Military Rise Research Articles

The Influence of the Meiji Restoration on the Rise of Militarism in Japan: An Analysis of Internal Reforms and External Influences

Before the Meiji Restoration, Japan was experiencing exploitation and oppression from Western imperialism as China did, and Japan was forced to sign a series of unequal treaties with Western countries. The oppression of imperialism made Japan realize the importance of having a strong army, therefore after the Meiji Restoration, the government decided to enhance Japans military capability to win the respect of Western countries and revise the unequal treaties that Japan was previously forced to sign. Later, Japans military power increased significantly due to militarism, which was why Japan defeated China in the First Sino-Japanese War and defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War. The victory of these wars made the country gain the respect of Western countries and made the government sure of the importance of a powerful military. The thing that made Japan become a great power was militarism, which was promoted by the Meiji Restoration, and this essay will study how the Meiji Restoration promoted the rise of militarism in Japan. The study has found that the impact of the Meiji Restoration on the rise of militarism in Japan can be divided into two parts. The first part is the internal factors, which are the military reformation exercised by the government and the governments education and publicity towards the people, the second part is the external factor, which is the influence received by the Meiji government from Prussia. These three factors played an important role in the rise of militarism in Japan.

Future of International Relations : The Reshaping of Western Influence and New Global Economy

Two significant variables are expected to drastically alter the course of international relations in the future: The decline of the West & The emergence of a new global economy. The opportunities and difficulties reshaping presents will put the adaptability and durability of the current global structures to the test. The world economy is evolving. Governments are learning that although economic interdependence has contributed significantly to global peace, it may also contribute to the military ascent of your main adversaries or supplying the military rise to the biggest rival.

Fragmenting World Geo-Economic Order: Making Sense of the Escalating United States-China Economic Tension

The unipolar dominance of the US after the Cold War era is fading as China’s economic and military rise reshapes the global order. This complex rivalry extends beyond economics, encompassing technological competition, with both countries vying for leadership in artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and 5G technology. Geopolitical tensions fueled by issues like Taiwan and the South China Sea further strain the relationship. The ongoing trade disputes and potential decoupling of economies could harm global growth and prosperity, increase the risk of military conflict, and fragment the global order. This paper analyzes the economic, technological, and geopolitical factors driving the US-China trade war, drawing on hegemonic stability and power transition theories, It critiques competing narratives surrounding the conflict and explores potential solutions for managing tensions. A central question is whether “rules of the road” can be established to govern economic and technological competition in a multipolar world, fostering stability and cooperation amidst rivalry.

Changing Dynamics of Bhutan’s Foreign Policy: Implications for India

Bhutan has historically maintained a neutral relationship with China, to its north,and a more special relationship with India, whose states border it’s West,East and South.From many years various factors are forcing Bhutan to settle its longstanding territorial and border dispute with China and diversify it’s own changing economy and transition from an absolute monarchy to a Republic, a generational shift and their exposure to the Internet, and geopolitical events similar as China’s economic and military rise and India’s economic liberalisation policy. This paper analyzes these changes and ponders their effect on bhutan’s foreign policy, overall, and specifically its relations with China and India.

The Military Rise of China

The Military Rise of China

A Miskitu Critique of British Trade Practices

A Miskitu Critique of British Trade Practices

Fear and Greed: Australian Public Opinion Towards China's Rise*

The gradual transformation of Australia's relationship with Asia over the past half century has been accompanied by major shifts in public opinion. These changes have been prompted by numerous changes in the social composition of the electorate, by globalisation which has brought many foreign firms to Australia, and by the political elite's changing approach to engagement with Asia. There is, however, considerable elite anxiety concerning the economic and military rise of China, and these concerns are expressed in public debate and attitudes. Using opinion surveys collected over half a century, the first part of this article examines the trends emerging from debates over Australia's economic and political relationship with China. In the second part, we use the 2018 and 2020 Lowy Polls to explain who changed their views of China and why. The results suggest that the dramatic shift in attitudes towards China between 2018 and 2020 was mainly driven by concerns about foreign influence in Australian politics. Overall, public opinion towards China has become more polarised, between economic opportunity on the one hand and fear of an authoritarian neighbour on the other.

Martha Nussbaum’s Capability Approach and the Relevance of Universality in the Af-Pak Region

ABSTRACT This paper aims to show the relevance and applicability of Martha Nussbaum’s Capability Approach (MNCA) in feminism to the lives of the women in Afghanistan-Pakistan (Af-Pak) regions who are impacted by war, underdevelopment, entrenched patriarchy and religious fundamentalism and face its deadly repercussions on their daily lives and human rights. Contrary to the reductionist representation of women in these regions in terms of their religio-cultural identity, this article bases itself in their harsh, socio-economic-political reality, history of the cold war, erosion of democratic institutions, war on terror and the rise of militarism and nationalism. Thus, issues of development, specifically, gender gap and human rights need to be brought centre-stage to address the systematic violation of women’s rights. The MNCA, being rooted in the dignity and personhood of each individual, is an indispensable baseline in terms of basic human rights for women in the Af-Pak region. Here, I show how the MNCA does not contradict institutions of family, culture and religion in the region and actually serves to build a bridge between universality and the specific local context.

China's Military Rise and the US Strategic Framework for the Indo-Pacific: PROTECTION of ROK's National Interest

Purpose: This article examines China s military rise in the Asia Pacific region and the US-led response, based on its global strategy. This paper suggests that China s military rise is based on defensive realism as opposed to offensive realism. The basic assumption of this paper is that the US strategy has the goal of counterbalancing China s expansionism. The US response to China s expansionism is to check China s military rise as a superpower by strengthening its network of alliances in the Indo-Pacific region and Northeast Asia. In the Indo-Pacific re-gion, the US has attempted to check China using the QUAD-Plus(Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with Japan, India, and Australia + Newzealand, South Korea, and Vietnam) which is a sea-based form of security coopera-tion. Method: In this effort, the article uses a framework of international politics based on the theory of realism, which stresses the salience of survival, the maximization of national interest, and self-help. A realist s per-spective of the world rests on the following assumptions: the pursuit of survival, maximization of interests, and self-help. Defensive realists try to preserve power, rather than increasing it as the main goal of states. China s self-assertion in the South China Sea has been galvanized by the survival mindset against the US containment policy toward China. Results: China s self-assertion in the South China Sea has been galvanized by the survival mindset against the US containment policy toward China. China s survival can be better secured by the occupation of the South Chi-na Sea to protect its sea lines of communication. China s militarization of the South China Sea and its military build-up can be illustrated as a self-help project for the maximization of its security interest in the Indo-Pacific region. Conclusion: In this article, I have reached the following conclusions. China s military rise is based on defensive realism, not offensive realism. The basic assumption of this paper is that the US strategy is aiming at the coun-terbalance of China s expansionism. First, The US response to China s expansionism is to check China s military rise as a superpower with the network of alliance-making in the Indo-Pacific region and Northeast Asia. Second, China tries to build a military facility in the South China Sea to maximize its interest in terms of energy, fish, and security. Third, China s military build-up can be illustrated as self-help to meet the balance with the US formida-ble military might. In the Indo-Pacific region, the US tries to check China through the QUAD-PLUS.

Відображення божественності Гефестіона

The article attempts to determine the display of recognition of the degree of divinity of Hephaestion and the aspects related to this factor. Hephaestion was the closest person in the life of Alexander the Great, who embodied the syncretic processes of the Eastern and Greco-Macedonian traditions, received the status of "second after the king" and held a set of the highest titles, both military and administrative, played one of the key positions at court and had a big influence on Alexander. After the death of Hephaestion, the king wondered: what honors to give a friend, as a god, demigod, or hero? The article is based on ancient Greek written sources and archaeological sources: a stone lion in the Iranian city of Hamadan, and a recently discovered tomb with burials on Casta Hill in Amphipolis, which gives the study more relevance and novelty. My own contribution is the developing concept of recognizing the cult of divinity of Hephaestion, through his military rise in life and the preservation of high status after death and the syncretic elements he embodied. In the course of the research, a detailed reconstruction of the funeral ceremonies was carried out, and controversial issues concerning the recognition of Hephaestion as a hero or deity, which appeared in ancient sources, were analyzed. Attempts are also made to show a reflection of Hephaestion's attraction to Persian traditions.

Can International Law Help Resolve the Conflicts Over Uninhabited Islands in the East China Sea?

Former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping once famously urged that resolution of disputes with China’s neighbors over uninhabited islands be put off to a later generation, stating: “Our generation is not wise enough to find common language on this question. The next generation will certainly be wiser.” Such sage advice seemed practical at the time, freeing China and its neighbors to focus on more pressing trade and economic development efforts. The wisdom of continuing deferral of the disputes over uninhabited islands is now in doubt, at least when peaceful alternatives may be considered. Beyond the rapid economic development and the consequent explosion of resource demands that has occurred since Deng uttered these words, technological development has made these deep seabed resources more readily accessible. Added to this has been China’s rapid economic development and associated military rise, encouraging China’s expanded attention to territorial sovereignty and resource claims in its periphery. Increased military confrontations over disputed islands have added to the urgency of this matter, and an impasse has prevailed. This article focuses on comparable disputes over two groups of uninhabited islands — the Dokdo (Takeshima in Japanese) Islands and the Diaoyu (Senkaku in Japanese) Islands — that may be pivotal to unraveling a series of volatile maritime disputes between Japan and South Korea, on the one hand, and Japan and China, on the other. The Dokdo/Takeshima and Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands are located respectively in the Sea of Japan (known as the East Sea in Korea) and the East China Sea. This narrowing of the topic to these two particular island disputes and related maritime issues is offered in the hope that these two sets of disputes may hold some keys to the wider, more factually complex debate stretching across the region, both north to the Yellow Sea and south to the South China Sea. At the same time, there is hope the Japan-South Korea dispute may inform options available for the China-Japan dispute.

The market and the military profession: competition and change in the case of Sweden

ABSTRACTThe rise of private military and security companies (PMSCs) challenges our notion of military professionals. PMSCs bring new claims to professional status and legitimacy outside military institutions and represent an increasing diffusion of - and competition over - military and security expertise. In light of this development, understanding the formation of professional identities in military and private security organisations is as an important undertaking. This paper contributes to this endeavour by analysing professional self-images in the Swedish Armed Forces and how these relate to PMSCs. The study is based on data collected from official documents, semi-structured interviews and a small-scale survey among senior military officers. Focusing on military understandings of PMSCs and contractors, the analysis provides much-needed insight into relational aspects of professional identity formation outside the US context. Furthermore, it points to discrepancies in organisational and group levels in understandings of commercial security actors, and paves the way for future research.

Japan’s Security and the South Sudan Engagement: Internal and External Constraints on Japanese Military Rise Reconsidered

The article aims to understand the practical relevance of Shinzo Abe’s recent security changes and their role in Abe’s general security strategy. It argues that although Shinzo Abe’s goal is a revision of Japan’s post-war security posture, there is still a plethora of legal, normative (popular) and practical constraints that prevent him from doing so. In order to illustrate these constraints, the article analyses the first practical implementation of the new security legislature: Japanese peacekeeping operation in South Sudan in 2016 through 2017.

What Makes US Citizens Trust Japan? Examining the Influence of National Image, Bilateral Compatibility, and Issue Awareness

This study aims to identify the determinants of trust in other countries, focusing on US citizens' trust in Japan. The analysis of the data of the national Pew Research Center survey conducted in 2015 examines the determining influence of theoretical correlates, which draw from extant studies of international trust, including national images, goal compatibility, issue awareness, and historical memories. Images of the Japanese people as honest, inventive, and hardworking increase trust in Japan. US perceptions of historically inimical events in US-Japan relations do not influence current trust, and the comprehensive regression of trust in Japan on diverse correlates does not demonstrate a predicted cross-generational difference due to experiential distance from such events. A higher level of trust in Japan is observed among US citizens who think that Japan, despite its declining economy, should play a more active military role in the Asia-Pacific region. These US citizens tend to see Japan as a trustworthy partner, given the economic and military rise of China and the resulting goal compatibility (due to dealing with a common threat) between the United States and Japan.

The Rise of Private Military and Security Companies in European Union Migration Policies: Implications under the UNGPs

AbstractThis article examines the involvement of Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) in both shaping and implementing the European Agenda on Migration (European Agenda), launched by the European Union in May 2015. The migration policies which have since been adopted have increasingly enabled the outsourcing to private security contractors of various border control operations, including those related to forced returns, administrative detention and security services for the Italian and Greek ‘hotspots’. The article argues that PMSCs frame, shape and entrench militarized responses in the European Agenda. It also contends that the current context of the European refugee ‘crisis’ meets the conditions of a high-risk context, as understood within the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs). This re-definition of the refugee ‘crisis’ as a high-risk context, in turn, enables the identification of heightened human rights obligations of home states and responsibilities of companies when implementing the UNGPs.

LEVEL OF MILITARY THREATS IN REGIONAL AND THE NATIONAL DEFENSE BUDGET POLICY IN THE PERIOD OF 1990-2008

This paper would like to see the government responds to the military threats that facing Indonesia from its strategic environment, through its defense budget policy. Single equation, formed to capture the military threats to national defense budget. The model developed are from Smith Military Demand Model. The estimation result is that the level of threat have influence on the defense budget. Indonesia must remain vigilant, because of the military rising of other countries. The strategic environment situation can be suddenly rise the escalation of threat.Keywords: International Economics, Defense Economics, Military Threats, Defense Budget.

Comparing Political Values in China and the West: What Can Be Learned and Why It Matters

Along with China's economic and military rise, its leading political values will increasingly shape both China and the world at large. Hence, we need to understand, compare, and learn from leading values in China's political culture. This review discusses recent efforts to systematically compare three leading values in China's philosophical traditions—meritocracy, hierarchy, and harmony—with leading values from the political culture of Western societies.

A New Era in Taiwan Politics and its Implications

Taiwan faces an uncertain future after the electoral victory of the pro-independence Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) in the January 2016 elections. The election results, which reflected growing pro-independence sentiments amongst a younger generation of Taiwanese, have set Taiwan on a collision course with China, which is increasingly impatient for reunification to occur. The new US president, Donald Trump, has also added to the tensions by openly questioning the “One China” policy. Another Taiwan Strait crisis today would be fraught with immense risks due to China's dramatic economic and military rise which has altered the regional power balance. Given the increasingly tense China-US strategic rivalry, the US is also not likely to sit idly by should China attack Taiwan. However, the key player in resolving the Taiwan problem is China. For various reasons, it is in fact in China's interest to be patient with the current situation, and maintain the status quo for the immediate and medium-term future, while it constructs a new strategy that could win over the people of Taiwan, since true reunification can only occur if the people on Taiwan willingly accept it.

Economic Interdependence and International Conflict: Situating China's Economic and Military Rise

Many scholars have argued that systemic risks of conflicts tend to increase at critical junctures of power transitions or major power shifts. This article examines the economic and military rise of China and the challenges that it both faces and poses in East Asia, especially in relation to the United States. Specifically, it connects issues of power projection and parity, trade, and interdependence, as well as international institutions and governance to underscore the need for continued economic engagement and institutional enmeshment to lessen the likelihood of militarized conflict in the region.

The European Union and China’s Multidimensional Diplomacy: Strategic Triangulation?

Security constellations in East Asia are often reduced to bilateral competition and territorial or maritime disputes. In this vein, the focus generally lies on the perceived military rise of China and the assumed unavoidable assertive turn in its foreign strategy. This article argues that neorealist interpretations of security issues in East Asia and the role of China that start from the level of bilateral relations tend to overlook the complexity of contemporary multi-player interactions. The European Union (EU) is often excluded from the cartographic mapping of the island disputes in the East and the South China Sea. This, and the modification of China’s security strategy under the fifth generation of Chinese leaders, might allow Europe to position itself as a ‘new’ mediator. A European diplomatic intervention would be the only way for the EU to avoid being trapped in the security spirals evolving in East Asia as a passive ‘follower’.