Riparia Gloire De Montpellier Research Articles

Water deficit responses of field-grown Pinot noir mediated by rootstock genotypes in a cool climate region

Under the global warming scenario, water scarcity is expected to intensify in most grape-growing regions. The use of drought-tolerant rootstocks is considered a useful tool to mitigate the negative effects of soil water deficit on vine functioning. Differences in leaf gas exchange, plant water status, specific hydraulic conductivity in petioles (Kpetiole), xylem vessel size and vegetative vigour of field-grown Pinot noir grafted onto five rootstocks (3309C, 101-14 MGt, Kober 5BB, Riparia Gloire de Montpellier, 41B MGt) were investigated during one season under water deficit in Switzerland. The water deficit was imposed by installing waterproof and non-reflecting plastic sheets on the soil from March to harvest (September) to avoid rainfall infiltration. Rootstocks had stronger effects on vine water status than on gas exchanges. During the grape ripening stage, vines grafted onto 41B MGt and 101-14 MGt were characterised by more severe water stress as shown by the lowest values of pre-dawn leaf (Ψpd), stem water potential (Ψstem) and water stress integral (SΨ), whereas 3309C and Kober 5BB rootstocks induced milder effects. Significant differences in photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E) were only observed between vines grafted onto 41B MGt and 3309C at later stages of ripening. Changes induced by rootstocks in shoot vigour, Kpetiole and the number and size of xylem vessels in petioles and stems were correlated to differential responses of Pinot noir to water deficit. The increased vegetative vigour induced by 3309C and Kober 5BB was associated with the highest Kpetiole, xylem vessel size and a good plant water status of Pinot noir under low soil water availability. Kober 5BB induced the highest yield, probably due to the better vine water status, whereas vines grafted onto 41B MGt showed the lowest malic acid content and yeast assimilable nitrogen in berries.

Grapevine rootstock genotypes influences berry and wine phenolic composition (<i>Vitis vinifera </i> L. cv. Pinot noir)

Grapevine rootstocks can affect the nitrogen (N) status of the grafted plant due to discrepancies in their nutrient uptake and their efficiency in the allocation of assimilates. When N becomes a limiting factor, the production of phenolic compounds in grapes is enhanced as a result of a down-regulation of the flavonoid production pathway. However, it is still not fully understood if the impact of rootstocks on fruit and wine composition is mediated by their effect on the vegetative growth and N status of the scion. The main objective of the study was to test if rootstock influence on Pinot noir berry and wine phenolic composition could be related to the N status of the scion. An investigation was carried out on Pinot noir (Vitis vinifera L.) vines grafted onto six rootstocks over three vintages (2012–2014). A micro-scale fermentation technique was used to produce wines from each field replicate. Scions grafted onto SO4, a high vigour rootstock, were characterised by a 15 % higher tannin concentration in berry seed and skin compared to those grafted onto the low vigour Riparia Gloire de Montpellier, while final tannin concentration in wines depended on the rootstock. Anthocyanin concentration was higher in berries of Pinot noir grafted onto R110 compared to 125AA, which was also reflected in the wines. A Multiple Linear Regression analysis suggested that rootstock influence on berry anthocyanins was linked to the N status of scion leaves (higher Leaf NBI_R). Understanding the interaction between the N uptake efficiency of rootstocks and scion berry/wine phenolic composition will help improve the selection of suitable rootstocks that match the desired wine profile.

Grapevine rootstocks differentially regulate root growth and architecture in response to nitrogen availability

Regulation of root system growth and architecture is an adaptive mechanism evolved by plants to cope with variable nitrogen availability in the soil. In grafted plants, this process depends on intrinsic properties of the rootstock as well as long-distance signaling between each partner of the graft (scion and rootstock) and contributes to the fitness of the whole plant. We show here that two grapevine rootstock genotypes known to differentially control scion growth have developed two distinct root development strategies to optimize nutrient uptake in response to nitrogen availability. The rootstock '1103 Paulsen' conferring high vigor developed a deeper root system and a larger number of lateral roots than 'Riparia Gloire de Montpellier' (RGM), a rootstock that confers low vigor, whatever the nitrogen concentration in the culture medium. RGM cuttings grew surface roots and developed lateral roots only with low nitrogen supply. This developmental pattern suggests that RGM promotes lateral root production when nitrogen content is limiting to increase its prospecting area for the uptake of nitrogen resources. Gene expression profiling revealed interesting patterns and differences between the two studied rootstocks, particularly concerning hormone signaling.

In vitro storage of micropropagated grapevine rootstocks at low temperature

A long-term in vitro conservation protocol for five micropropagated grapevine rootstocks (3309 Couderc, 110 Richter, Vitis riparia Gloire de Montpellier, 101-14 Millardet et De Grasset, and Teleki 5C) was developed and optimized by testing the effect of culture containers (polyethylene bags versus glass test tubes), explant types (rooted versus unrooted cuttings), low-temperature regimes (1.6, 4.0, and 7.2°C), and light intensity (low versus dark). Optimal storage conditions were achieved at 4.0°C and low light intensity (3 μmol m−2 s−1), with rooted plantlets established on woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with 15 g L−1 sucrose and 37 mg L−1 cysteine in polyethylene bags. After 12 and 24 mo of optimal cold storage, the plant condition ratings (3.5 and 2.5 on a scale of 4) and survival rates (75% and 52%) were high, regardless of the rootstock genotype, as determined by visual observations and viability assays of subcultures on WPM supplemented with 15 g L−1 sucrose and 37 mg L−1 cysteine at 25°C, high light intensity (33 to 45 μmol m−2 s−1), and 16-h photoperiod. Prolonged storage at 4°C under low light intensity reduced the number of subcultures by 4- to 8-fold over 12 to 24 mo, which substantially lowered costs and labor, and provided opportunities for long-term germplasm conservation. Additionally, the use of polyethylene bags reduced storage space in the growth room and in a microprocessor temperature-controlled refrigerator, and also facilitated the safe exchange of germplasm across regulatory boundaries.

Stilbenes from grapevine root: a promising natural insecticide against Leptinotarsa decemlineata

Stilbenes are phenolic compounds which are produced in large amounts in vine and are involved in plant defence as phytoalexins. Oligomeric forms have recently proven to be the most active compounds against a wide range of parasites such as fungi, bacteria or algae. The aim of this study was to investigate the activity of a grapevine root extract which is a stilbene oligomer pool against Leptinotarsa decemlineata, a major pest of Solanaceae crops. Analysis by UHPLC-DAD-MS of the stilbene-enriched extract obtained from grapevine root (Riparia Gloire de Montpellier rootstock) highlighted twelve stilbenes at 25% (w/w). The major stilbenes found in root extract were isolated such as the tetramers vitisin B, vitisin A and hopeaphenol; the dimers ampelopsin A and E-e-viniferin and the monomer E-resveratrol. The insecticidal effects of this extract as well as the main compounds were investigated against L. decemlineata larvae. The extract caused chronic toxicity, inhibited larval development and, to a lesser extent, inhibited food intake. The high concentrations of vitisin A and vitisin B in grapevine root contributed to this effect as they are the most toxic compounds. Outdoor pot experiments revealed the efficacy of stilbene-enriched extract with high mortality of L. decemlineata and protection of potato plants. The extract also revealed an absence of toxicity against non-targeted organisms such as earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Thus, these results strongly suggest that grapevine roots are a promising source of bioactive stilbenes for the development of natural insecticides.

Physiological and genetic control of vigour in a ‘Ramsey’ × ‘Riparia Gloire de Montpellier’ population

Vigour control in grapevine can be achieved by grafting with particular rootstocks, and may become especially important under climate change. This research studied the F1 progeny from the cross of 'Ramsey' × 'Riparia Gloire de Montpellier' rootstocks, known to confer high and low vigour, respectively. We hypothesized that vigour correlates with growth rate, leaf area, biomass partitioning, plant hydraulics and gas exchange; and that these variables could be associated with genetic markers. We evaluated 138 seedlings from this cross, three replicates each, for 60 days in a greenhouse at UC Davis, California, during summer 2014 and 2015. Each plant was pruned to a single shoot and watered daily. Shoot growth rate, leaf area and dry biomass were measured for the complete population, both years. In 2014, after day 45, 40 genotypes were subjected to a 50% water deficit, based from initial weight at full pot capacity, and plant and root hydraulic conductance's, stomatal conductance and water potential were measured. The progeny showed transgressive segregation and significant differences in vigour. A PCA analysis showed a strong role for shoot growth rate, specific leaf area, plant hydraulics and partitioning indices for vigour determination. Under water stress, larger plants showed less specific hydraulic and stomatal conductance's, indicating higher sensibility upon drought. Significant QTLs for leaf area, specific leaf area and partitioning indices were found on chromosomes 1, 4, 16, and 5; accounting for 20% of explained variability for leaf area, and from 10 to 14% of explained variability for specific leaf area and partitioning indices in 2014. Mapping data from 2015 is being analysed.

Nitrate supply to grapevine rootstocks - new genome-wide findings.

Understanding the plant response to nitrate availability is crucial for sustainable agriculture. In viticulture, there is an additional element to consider: the choice of scion–rootstock couple, which allows the management of environmental cues (including nitrate availability) and productivity. Using the two rootstocks 1103 Paulsen and Riparia Gloire de Montpellier, known to confer different vigour to grafted Cabernet Sauvignon scions, Cochetel et al. (2017) have now performed the first genome-wide transcriptome study indicating the genetic basis of the response to heterogeneous nitrate supply in this situation.

Roostocks/Scion/Nitrogen Interactions Affect Secondary Metabolism in the Grape Berry.

The present work investigates the interactions between soil content, rootstock, and scion by focusing on the effects of roostocks and nitrogen supply on grape berry content. Scions of Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) and Pinot Noir (PN) varieties were grafted either on Riparia Gloire de Montpellier (RGM) or 110 Richter (110R) rootstock. The 4 rooststock/scion combinations were fertilized with 3 different levels of nitrogen after fruit set. Both in 2013 and 2014, N supply increased N uptake by the plants, and N content both in vegetative and reproductory organs. Rootstock, variety and year affected berry weight at harvest, while nitrogen did not affect significantly this parameter. Grafting on RGM consistently increased berry weight compared to 110R. PN consistently produced bigger berries than CS. CS berries were heavier in 2014 than in 2013, but the year effect was less marked for PN berries. The berries were collected between veraison and maturity, separated in skin and pulp, and their content was analyzed by conventional analytical procedures and untargeted metabolomics. For anthocyanins, the relative quantitation was fairly comparable with both LC-MS determination and HPLC-DAD, which is a fully quantitative technique. The data show complex responses of the metabolite content (sugars, organic acids, amino acids, anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols/procyanidins, stilbenes, hydroxycinnamic, and hydroxybenzoic acids) that depend on the rootstock, the scion, the vintage, the nitrogen level, the berry compartment. This opens a wide range of possibilities to adjust the content of these compounds through the choice of the roostock, variety and nitrogen fertilization.

Mapping genetic loci for tolerance to lime-induced iron deficiency chlorosis in grapevine rootstocks (Vitis sp.)

Iron is essential to plants for chlorophyll formation as well as for the functioning of various iron-containing enzymes. Iron deficiency chlorosis is a wide-spread disorder of plants, in particular, of those growing on calcareous soils. Among the different ways to control iron deficiency problems for crops, plant material and especially rootstock breeding is a suitable and reliable method, especially for fruit trees and grapes. The aim of the experiment was to characterize the genetic basis of grapevine chlorosis tolerance under lime stress conditions. A segregating population of 138 F1 genotypes issued from an inter-specific cross between Vitis vinifera Cabernet Sauvignon (tolerant) × V. riparia Gloire de Montpellier (sensitive) was developed and phenotyped both as cuttings and as rootstock grafted with Cabernet Sauvignon scions in pots containing non-chlorosing and chlorosing soils. Tolerance was evaluated by chlorosis score, leaf chlorophyll content and growth parameters of the shoots and roots. The experiments were performed in 2001, 2003 and 2006. The plants analysed in 2006 were reassessed in 2007. The most significant findings of the trial were: (a) the soil properties strongly affect plant development, (b) there are differences in tolerance among segregating genotypes when grown as cuttings or as rootstocks on calcareous soil, (c) calcareous conditions induced chlorosis and revealed quantitative trait loci (QTLs) implicated in polygenic control of tolerance, (d) rootstock strongly contributes to lime-induced chlorosis response, and (e) a QTL with strong effect (from 10 to 25 % of the chlorotic symptom variance) was identified on chromosome 13. This QTL colocalized with a QTL for chlorophyll content (R (2) = 22 %) and a major QTL for plant development that explains about 50 % of both aerial and root system biomass variation. These findings were supported by stable results among the different years of experiment. These results open new insights into the genetic control of chlorosis tolerance and could aid the development of iron chlorosis-tolerant rootstocks.

Grapevine rootstock effects on scion biomass are not associated with large modifications of primary shoot growth under nonlimiting conditions in the first year of growth.

In grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), rootstocks are known to alter scion development by modifying stem weight and yield. The aim of this work was to evaluate the contribution of primary growth to the rootstock effects on scion biomass. The shoot growth of Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon N autografted and grafted onto Vitis riparia cv. Riparia Gloire de Montpellier and Vitis berlandieri×V. rupestris cv. 1103 Paulsen was studied in young plants grown in pots trained to one stem in two experiments. Stem elongation and phytomer emergence were studied from grafting until the end of the growth season. The elongation of the Cabernet Sauvignon N leaves, tendrils and internodes of each phytomer along the stem was fitted using sigmoid curves. The rootstocks studied slightly altered the growth dynamics of the leaves, internodes and tendrils of the scion. This is the first study to examine the effect of rootstocks on shoot growth dynamics in any species. The alterations in primary growth were small, suggesting that rootstocks may alter scion biomass principally by modifying secondary growth.

Evaluation of Downy Mildew Resistance in Grapevine by Leaf Disc Bioassay with In Vitro- and Greenhouse-Grown Plants

Genetic improvement of grapevine for resistance against downy mildew ( Plasmopara viticola ) by biotechnological techniques requires reliable procedures to screen large populations of plants. In comparison with greenhouse-grown plants, in vitro plantlets are not often used in screening procedures, although they present some advantages such as compact size, the availability of a high number of replicates per genotype, and the potential to screen improved genotypes directly from in vitro plants. Leaf disc inoculation bioassay was used to evaluate grapevine resistance to downy mildew on Vitis vinifera Chardonnay, hybrid Seyval, and Vitis riparia Gloire de Montpellier (susceptible, moderately susceptible, and highly resistant, respectively) with both in vitro plantlets and greenhouse-grown plants. Disease symptoms and resistance reaction were evaluated for sporulation and necrosis in two independent experiments. For all parameters, leaves from in vitro plantlets appeared more resistant than leaves from greenhouse-grown plants, in particular for the intermediate and the susceptible genotypes. Necroses were not observed on leaf discs of the susceptible genotype, whereas necrotic spots appeared on leaf discs of both intermediate and resistant genotypes regardless of how the plants were grown. Based on sporulation and necrosis symptoms, ranking of genotypes differed according to growing conditions. Although the method based on in vitro grown plants is less reliable than that based on greenhouse plants, it can be used as a preliminary assay to eliminate the most susceptible plantlets obtained by biotechnology.

Soils, rootstocks and grapevine varieties in prestigious Bordeaux vineyards and their impact on yield and quality

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: To study the impact of soil-type, grapevine variety and rootstock on grape yield and wine quality in prestigious estates located in the Bordeaux area (France).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: High-resolution soil maps (scale: 1/3000<sup>th</sup>) were created for seven prestigious red wine-producing estates in Bordeaux, covering a total area of approximately 400 ha. Soil-type, rootstocks and grapevine varieties were recorded for each vineyard block. A Quality Index was created by considering the destination of the grapes produced in each block, whether they were integrated in the first, the second or the third quality wine produced by the estate. Quality Index was averaged over five vintages. Yield was also measured for each vineyard block and averaged over five vintages. PEYROSOL (gravelly soil) was the most frequent soiltype in these estates (45% of the total mapped area). Soils with temporary waterlogging (REDOXISOL), heavy clay soils (PLANOSOL) and sandygravelly soils (BRUNISOL) covered around 10% of the mapped area each. Highest quality was obtained on PLANOSOLS, ARENOSOLS (sandy soils), BRUNISOLS and PEYROSOLS. Quality was low on COLLUVIOSOLS (deep soils on colluvium), LUVISOLS (leached acidic soils) and REDUCTISOLS (soils with permanent waterlogging). Cabernet- Sauvignon was the dominant grapevine variety (59% of the mapped area), followed by Merlot (32%), Cabernet franc (8%) and Petit Verdot (1%). On average, the Quality Index was higher for Cabernet-Sauvignon and Merlot compared with Cabernet franc and Petit Verdot. Riparia Gloire de Montpellier (RGM) was by far the most used rootstock. It covered 45% of the mapped area. Including 3309C and 420A, these three rootstocks covered 75% of the total acreage planted in these estates. Highest quality wine was produced with 420A, RGM, 3309C and Gravesac. Highest yields were obtained with 161-49C, 101-14 MG, RGM, SO4 and 420A.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Soil, grapevine variety and rootstock have a major impact on yield and wine quality in prestigious Bordeaux wine producing estates.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: Assessment of a Quality Index by soil-type, cultivar and rootstock can indicate which combinations of soiltype, cultivar and rootstock would best optimise quality performance in Bordeaux vineyards.</p>

Genetic dissection of sex determinism, inflorescence morphology and downy mildew resistance in grapevine

A genetic linkage map of grapevine was constructed using a pseudo-testcross strategy based upon 138 individuals derived from a cross of Vitis vinifera Cabernet Sauvignon x Vitis riparia Gloire de Montpellier. A total of 212 DNA markers including 199 single sequence repeats (SSRs), 11 single strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCPs) and two morphological markers were mapped onto 19 linkage groups (LG) which covered 1,249 cM with an average of 6.7 cM between markers. The position of SSR loci in the maps presented here is consistent with the genome sequence. Quantitative traits loci (QTLs) for several traits of inflorescence and flower morphology, and downy mildew resistance were investigated. Two novel QTLs for downy mildew resistance were mapped on linkage groups 9 and 12, they explain 26.0-34.4 and 28.9-31.5% of total variance, respectively. QTLs for inflorescence morphology with a large effect (14-70% of total variance explained) were detected close to the Sex locus on LG 2. The gene of the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase, involved in melon male organ development and located in the confidence interval of all QTLs detected on the LG 2, could be considered as a putative candidate gene for the control of sexual traits in grapevine. Co-localisations were found between four QTLs, detected on linkage groups 1, 14, 17 and 18, and the position of the floral organ development genes GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE1, FRUITFULL, LEAFY and AGAMOUS. Our results demonstrate that the sex determinism locus also determines both flower and inflorescence morphological traits.

Pathogen‐tested material of grapevine varieties and rootstocks

Pathogen‐tested material of grapevine varieties and rootstocks

Long term effects of nitrogen and water supply on confered vigour and yield by SO4 and Riparia gloire de Montpellier rootstocks

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: the present study was designed to test the hypothesis according to which rootstock effects on scion growth and yield are related to fundamental physiological traits which are expressed consistently and independently of environmental conditions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Pruning weights and yield components from two independent rootstock experiments are reported. In the first experiment, the effect of two levels (30 and 70 kgN/ha/year) was studied during 15 years on Cabernet-Sauvignon vines grafted onto SO4 and Riparia Gloire de Montpellier (RGM). In the second one, Cabernet-Sauvignon and Merlot vines grafted on SO4 and RGM were submitted to two levels of soil fertility shortly after plantation: control and high (100 kgN/ha/year + irrigation) and data from the plantation to year 6 were recorded. In both experiments, vine vigour and yield were significantly affected by rootstocks and fertilisation/irrigation treatments. No interaction was recorded. The devigorating effect of RGM in comparison to SO4 was observed in both experiments, regardless of other parameters. Cabernet-Sauvignon was more affected by rootstock than Merlot.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Rootstock effects on vine vegetative and reproductive development were consistently expressed, indicating that scion-rootstock interactions are governed not only by adaptative, but also by specific physiological traits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of study</strong>: This work provides information on scion-rootstock interactions which may be useful in rootstock breeding programs and may help to better choose the rootstock according to the scion and the environment.</p>

Growth and Fruit Quality of 'Kyoho' Grapevines Grafted on Autotetraploid Rootstocks

The growth of ‘Kyoho’ (Vitis × labruscana Bailey × V. vinifera L.) grapevines grafted on colchicine-induced autotetraploids of two grape rootstocks, ‘Riparia Gloire de Montpellier’ (‘Gloire’, V. riparia Michx.), and ‘Couderc 3309’ (‘3309’, V. riparia × V. rupestris), was compared with the original diploids. Micro-propagated rootstock and ‘Kyoho’ grapevines were grafted in vitro and rooted. During the rooting and acclimating stage, ‘Kyoho’ grapevines grafted on tetraploids had much shorter shoots and internodes than those grafted on the counterpart diploids. In the nursery period in pots, ‘Kyoho’ grapevines grafted on each tetraploid rootstock also showed weaker growth than those grafted on the corresponding diploid rootstock. After planting in the vineyard, lateral shoot growth after primary shoot-tipping, the trunk cross-sectional area and pruned cane weight of ‘Kyoho’ grapevines grafted on each tetraploid rootstock were also smaller than those grafted on the corresponding diploid rootstock. The berries of ‘Kyoho’ grapevines grafted on tetraploids showed much deeper skin coloration than those of vines grafted on diploid rootstocks.

CLONAL SELECTION OF THE GREEK GRAPE WINE CULTIVAR 'XINOMAVRO'

CLONAL SELECTION OF THE GREEK GRAPE WINE CULTIVAR 'XINOMAVRO'

Influence of Training/Trellising System and Rootstock Selection on Productivity and Fruit Composition of Chardonnay and Cabernet franc Grapevines in Ontario, Canada

Light microclimate, yield components, and fruit composition were investigated from 1999 to 2002 on vines growing in the Niagara Peninsula in Ontario, Canada. Six training systems (four cane-pruned: four-cane Kniffin, two-tier flatbow, Scott Henry, pendelbogen; and two spur-pruned: low cordon, vertiko), two cultivars (Chardonnay clone 96 and Cabernet franc clone 331), and two rootstocks (Kober 5BB and Riparia Gloire de Montpellier) were investigated in a 6 x 2 x 2 split-split plot design, with training system as the main factor, followed by cultivar and then rootstock. Over the four-year study, Cabernet franc had higher yields (13%) in the cane-versus the spurpruned systems. Chardonnay showed the same trend, but pendelbogen had the highest yield among the cane-pruned systems (26% greater than spur-pruned). The lowest yielding systems, low cordon and vertiko, produced fruit with the highest mean Brix over the four-year period in both cultivars, although the low-cordon canopy had a high leaf layer number, while vertiko had a low leaf layer number during the first two years of study. Must pH and titratable acidity were generally not affected by training system. Vines growing on 5BB rootstock produced greater yields, pruning weights, and had lower crop-load ratios compared to vines growing on Riparia. Vines with Riparia rootstock produced fruit higher in Brix in two of the four years.