Temperature Rise Research Articles

Pair Potential between Poloxamer 407 Micelles in 14 wt % Aqueous Solution Clarifying the Sol-Gel-Sol Transition by Temperature Rise.

Poloxamer 407 (P407) is used as a safety-guaranteed, invaluable pharmaceutical nanocarrier. The aqueous solution of P407 exhibits sol-to-gel and gel-to-sol transitions, specifically during a temperature rise. Here, we develop a method to determine the pair potential between colloidal particles based primarily on experimental small-angle scattering data. Using this approach, the pair potential between the P407 micelles in the sol-gel-sol transition state is revealed without prelimiting any type of interaction forces. The results indicate that the increase in the attractive interaction contributes to enhancing the volume fraction, which is the decisive parameter for the gelation in terms of the Alder transition theory, i.e., the fluid-to-crystal phase transition of the hard-sphere model in the micelle system. This study demonstrates that one of the key mechanisms of the gel-to-sol transition upon heating is the enhancement of the structural fluctuation due to widening of the potential well in the intermicellar pair potential.

Influence of graphene on the composite modified asphalt based on viscoelastic and elastic properties

In order to explore high-viscosity, high-elasticity composite modified asphalt materials suitable for drainage pavements, different dosages of graphene-modified asphalt and graphene composite-modified asphalt were prepared. Elastic recovery efficiency and rotational viscosity as the main experimental indicators for modified asphalt are employed to determine the optimal dosage of graphene and help conduct a study on the viscoelastic properties, analyzing the fatigue performance of the modified asphalt through linear amplitude sweep (LAS). Based on molecular dynamics simulation (MD) to build an asphalt model, the study on viscoelastic properties uses calculated viscosity and the asphalt glass transition temperature range (Tg) obtained from simulation results as indicators to verify the optimal dosage of graphene. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is utilized to reveal the effects of different dosages of graphene modification. The research results indicate that the optimal dosages of graphene in graphene-modified asphalt and graphene composite-modified asphalt are 0.1 % and 0.2 %, respectively. At these concentrations, graphene significantly enhanced the elastic recovery properties of the matrix asphalt (113 % increase) and the composite-modified asphalt (28 % increase). In terms of rotational viscosity, the matrix asphalt saw a 54 % rise with the addition of graphene, while the composite-modified asphalt experienced a substantial 151 % increase. Notably, the incorporation of graphene also resulted in a rise in the glass transition temperature and a reduction in the length of the graphene-modified asphalt, signifying an improvement in its elastic properties. Furthermore, the calculated viscosity of the graphene-modified asphalt and composite-modified asphalt surged by 47.49 % and 64.01 %, respectively. Additionally, SEM results indicate that differences in the effects of graphene modification are primarily due to the dispersion and coating extent of graphene.

Implementation of Rapid Nucleic Acid Amplification Based on the Super Large Thermoelectric Cooler Rapid Temperature Rise and Fall Heating Module

In the rapid development of molecular biology, nucleic acid amplification detection technology has received more and more attention. The traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) instrument has poor refrigeration performance during its transition from a high temperature to a low temperature in the temperature cycle, resulting in a longer PCR amplification cycle. Peltier element equipped with both heating and cooling functions was used, while the robust adaptive fuzzy proportional integral derivative (PID) algorithm was also utilized as the fundamental temperature control mechanism. The heating and cooling functions were switched through the state machine mode, and the PCR temperature control module was designed to achieve rapid temperature change. Cycle temperature test results showed that the fuzzy PID control algorithm was used to accurately control the temperature and achieve rapid temperature rise and fall (average rising speed = 11 °C/s, average falling speed = 8 °C/s) while preventing temperature overcharging, maintaining temperature stability, and achieving ultra-fast PCR amplification processes (45 temperature cycle time < 19 min). The quantitative results show that different amounts of fluorescence signals can be observed according to the different concentrations of added viral particles, and an analytical detection limit (LoD) as low as 10 copies per μL can be achieved with no false positive in the negative control. The results show that the TEC amplification of nucleic acid has a high detection rate, sensitivity, and stability. This study intended to solve the problem where the existing thermal cycle temperature control technology finds it difficult to meet various new development requirements, such as the rapid, efficient, and miniaturization of PCR.

New insights into the interaction between sorbitol-based liquid-type temperature rise inhibitor and cement hydration: From experiments to molecular dynamic simulations

The use of temperature rise inhibitors (TRIs) holds significant promise in mitigating thermal cracking issues in modern concrete by controlling the precipitation of C-S-H gel, the main product of cement hydration. However, the complexity of their interaction with the non-classical nucleation process of C-S-H remains unclear. This study systematically investigated the influence of a sorbitol-based liquid-type temperature rise inhibitor (L-TRI) on the hydration kinetics of cement suspension using a combination of methods, including conductivity testing, pore solution analysis, and molecular dynamic simulations. It is revealed that the admixture-to-water ratio, rather than admixture-to-cement ratio, governs the effect of L-TRI on cement hydration. The disturbance of L-TRI molecules in the pore solution, mainly calcium complexation and water stabilization, plays a decisive role in inhibiting the secondary nucleation of C-S-H and decelerating the following growth. In contrast, L-TRI has a negligible influence on cement dissolution and the formation of C-S-H precursor.

Dynamic thermal runaway evolution of Li-ion battery during nail penetration

The nail penetration test is widely adopted to evaluate the safety of lithium-ion batteries by triggering the internal short circuit. This work compares the phenomena, temperature rise rate, surface temperature, and mass loss under the penetration test for different nail materials, nail diameters, and cell SOCs. The thermal runaway behaviour and characteristics of these test cells are studied in depth. The results show that the maximum temperature and temperature rise rate of the cell increase with the increase of SOC. The maximum temperature and the temperature rise rate of the cell decrease with the increase of the nail diameter. Under high SOC conditions (greater than 75 % SOC), the more conductive nail increases the release of Joule heat generation inside the battery, which leads to a more intense thermal runaway behaviour. At low SOC (less than 50 % SOC), the more conductive nail promote cooling, which reduces the intensity of thermal runaway. However, non-conductive nails show the exact opposite effect. This dual effect of different nail materials was elucidated by a simplified heat transfer analysis. By calculating the heat production and heat dissipation during the thermal runaway process, the effects of the nail material and the cell SOCs on the thermal runaway behaviour of the battery can be summarized. This work deepens the understanding of the safety of batteries under external shocks and provides new scientific insights into battery design and its safety testing.

Eco-friendly synthesis, characterization, and properties of copper oxide nanoparticles in cashew gum/polypyrrole blend for energy storage applications

Conducting biopolymer blend nanocomposites of cashew gum (CG) and polypyrrole (PPy), with varying concentrations of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesized through an in-situ polymerization method using water as a sustainable solvent. The formation of blend nanocomposites was characterized using UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). UV spectroscopy revealed a significant reduction in absorption intensity with the addition of CuO, indicating enhanced optical properties. FT-IR and XRD analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of CuO into the CG/PPy blend. FE-SEM images revealed the uniform distribution of nanoparticles throughout the biopolymer blend, particularly in the 7 wt% sample. TGA and DSC results demonstrated a significant enhancement in thermal stability, increasing from 352 °C to 412 °C and a rise in the glass transition temperature from 89 °C to 106 °C in the blend nanocomposites. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss, impedance, Nyquist plot, electrical conductivity, and electric modulus were extensively examined at different temperatures and frequencies. The dielectric constant of the CG/PPy blend increased from 2720 to 92,950 with the addition of 7 wt% CuO, measured at 100 Hz. The improved glass transition temperature, thermal stability, and superior electrical properties imply potential usage of the developed nanocomposite in nanoelectronics and energy storage applications.

Study on the Hydration Heat Effect and Pipe Cooling System of a Mass Concrete Pile Cap

Under the action of cement hydration heat, the construction environment, thermal insulation measures, and pipe cooling systems, a mass concrete pile cap is subject to a complex internal temperature field, which makes it difficult to control its internal surface temperature difference (TISTD), the internal adiabatic temperature rise (TIATR), and the surface temperature (TST). In this study, a mass concrete pile cap of a very large bridge (the length, width, and height were 26.40 m, 20.90 m, and 5.00 m, respectively, and the central-pier pile cap was constructed with C40 concrete) was taken as the research object. The control factors affecting the temperature field of the pile cap were determined by comparing the field temperature measurements with the values calculated with finite element software simulation analysis. By using Midas Civil (2022 v1.2) and Midas FEA (NX 2022) finite element software, these factors (the concrete mold temperature, the concrete surface convection coefficient, the ambient temperature, the pipe cooling system parameters, etc.) were numerically analyzed, and their influence laws and degrees were determined.

Research on temperature distribution rule and influencing factors of integrated mechanized stope in potassium salt mine

Managing heat damage presents a significant challenge in deep mechanized stopes. Investigating and analyzing temperature distribution patterns and influential factors within the stope environment holds profound importance for enhancing thermal conditions. This study establishes a coupling model of convection and heat transfer, encompassing air flow, heat transfer, species transport and water evaporation. Additionally, a physical model is developed using the Integrated Mechanized Stope at the Laos Kaiyuan Mining potash salt mine as a representative case study. The accuracy of the numerical model is confirmed through comparison with measured data and numerical simulations. Results from numerical simulations indicate that heat dissipation from electromechanical equipment is the primary cause of stope temperature rise. In the stope stabilized airflow region, temperatures near the bottom plate are lower compared to those near the top plate, with an average temperature difference of 1.09 °C. Variation in key parameters reveals that stope temperature decreases with reduced initial airflow temperatures and surrounding rock temperatures, while it increases with diminished initial air volume. Variance analysis indicates the order of influence of key parameters on stope temperature, with initial airflow temperature exerting the greatest impact, followed by surrounding rock temperature and initial air volume. The optimal parameter scheme for controlling heat damage in the stope includes an initial airflow temperature of 22 °C, a surrounding rock temperature of 35 °C, and an initial air volume of 20 kg/s. It can reduce the average temperature of the stope's main working area to 26.21 °C. This study offers a theoretical foundation and practical reference for managing heat damage in underground mining Integrated Mechanized Stopes.

Multi-physics field coupling interface lubrication contact analysis for gear transmission under various finishing processes

Surface integrity is crucial for the load-bearing capacity, transmission performance, and service life of gears. Finishing processes can effectively improve surface quality and are widely used in gear manufacturing processes to enhance surface integrity and improve the service performance of gears. Five precision machining tests of form grinding, vibratory finishing, barrel finishing, honing, and abrasive flow machining were conducted on spur gears. High-precision surface integrity characterization methods were used to analyze the surface integrity parameters of the finished gear surfaces, including surface roughness, surface microtopography, residual stress, texture aspect ratio, roughness peak curvature radius. The finishing processes uniformity and effectiveness of the tooth profile surface were also evaluated. By using the finished rough surfaces as inputs and considering the impact of thermal elasto hydrodynamic lubrication on the gear surface, a multi-field coupling contact analysis model encompassing solid, liquid, and thermal fields at the gear meshing interface was established. Lubrication performance parameters such as oil film pressure, oil film thickness, oil film temperature rise, and friction coefficient under various finishing surfaces were compared and analyzed. Experimental results indicate that barrel finishing can simultaneously improve various parameters, such as surface roughness, texture aspect ratio, and compressive residual stress. Finishing processes can effectively reduce surface roughness, improve lubrication performance and reduce the risk of scuffing failure. This approach provided an effective method for the comprehensive evaluation of the effects of various finishing processes. The developed program offers theoretical guidance and data support for the selection and optimization design of gear surface finishing processes.

The effect of an auxiliary spring on the decrease of contact resistance and contact temperature for power automotive connector

Power automotive connectors used to connect two electrical systems in an electric vehicle should resist the rising of electric power or electric current. The latter can cause a rise in contact temperature by the Joule effect and can damage a connector improperly designed. The purpose of this work is to study experimentally and numerically the influence of the addition of a second spring on the ability of a power connector to transmit a high current. For this reason, an experimental test has been held on a connector without a second spring to measure contact resistance and contact temperature; then, a finite element model FEM of this connector was developed to compare and validate the numerical results with the experimental results. In addition, another FE model with a second spring was used to minimize contact resistance and contact temperature. Moreover, a theoretical model has shown its effectiveness in contact temperature and contact area calculations; it provides good agreement with experimental and numerical results. Numerical results show that the effect of the addition of a 2nd spring on the decrease of the contact temperature and contact resistance is significant. In addition, the thermo-electrical analysis by finite element shows that the current limit supported by a power connector with an auxiliary spring will equal twice the current supported by a power connector with one spring. FE mechanical analysis shows that the maximum mechanical stress in the connector with an auxiliary spring remains lower than the 2nd spring material yield stress. Finally, experimental and numerical results are in good agreement.

The dominant warming season shifted from winter to spring in the arid region of Northwest China

The arid region of Northwest China (ARNC) has experienced a significantly higher warming rate than the global average and exhibits pronounced seasonal asymmetry, which has important implications for the region’s water-dependent systems. To understand the spatiotemporal patterns and driving mechanisms of seasonal asymmetric warming in the ARNC, we investigated seasonal changes in temperature rise and their underlying causes based on station and reanalysis data. We found that the dominant season of temperature increase shifted from winter to spring. The contribution of spring warming to the total temperature increase rose from −5%–7% to 58%–59%, while the contribution of winter warming decreased from 60%–75% to −4%–9%. However, the mechanisms underlying spring warming and winter cooling differ. An increase in solar radiation caused by a decrease in cloud cover (R = −0.64) was the main reason for spring warming, while a strengthening Siberian High primarily drove winter cooling.

Au Nanoshell-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Colorimetric and Photothermal Dual-Mode Detection of Interleukin-6

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) detection and monitoring are of great significance for evaluating the progression of many diseases and their therapeutic efficacy. Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is one of the most promising point-of-care testing (POCT) methods, yet suffers from low sensitivity and poor quantitative ability, which greatly limits its application in IL-6 detection. Hence, in this work, we integrated Aushell nanoparticles (NPs) as new LFIA reporters and achieved the colorimetric and photothermal dual-mode detection of IL-6. Aushell NPs were conveniently prepared using a galvanic exchange process. By controlling the shell thickness, their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak was easily tuned to near-infrared (NIR) range, which matched well with the NIR irradiation light. Thus, the Aushell NPs were endowed with good photothermal effect. Aushell NPs were then modified with IL-6 detection antibody to construct Aushell probes. In the LFIA detection, the Aushell probes were combined with IL-6, which were further captured by the capture IL-6 antibody on the test line of the strip, forming a colored band. By observation with naked eyes, the colorimetric qualitative detection of IL-6 was achieved with limit of 5 ng/mL. By measuring the temperature rise of the test line with a portable infrared thermal camera, the photothermal quantitative detection of IL-6 was performed from 1~1000 ng/mL. The photothermal detection limit reached 0.3 ng/mL, which was reduced by nearly 20 times compared with naked-eye detection. Therefore, this Aushell-based LFIA efficiently improved the sensitivity and quantitative ability of commercial colloidal gold LFIA. Furthermore, this method showed good specificity, and kept the advantages of convenience, speed, cost-effectiveness, and portability. Therefore, this Aushell-based LFIA exhibits practical application potential in IL-6 POCT detection.

Nano-, micro- and macro-indentation tests of thermal spray WC-Ni coatings with lamellar microstructure at different particle deposition temperatures

The mechanical properties of WC-Ni coatings by HVOF thermal spraying were comprehensively evaluated by indentation tests at a wide load range of 10−1-103 N, i.e. nano-, micro- and macro-indentations. The correlation between process parameters and coating microstructure and mechanical properties was characterized via particle deposition temperature. The coating microstructure changes in reduced porosity, enhanced WC phase decomposition and better splats flattening were correlated to the particle deposition temperature rising. A porosity divergence between coating surface and cross-section was found as a quantitative anisotropy indicator to coating intrinsic lamellar microstructure formed by the splats flattening and piling up. Considering the lamellar microstructure, indentation responses on coating surface and cross-section were compared for hardness and elastic modulus evaluation below 3 N. The surface hardness is higher than that of cross-section, and both increased correlatively to the particle deposition temperature rising except for the almost constant surface hardness below 1 N. An analogous particle temperature-dependent behavior was also manifested for the elastic modulus by nano-indentation below 1 N. Interestingly, the elastic modulus by coating surface micro-indentation at 30 N presented identical particle temperature dependence to that by coating cross-section nano-indentation, both consistently representing the overall coating elastic modulus change trend verified by non-destructive ultrasonic test. Indentation fracture toughness on coating surface under 1.96 kN and on coating cross-section under 49 N was comparatively evaluated, and the values had a reverse trend of dependence on the particle deposition temperature. The particle-deposition-temperature dependent mechanical properties were interpreted by the coating intra-splats and inter-splats defects reduction with enhanced carbide-metal bonding essentially determined by the melting state of the metal binder phase, providing an insight to utilize indentation tests for characterizing thermal spray coatings.

Inactivation of murine norovirus and hepatitis A virus on various frozen fruits using pulsed light

The frozen fruit sector has experienced significant growth due to improved product quality as well as the advantage of long-term preservation. However, freezing alone does not eliminate foodborne viruses, a major public health concern and considerable economic burden. One promising disinfecting treatment is pulsed light, shown previously to inactivate hepatitis A virus (HAV) and murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1) on the surface of fresh berries. Viral loads were reduced by 1–2 log, with minor visual quality deterioration observed. In this study, an FDA-compliant pulsed light treatment (11.52 J/cm2) was applied to frozen fruits and berries. Infectious MNV-1 and HAV titers were reduced by 1–2 log on most frozen fruits. A noteworthy finding was that reductions of both viruses on cranberries exceeded 3.5 log cycles. Although pulsed light caused a measurable rise in temperature on the product surface, no visible physical changes (e.g., color) were observed, and the fruit pieces were still frozen after treatment. Although the reduction of infectious titer by pulsed light alone was not large (1–2 log), considering the low amount of virus typically found on fruit, it may be beneficial in the frozen fruit sector. It would be easy to combine with other treatments, and synergic interactions might increase virus inactivation.

Thermal Characteristics of Multiple Blockages with Various Sizes in Longitudinal Ventilated Tunnel Fire

In longitudinal ventilation tunnel fires, the thermal characteristics become more intricate due to the presence of blockages. This phenomenon becomes more complex when multiple blockages occur, which results in a unique interaction between the fire and longitudinal ventilation through gaps between the blockages. Most of the previous studies have only considered single obstacles or have only performed qualitative analyses and have not obtained predictive models. To fill this research gap, we conducted numerical simulations using the Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) to study the effects of vehicular blockages in three lanes and two fire locations. Our study highlights the differences in the flame behavior, maximum temperature rise, and smoke back-layering length in the presence of multiple blockages and reveals that as the ventilation velocity increases, the flame bifurcation angle increases and the smoke back-layering length decreases. Additionally, when the fire is in the side lane, the flame tilts towards the sidewall, leading to higher maximum temperatures compared to those in the middle lane. Based on these findings, we have developed modified formulas that predict the maximum temperature rise, smoke back-layering length, and maximum temperature ratio at different fire locations and blockage rates, which are linearly related.

Mechanical properties improvement of titanium alloy and its grain boundary dislocation evolution mechanism by novel electroshock treatment

Titanium alloys are extensively utilized in the aerospace industry due to their exceptional strength and resistance to corrosion. However, litmited performance and high dispersion has always existed for the traditional manufacturing process. A novel Electroshock Treatment (EST) procedure proposed by author's team can synergistically improve the mechanical properties and its consistency of titanium alloys under limited temperature rise, but the relevant mechanism is not yet clear. In present work, the effects of various EST conditions on the mechanical characteristics were investigated by uniaxial tensile testing, and the effect mechanism was revealed using multi-scale microstructure characterization of titanium alloys, such as SEM, EBSD and TEM. The uniaxial tensile test results show that, compared with the sample without EST, the average elongation after fracture improved by 12.5%, the strength-plastic product improved by 16.1%, and the consistency of UTS and elongation after fracture improved by 63.4% and 57.1%, respectively, with a slight increase of tensile strength (30 MPa) after appropriate treatment (current density of 0.93 × 108A/m2, and pulse duration of 300 ms). The multi-scale microscopic characterization reveals a more uniform distribution of stress concentration in TC11 titanium alloy following the appropriate EST process. Besides, the entanglement of dislocations is reduced with some dislocations being annihilated. Especially, the remaining dislocations undergoing orderly rearrangement at grain boundaries after EST. The homogenization of local lattice distortion distribution and orderly rearrangement of dislocations at grain boundaries are the primary factors contributing to the comprehensive improvement in the mechanical properties and consistency of TC11 Titanium alloy.

Adsorption of cationic dye onto Raphanus seeds: optimization, adsorption kinetics, thermodynamic studies

Dyes are one of the common contaminants in industrial wastewater. Adsorption is the most widely method which used to treat dye-contaminated water due to their easy use, cost-effectiveness, and their efficiency was high. The aim of this study is the investigating of the utilization of the activated carbon which prepared from Raphanus seeds solid residual (ACRS) as a low cost adsorbent for removing of cationic Methylene Blue dye (MB)from wastewater. measuring the surface area using BET methods and SEM. The FT‒IR and XRD was measured. Different variables (e.g.: initial concentration of the dye, pH, contact time, and dosage) have been studied. Process has been systematically investigated experimentally at (25 ± 1 °C). The % removal of MB reached 99.4% after 90-min MB adsorption (40 mg/L) was observed within 5 min of contact time for the Raphanus seeds solid residual (ACRS) dosage of 4 g/L. MB initial concentration (10 ppm) Raphanus seeds solid residual (ACRS) effectively adsorbed MB (> 99%) over a widely range of pH (from pH 2 to pH 8). However, a swift decline in removal was observed when the pH was set at 7. The results of the adsorption kinetics analysis indicate a strong correlation with the pseudo-second-order model, as evidenced by the high regression coefficients. However, the adsorption capacity diminished with a rise in temperature. Thermodynamic calculations of (MB) onto Raphanus seeds solid residual (ACRS) is an exothermic reaction. The results have been indicated that the effectiveness of MB removal by activated carbon prepared from Raphanus seeds solid residual is favorable under neutral conditions, Raphanus seeds solid residual (ACRS) can be considered an efficient, environmentally friendly, readily available, and economical adsorbent that could treat industrial wastewater contaminated with cationic textile dyes. The objective of the experiments was to investigate the impact of various factors on the response of a process or formulation. To accomplish this goal, response surface methodology (RSM) has employed as a statistical model. RSM is an efficient and effective method for optimizing processes through the use of a quadratic polynomial model. The utilization of RSM allows for a reduction in the number of experiments needed, thus minimizing the associated costs of extensive analysis. This method has been done using Box–Behnken Design (BBD) to optimize % removal of MB. The optimal conditions as obtained from the RSM is pH 7,contact time 120 min, initial concentration 10 ppm, ACRS dosage 1 g, adsorption temperature 45 °C.

Thermal Characteristics of Oil Film in Critical Lubrication State of Heavy Hydrostatic Bearing

Background: Lubrication failure has always been a concern in the research of heavy hydrostatic bearings. A preliminary study found that under a certain working condition, the heavy hydrostatic bearing will appear in the condition of zero local flow of oil film, which is called a critical lubrication state. It produces a significant thermal accumulation effect and affects the lubrication performance of the bearing. Objective: This paper takes Q1-205 double rectangular cavity hydrostatic thrust bearing as the research object and adopts the research method combining theoretical analysis, simulation, and experimental test to analyze the temperature rise and characteristics of the bearing when it is in critical lubrication state under different working conditions. Methods: The finite volume method is used to simulate the critical lubrication state under the condition of common load and rotating speed, and the corresponding operating parameters of the critical lubrication of heavy static support are obtained. Results: It is found that when the oil film is in the critical lubrication state, the low temperature zone is concentrated at the bearing position of the oil film, while the high temperature zone is concentrated at the counter-current side sealing edge Conclusion: The oil film's local temperature rise is intensified, and the heat accumulation phenomenon is serious because the heat cannot be taken away in time.

Thermal Energy Generated During Ultrasonication Dominates Pinto Bean Hydration.

Ultrasound-assisted hydration (UAH) stands out as a potent strategy, offering multiple advantages over conventional thermal hydration methods. It is an energy efficient, cost and time effective, easily scalable and relatively greener approach. Acoustic cavitation is the major working mechanism in aqueous phase sonication. Cavitation creates immense localised heat and pressure, which ultimately ends up heating the liquid media. To the best of our knowledge, no study dealing with the synergistic relationship between the physical effects of ultrasound and the consequent temperature rise during UAH is available in open literature. This work investigates this complex interplay with aim to identify the dominant working mechanism leading to the hydration of the pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), a variety of common beans. Three different hydration protocols were devised to discern these effects, normal hydration (N) at 25°C, temperature-controlled UAH (TC) between 18-20 °C using an ice bath, and temperature-uncontrolled UAH (TuC). Additionally, the post sonication residual effects of ultrasound treatment were examined. Our findings reveal that sonication induces changes in both TC and TuC treated beans, but more pronounced effects were observed in the absence of temperature control. During TC, acoustic streaming emerged as the predominant sonic action mechanism. Conversely, during TuC, temperature itself emerged as the dominant force, leading to irreversible alterations in the bean's physical and chemical structures.

Systemic inequalities in heat risk for greater London

The temperature rise and increases in extreme heat events related to global climate change is a growing public health threat. Populations in temperate climates, including the UK, must urgently adapt to increased hot weather as current infrastructure primarily focuses on resilience to cold. As we adapt, care should be taken to ensure existing health inequalities are reduced. Lessons can be learned from regions that experience warmer climates and applied to adaptation in the UK.We identified known indicators of heat-health risk and explored their distribution across area level income for London. Understanding these indicators and their distributions across populations can support the development of interventions that have the dual aim of improving health and reducing inequalities. An exploratory analysis was conducted for each indicator at neighbourhood level to assess existence of disparities in their distributions across London. A systems-thinking approach was employed to deduce if these amount to systemic inequalities in heat risk, whereby those most exposed to heat are more susceptible and less able to adapt. Using this information, we proposed interventions and made recommendations for their implementation.We find inequalities across indicators relating to exposure, vulnerability, and adaptive capacity. Including inequalities in urban greening and access to greenspace, physical and mental health and access to communication and support. Through a system diagram we demonstrate how these indicators interact and suggest that systemic inequalities in risk exist and will become more evident as exposure increases with rising temperatures, depending on how we adapt. We use this information to identify barriers to the effective implementation of adaptation strategies and make recommendations on the implementation of interventions. This includes effective and wide-reaching communication considering the various channels and accessibility requirements of the population and consideration of all dwelling tenures when implementing policies relating to home improvements in the context of heat.