 × 1012 m3, the peak natural gas production of 2900 × 108–3300 × 108 m3 will be reached in 2030, and the proven rate of recoverable gas resources will be around 14%, which indicates the sustainability of the development goal. In order to realize these development goals, five suggestions are put forward: (1) Maintain continuous and stable investment in exploration and development, so that new breakthroughs and discoveries can be achieved continuously in natural gas exploration and natural gas development can keep the production arrow upward while compensating the production decline; (2) Strengthen technological researches and make use of technological and managerial innovation to break through forbidden exploration areas and improve the development benefits of gas fields; (3) Enhance the comprehensive management of developed gas fields to increase their ultimate recovery factor; (4) Optimize domestic and foreign gas sources, conventional and unconventional gas compositions as a whole to improve the ability to deal with gas supply risks; (5) Provide taxation preferences and subsidy policies continuously for unconventional natural gas to speed up the large-scale benefit production increase of unconventional natural gas.

P142. PREDICTION OF ADVERSE OUTCOMES FOLLOWING FREE TISSUE TRANSFER USING LACE INDEX FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC LOWER EXTREMITY WOUNDS

PURPOSE: As healthcare costs rise, scales that predict hospital readmission are needed to identify at-risk patients. The LACE Index is used to predict readmission and mortality within 30 days of discharge. LACE has been studied in plastic surgery populations, but evidence among specific cohorts is lacking. Our aim was to evaluate the utility of LACE in patients undergoing free tissue transfer (FTT) to the lower extremity (LE), a population at high risk of poor outcomes. METHODS: Patients undergoing FTT for chronic LE wounds at our institution between 2013 and 2019 were included. Retrospective chart review was performed for univariate analysis and to calculate LACE Index. Outcomes were defined as emergency department (ED) and inpatient admissions, re-operation, and mortality within 30 and 90 days of discharge. RESULTS: 170 patients were included in our analysis. Post-hoc multivariable logistic regression including age, previous admissions, and different LACE score thresholds found LACE ≥11 was significantly associated with higher odds of 90-day ED admission (OR: 2.424, p=0.023). No association was found between LACE and inpatient readmission or re-operation. No patients died within the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Our analysis demonstrates that certain LACE Index score cut-offs may predict 90-day ED admissions, but LACE may not be suitable to predict readmission following LE FTT. Further studies should ascertain whether LACE is an important risk stratification tool for patients undergoing FTT.

Foundations, Market Failures and the Funding of New Music

In 1965, a short article entitled ‘On the Performing Arts: An Anatomy of their Economic Problems’ appeared in the American Economic Review, the flagship journal of the American Economic Association.1 Written by two Princeton-affiliated economists, William J. Baumol and William G. Bowen, the article laid out in eight short pages a powerful explanation for why the operating costs of so many performing arts organizations consistently overran their earnings, and why this tendency had become more pronounced over time. The problem was not that lavish budgets were being spent on productions, nor that musicians’ unions had wrung too many concessions from management. Rather, the problem was more prosaic, having to do with ‘differential rates of growth in the economy’.2 To illustrate the argument, Baumol and Bowen asked readers to perform a thought experiment: ‘Think of an economy divided into two sectors: one in which productivity is rising and another where productivity is stable.’3 For the sake of simplicity, they explicitly assumed a number of useful fictions: that labour can easily and frictionlessly move between the two sectors; that wage increases across the board will keep pace with productivity growth (a standard if problematic assumption in modern economic theory);4 and that the monetary supply is sufficiently controlled to maintain overall price stability. What, given these assumptions, is the outcome of such a stark split in the economy? In the productive sector, the increase in wages that workers receive will be offset by increased productivity. In the stagnant sector, wages will rise but output will not. And if an organization is to avoid bankruptcy, the only way to do so is by raising prices to cover the rise in labour costs. (Remember, one of Baumol and Bowen’s working assumptions is that wage increases will keep pace with productivity growth, in both productive and stagnant sectors.) Yet this solution to the problem creates another one, since over time prices in the unproductive sector will increase at a much faster rate than those in the productive one, making the products of the former unaffordable to an increasing number of workers.

Factors affecting patient satisfaction related to cost and treatment effectiveness in rheumatoid arthritis: results from the multicenter observational cohort study, FRANK Registry

BackgroundTo further improve rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment, it is necessary to understand each RA patient’s satisfaction and to identify the factors affecting their satisfaction. Despite the rise in medical costs for RA, little is known about the factors that influence patient satisfaction with the cost of treatment in RA patients.MethodsThis is a multicenter observational study of Japanese RA patients from the FRANK Registry with data analyzed from March 2017 to August 2020. We collected data on demographic characteristics, clinical data, quality of life which was evaluated using the EuroQol 5-dimensional questionnaire (EQ5D), and patient satisfaction. The four categories of patient satisfaction were evaluated individually (i.e., cost, treatment efficacy, activities of daily living [ADL], and global treatment satisfaction). We analyzed the factors that affected each patient’s satisfaction, such as age, sex, EQ5D, disease duration, disease activity, and treatment.ResultsThis study included 2235 RA outpatients (406 males, 1829 females). In RA patients, “very satisfied” and “satisfied” were given for nearly half of each satisfaction aspect (cost 49%; efficacy 72%; ADL 58%; global treatment 66%) at the time of the initial registration. To investigate the factors influencing each satisfaction, multivariate analysis has revealed that the use of b/tsDMARDs increased satisfaction of treatment effect (odds ratio [OR] 0.66) and ADL (OR 0.78) but decreased cost satisfaction (OR 2.21). Age (50–64 years; OR 0.91; 65–74 years, 0.55: ≥ 75 years, 0.35), female (OR 0.81), and history of musculoskeletal surgery (OR 0.60) all increased cost satisfaction. Patients with lower disease activity and higher EQ5D scores had higher levels of satisfaction in all areas.ConclusionsIn this study, patient satisfaction in terms of cost, treatment effect, ADL, and overall treatment was generally higher, but some patients were dissatisfied. The cost of satisfaction increased with age and a history of musculoskeletal surgery, while it decreased with a lower EQ5D score and the use of b/tsDMARDs.

Exploration and utilization of maize male sterility resources.

Male sterility refers to the defective development of male reproductive organs, which led to plants incapable of producing normal and functional pollens. Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important food crops, as well as one of the earliest crops to utilize heterosis in breeding. Single cross hybrid has been the main type of maize heterosis utilization for a long time. The planting area of maize hybrid in China has been stable at about 620 million mu. More than one billion kilograms of commercial hybrid seeds are needed each year, and the annual seed production area has been stable at about 2.5 million mu in recent years. So far, manual emasculation has been the major way of maize hybrid seed production in China, which is laborious and time consuming. Generally, spatial isolation is necessary for maize hybrid seed production, this requirement results in only some regions in the country suitable for maize hybrid seed production. Manual emasculation requires seasonal demand of labors. At present, with the urbanization of a large number of rural laborers, the seed production regions experience a serious labor shortage. Accordingly, the cost of seed production increases with the rising of land rent and labor costs. In addition, it is difficult to guarantee the seed purity with manual or mechanical emasculation for hybrid seed production. However, incorporating male sterility into maize hybrid seed production could reduce its cost and ensure hybrid seed purity. It can also avoid the difficulties of manual or mechanical emasculation in field operation under extreme weather conditions. Therefore, it is the inevitable trend of development in the maize seed industry. In this review, we summarize the exploitation and creation of maize cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), maize genic male sterility (GMS) resources in China, and the developing process from natural discovery to targeted creation of male sterility resources in plants, and the research progress of maize male sterility. We then analyze the application status and existing problems of maize male sterility, based on the development trend of maize seed industry, as well as the research and application status of male sterility in China. We also identify seven aspects that need to be further strengthen, thereby providing the reference for the creation, research and utilization of maize male sterility in the future.

Trends in spontaneous physical activity and energy expenditure among adults in a respiratory chamber, 1985 to 2005.

Fidgeting, a type of spontaneous physical activity (SPA), has substantial thermogenic potential. This research aims to examine secular trends in SPA and energy expenditure (EE) inside a respiratory chamber. From 1985 to 2005, healthy adults (n=678; mean age: 28.8 years; men: 60%; 522 Indigenous American, 129 White, and 27 Black) had a 24-hour stay in the respiratory chamber equipped with radar sensors. Body composition, glucose tolerance, fasting insulin, insulin action (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp), and insulin secretion (intravenous glucose tolerance test) were measured as covariates. SPA, adjusted for age, sex, race, and body composition, declined (r=-0.30, p<0.0001), with a concomitant rise in the energy cost of SPA (r=0.30, p<0.0001). The 24-hour EE adjusted for covariates increased (r=0.31, p<0.0001), which was reflected in increases in EE during sleep (r=0.18, p<0.0001) and during the awake, fed condition (r=0.28, p<0.0001). The secular trends in SPA or 24-hour EE were unchanged with adjustment for measures related to glucose metabolism. Secular trend analyses showed a decline in fidgeting. However, this decline in SPA was partially counterbalanced by an increase in energy cost of this activity and a rise in EE. Nevertheless, our results support public health efforts to promote small but sustained changes in these behaviors.

Cost and clinical effectiveness of aggressive surgical debridement and delayed primary closure of infected cardiac surgical wounds.

Postoperative wound infection in cardiac surgery remains a subject of significant concern due to associated morbidity, prolonged hospital stay and rise in treatment cost. A conservative management approach to postoperative wound infection with topical dressings and healing by secondary intention is not cost-effective and cosmetic results are less acceptable. We developed our institutional protocol for the treatment of infected postoperative cardiac surgical wounds to reduce hospital stay and improve cosmetic outcome. This study aims to compare our institutional protocol with the conservative management approach. Adult patients with postoperative superficial or deep sternal and/or leg wound infection were divided into two equal-sized groups and data collected from medical records. Group A was treated according to our institutional protocol of aggressive surgical debridement and delayed primary closure. Group B was treated according to conservative management with topical antiseptic wound dressings and healing by secondary intention. Data were analysed in retrospect with comparative statistics. A total of 30 patients took part in the study. Group A (n=15, seven male, eight female) had a mean age of 55.34±12.84 years. Group B (n=15, eight male, seven female) had a mean age of 56.46±10.21 years. Mean length of hospital stay in Group A and Group B was 5.13±2.06 and 36.67±22.28 days, respectively (p<0.0001). Calculated mean hospital costs were 16,271.61±6815.50 Saudi Riyals (approximately equivalent to $4330±700 USD) in Group A and 116,212.2±26,311 Saudi Riyals (approximately equivalent to $30,932±1813 USD) in Group B (p<0.05). Patients in Group A had linear scars comparable with primary postoperative wound scars, whereas patients in Group B had excessive non-linear scarring. In this study, cost and clinical effectiveness of aggressive surgical debridement and delayed primary closure was superior to conservative management with topical antiseptic wound dressings and healing by secondary intention in terms of a shorter hospital stay and better cosmetic outcome.

A Review on Experimental Models for Screening Plant Food and Human Nutrition

Background: Malnutrition is a common universal health problem, but it is more chronic for developing countries. Due to increasing nursing home recognition, it has become a major research priority internationally. Lower immunity due to malnutrition has a high prevalence and other clinical consequences. Disease-related malnutrition is potentially severe for patients and has a high economic impact on the healthcare system. Objectives: The aim of this review is to describe various experimental models employed for the evaluation of malnutrition and immunomodulatory activities. Methods: This review is intended for both clinicians and researchers to describe several screening methods that better suit the type of lead compounds and are suitable for screening molecules for better treatment outcomes. Results: This review focuses on the various screening methods for the evaluation of malnutrition and suggests their implications in the research and practice. Conclusion: The malnutrition-induced diseases cause a rise in health care costs that can be minimized with an introduction of drugs and nutritional supplements by selecting proper screening models and performing exhaustive research.

GST: Awareness and Overview in Haveri District

The single tax system reduces transportation time. But, the services of external consultants are used for various tax matters. The country’s taxation system has improved with the help of GST and the government should take more efforts to training and educating public. Due to frequent change in GST law, companies need to change their accounting system. The technical cost and legal cost in GST are very high and not satisfied with available required services of GST. So, transition to GST is very difficult. Some common problems faced by business are increased overhead expense, supply chain structure, excessive compliances and filling, delays in refund, GST filling, decline in business, refund mechanism and rise in input cost. The satisfaction level of GST after implication has not reached the expectation of all Governments, consumers &amp; business. The urgent requirements for improvement in the nation’s interest include rationalizing GST rates, removing excess processes, creating efficiencies and removing debatable aspects. The present study analyzes the awareness and overview of GST in the study area. Key Words: Tax, GST, Revenue, Difficulties, Awareness, Overview, India.

Improved utilization of IrOx on Ti4O7 supports in membrane electrode assembly for polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzer

Recently, since the continuous rise in cost and scarcity of iridium, it is necessary to minimize the iridium-loading in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for large-scale green hydrogen production systems. In this study, IrOx/Ti4O7 catalysts were prepared to increase the utilization of IrOx in the MEA by evenly dispersing the structurally layered IrOx on Ti4O7 support via a modified simple solution-reduction method. Among the catalysts with various iridium/support ratios, the IrOx/Ti4O7(7:3) catalyst demonstrated the optimal balance of catalytic activity, catalytic stability, and corrosion resistance. IrOx/Ti4O7(7:3) catalyst demonstrated a higher mass activity of 372 mA mg-1 at 1.55 V, stable durability period of > 12 h under accelerated stability test (AST), and a low iridium dissolution rate of 0.078 ppbIr h-1. A single-cell test was further conducted using the IrOx/Ti4O7(7:3) catalyst to reveal its catalytic activity in the MEA. Consequently, the mass activity of the IrOx/Ti4O7(7:3) catalyst was found to increase by 139% in comparison to a black IrOx/None catalyst. Additionally, in the single-cell durability test (applied 1 A cm-2 for 50 h), the IrOx/Ti4O7(7:3) catalyst demonstrated a degradation rate of only 0.6 mV h-1 at 1000 A g-1 which can be estimated to have reasonable stability. Therefore, it is anticipated that the IrOx/Ti4O7(7:3) catalyst will reduce the amount of high-cost iridium in the MEA and will result in a low-cost and efficient polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzer system for large-scale hydrogen production.

The real effects of invoicing exports in dollars

Exporting firms face foreign exchange risk when the export contract is invoiced in a foreign currency. For instance, for firms located outside of the United States, the US dollar is often used as a vehicle currency. The cost of hedging against this risk represents an additional trade cost for exporters, which is specific to the targeted destination. In this paper, we exploit an episode of heightened tensions in the USD/EUR foreign exchange market in July 2011, which increased the cost of hedging against US dollar fluctuations for French exporters. Using disaggregated information on bank balance sheets, bank-firm relationships and individual export flows for France, we show that exporters with a higher propensity to use hedging instruments reduced more their exports to “US dollar destinations” after this shock. For the average “treated” individual export flow in our sample, the increased hedging cost is equivalent to a counterfactual rise in trade costs by about 3 percentage points.

Impacts of bariatric surgery in health outcomes and health care costs in Brazil: Interrupted time series analysis of multi-panel data

BackgroundThe increasing burden of obesity generates significant socioeconomic impacts for individuals, populations, and national health systems worldwide. The literature on impacts and cost-effectiveness of obesity-related interventions for prevention and treatment of moderate to severe obesity indicate that bariatric surgery presents high costs associated with high effectiveness in improving health status referring to certain outcomes; however, there is a lack of robust evidence at an individual-level estimation of its impacts on multiple health outcomes related to obesity comorbidities.MethodsThe study encompasses a single-centre retrospective longitudinal analysis of patient-level data using micro-costing technique to estimate direct health care costs with cost-effectiveness for multiple health outcomes pre-and post-bariatric surgery. Data from 114 patients who had bariatric surgery at the Hospital of Clinics of the University of Sao Paulo during 2018 were investigated through interrupted time-series analysis with generalised estimating equations and marginal effects, including information on patients' characteristics, lifestyle, anthropometric measures, hemodynamic measures, biochemical exams, and utilisation of health care resources during screening (180 days before) and follow-up (180 days after) of bariatric surgery.ResultsThe preliminary statistical analysis showed that health outcomes presented improvement, except cholesterol and VLDL, and overall direct health care costs increased after the intervention. However, interrupted time series analysis showed that the rise in health care costs is attributable to the high cost of bariatric surgery, followed by a statistically significant decrease in post-intervention health care costs. Changes in health outcomes were also statistically significant in general, except in cholesterol and LDL, leading to significant improvements in patients' health status after the intervention.ConclusionsTrends multiple health outcomes showed statistically significant improvements in patients' health status post-intervention compared to trends pre-intervention, resulting in reduced direct health care costs and the burden of obesity.

The Perceived Impacts of Staging the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar

ABSTRACT This paper aimed to examine residents’ attitudes and perceptions of the social and cultural impacts of the 2022 FIFA World Cup and to understand the legacy dimensions of this sport event in Qatar. Drawing on social exchange theory, this paper reports results from survey data comprising 1018 nationals and 1014 expatriates who participated in the Survey of Perceptions and Attitudes towards the 2022 FIFA World Cup conducted in 2019 in Qatar. An impact scale comprising 21 social and cultural impact items was used to elicit participants’ responses. Results from ANOVA indicated that nationality matters with respect to perceived significant predictors of the World Cup. Results revealed that residents, national and expatriates, were supportive of hosting the event in Qatar but were concerned over traffic, pollution, price increases, and the potential rise in the overall cost of living. The paper concludes with implications for mega-sports events and future research are proposed.

Functional somatic syndromes are associated with suboptimal outcomes and high cost after shoulder arthroplasty.

The presence of functional somatic syndromes (chronic physical symptoms with no identifiable organic cause) in patients undergoing elective joint arthroplasty may affect the recovery experience. We explored the prevalence of functional somatic syndromes among shoulder arthroplasty patients, as well as their association with postoperative outcomes and costs. We identified 480 patients undergoing elective total shoulder arthroplasty (anatomic or reverse) between 2015 and 2018 in our institutional registry with minimum 2-year follow-up. Medical records were queried for the presence of 4 well-recognized functional somatic syndromes: fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic headaches, and chronic low-back pain. Multivariable linear regression modeling was used to determine the independent association of these diagnoses with hospitalization time-driven activity-based costs and 2-year postoperative American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE), and pain scores. Nearly 1 in 5 patients (17%) reported at least 1 functional somatic syndrome. These patients were more likely to be women, to be chronic opioid users, to report more allergies, to have a diagnosis of anxiety, and to have shoulder pathology other than degenerative joint disease (all P ≤ .001). After multivariable adjustment, the presence of at least 1 functional somatic syndrome was independently predictive of lower 2-year ASES (-9.75 points) and SANE (-7.63 points) scores and greater residual pain (+1.13 points) (all P ≤ .001). When considered cumulatively, each additional functional disorder was linked to a stepwise decrease in ASES and SANE scores and an increase in residual pain (P < .001). These patients also incurred higher hospitalization costs, with a stepwise rise in costs with an increasing number of disorders (P < .001). Functional somatic syndromes are common in patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty and correlate with suboptimal outcomes and greater resource utilization. Efforts to address the biopsychosocial determinants of health that affect the value proposition of shoulder arthroplasty should be prioritized in the redesign of care pathways and bundling initiatives.

The impact of the price support policy on stimulating wheat production in Iraq For the period 2010-2020

Despite the importance and effectiveness of the policy of supporting agricultural prices, in Iraq, support for the requirements of agricultural production has been discontinued and is limited to supporting the final product and exclusively strategic crops. After the US occupation in 2003, but after 2008, the state resumed some support activities represented by financial loans through the agricultural initiative, according to which large loans were given and hundreds of billions of dinars without interest, in addition to providing limited support for some agricultural production requirements such as fertilizers, harvesters and drawers, in addition to subsidizing Prices of the final product of wheat. However, despite the high purchase price of wheat, the price impact on wheat production was weak, not the imbalance in the price, but rather a significant rise in production costs due to the weakness and limited government support for production requirements and its limitation to fertilizers, drawers and harvesters, and the cessation of support for improved seeds and pesticides. In addition to the significant rise in the prices of oil derivatives that are included in most agricultural operations through diesel generators for irrigation, pullers and harvesters. The high wages of transport and manpower, and the weak margin of government support compared to the significant increase in the prices of agricultural production inputs. As well as the weakness of the financial and information capabilities of the Iraqi farmer, in contrast to the monopoly of international companies on the elements of the agricultural technology package, which prevented their import. Therefore, this research came to shed light on the nature of government support, and to know the extent of the impact of the price support policy on wheat production in Iraq. Support the prices of the final output.

Один из приводов механизма выравнивания жизненного уровня населения Севера

The article presents the arguments for the activation of one of the mechanisms proposed by the authors in previous issues of the journal to equalize the living standards of the population in the regions of the Far North and areas equated to them. The state? Being in a symbiosis of liberal and dirigiste concepts of development, in the North, is forced to act as the main player in the market. In the long term, the main player is faced with the task of sustainable development of the living conditions of the population living in the North, because the real resource-based economy, after all, is the economy of a visible perspective, and not of future generations of Russians. The desire of people for comfort cannot be prevented and it is unlikely that it will be possible to increase the population in the North. The state needs to plan in the long run for today’s current population in the North. The determining factor in improving the living standards of the population in the North is the high-quality heat supply of utility, social and industrial facilities. Heat supply in the North is at the same time a factor in the rise in production costs. Its transition everywhere to equal conditions for the government to equalize tariffs for thermal energy to the average Russian level. Equalization of heat energy tariffs prior to this transition will create dependent conditions for consumers. The main brake on the transition is the lack of standards that fully take into account the loss of resistance to heat transfer by the enclosing structures of buildings and structures as they wear out. High specific energy costs for expenses with wear and tear of observers have the ability to prevent the installation of common house meters, respectively, the entire article about the beginning of the experience of rationing energy consumption by growth with depreciation in the area of responsibility of Sakha (Yakutia) and mass events to stimulate energy conservation.

A study on sharing logistics network design under uncertain demand in a competitive environment

The growth of e-retailing market is driving a rise in logistics cost and risk of late delivery. Collaborative logistics is a key solution to improve the situations. Logistics platform that connects multiple carriers, terminals, and warehouses helps to adjust transportation and storage capacity to meet demand. In recent years, wholesalers and trading companies have launched platform services, but these services are in a competitive environment with manufacturers’ direct sales services and 3PLs. For a successful platform business, pricing and lead times must be determined to increase the profitability of the entire supply chain. To contribute to strategic management of logistics platform, we develop a supply chain model consisting of one supplier, one 3PL provider, and one wholesaler who operates a logistics platform. Focusing on the customer’s choice of delivery service option, we incorporated the competition between a platform service and a 3PL service into the model. The wholesaler maximizes its profit by optimizing the platform service fee, while the supplier maximizes its profit by optimizing the unit sales profits. Through several numerical experiments, we evaluate the influence of several factors representing the supply chain on the optimal decision and profits of the supplier and the wholesaler. Since the proportion of the demand for shorter delivery time has a large effect on the profits, the wholesaler needs to set the appropriate platform service fee and the profit margin, and maintain stable management by balancing the profit from wholesale business and from platform operations.