Rio Vermelho Research Articles

UAV-based doline mapping in Brazilian karst: A cave heritage protection reconnaissance

Abstract Dolines are depressions in the soluble ground that indicates the degree of karstification. They may also act as connection points (vulnerability spots) between the surface and underground for the transmission of runoff, sediments, and pollutants. The delineation of these spots (dolines) is a crucial step in environmental management through land use planning to protect the karst underground, which is rich in flora and fauna. This requirement can benefit from a cost-effective, accessible, and non-invasion high-resolution investigation generating digital elevation models (DEMs) from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery and automated object detection techniques. This study examines the capabilities of UAV-based DEM in detecting dolines across 50 km2 in the environmentally protected area of river Vermelho (APANRV – Área de Proteção Ambiental das Nascentes do Rio Vermelho). Initially, an automatic objects (doline and no-doline) detection algorithm was applied to the DEM, followed by a visual inspection to differentiate doline from possible dolines in orthomosaic photos, topographic profiles, and shaded UAV-based relief (digital terrain model; DTM and DSM). For the redundancy checking, a cluster analysis with four tests was conducted. The objects generated from the best clusters and morphological analysis were gathered in the same base for visual inspection. Out of a total of 933 objects identified, 41% were obtained from the DSM base, 25% from the perimeter-to-area ratio, and 34% through convergence between the two-analyses. Subsequently, the resulting doline typologies are discussed in reference to their proximity to hydrogeological features and their impacts on underground vulnerability. The findings aligned with the previous research as dolines were highly concentrated near sites where carbonates come in contact with siliciclastic sediments.

Archéologie de l’art rupestre au Mato Grosso (Brésil) : la Chapada dos Guimarães

As part of the research program “Archaeology of rock art in Mato Grosso: the Chapada dos Guimarães National Park (Cuiabá, Brazil)” placed under the coordination of Patrick Paillet and Veronica Wesolowski, an integrated and interdisciplinary approach to the territory still largely unpublished rock art of the Chapada dos Guimarães, has been undertaken since 2020 by combining strictly archaeological research (surveys, excavations and prospecting-inventories), rock art studies (analysis and graphic, photographic and photogrammetric recording of representations) and geological analyzes and, to define and characterize the structure of its ornamented landscapes. Our program is an extension of other projects carried out from 1983 to 2013 under the direction of Agueda Vilhena-Vialou, Denis Vialou and Levy Figuti in the region of the Cidade de Pedra near Rondonópolis and at Santa Elina in the Serra das Araras (Jangada). The region of the Chapada dos Guimarães National Park (PNCG) was the subject of exploration and partial studies between 2017 and 2019 under the direction of Caroline Bachelet within the framework of the program “Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Pantanal region (Mato Grosso, Brazil)”. The pursuit of archaeological research in the PNCG contributes to better defining the chronology and the dynamics of occupations at local and regional scales, to characterizing chrono-culturally the settlements and their variability in the region, extending from the Rio Vermelho in the south to the Rio Cuiabá in the north, and to understand the processes of settlement and/or mobility of past populations along the firm lands and especially the hydrographic systems that border the floodplains of the Pantanal and which constitute the main routes of population movement.

FOR A GREATER EFFICIENCY OF THE BRAZILIAN PASTURES:

Climate change, induced by human activities, is already a reality in the most diverse environments on Earth. Modelling forage capacity for herds has become an important management strategy, aiming to reduce environmental impacts and increase efficiency in meat production. This work aimed to estimate the Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) in pasture areas in savanna environments (locally known as Cerrado) of the state of Goiás, Brazil, with specific parameterization data for Brachiaria species. The experiment was carried out in pasture areas in the Rio Vermelho hydrographic basin (BHRV), in the western portion of Goiás, using Landsat 8 OLI / TIRS sensor satellite images, in which the variation in the GPP was recorded in 22 images in the period from October 2014 to May 2018. This parameter was estimated by coupling the SEBAL algorithms to estimate evapotranspiration, combined with the CASA model, which, together with surface data, calculates the GPP. Furthermore, for this same area, an adaptation of the GPP product methodology obtained by MOD17A2H was also carried out for Landsat 8 images to understand better the variation in GPP in medium spatial resolution images (30 m). Among the results, the SEBAL / CASA method proved to be more efficient among the methods applied in this research, following the climatic seasonality of the region and its influences on the pasture areas, with a variation of 0.10 to 5 g C m-2. Therefore, the estimate of the GPP aiming at a reading of the pasture and local climatic data presented better results with the calibration of the models with specific data.

Suscetibilidade à Erosão Laminar e Linear da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Vermelho e a sua Relação com o Uso e Cobertura da Terra em 2012

A perda de solos por erosão leva à redução da produtividade agrícola, e quando em um estágio avançado, impulsiona a degradação dos solos, tornando-os inaptos para o cultivo agrícola. Neste trabalho, buscou-se avaliar a suscetibilidade da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Vermelho (BHRV) a erosão laminar e a suscetibilidade a erosão linear da sub-bacia do Córrego Grande, localizada no compartimento de maior suscetibilidade da BHRV, com o intuito de identificar áreas mais propícias a ocorrência de focos erosivos. A alta bacia, que engloba os municípios de Goiás, Buriti de Goiás, Fazenda Nova, Novo Brasil e Mossamedes, foi o compartimento que apresentou a maior suscetibilidade a erosão laminar, devido à presença de solos de alta erodibilidade sobre um relevo de alta declividade, favorecendo o escoamento superficial em detrimento da infiltração de água no solo. Neste compartimento, as áreas de pastagem localizadas na Serra de Santa Rita em Faina e na Serra Dourada em Goiás tiveram alguns terrenos cujo uso do solo foi incompatível com a suscetibilidade à erosão laminar, apresentando alto potencial para a ocorrência de focos erosivos de origem laminar. Já a menor suscetibilidade à erosão laminar ocorreu na baixa bacia, em particular nos municípios de Britânia e Aruanã, por ser esta uma área de relevo plano de baixas altitudes sobre depósitos sedimentares recentes. Comparando a suscetibilidade a erosão laminar com a linear para a sub-bacia do Córrego Grande, diferentemente da primeira, a suscetibilidade a erosão linear é maior em declividades intermediárias (7-17%), as quais favorecem uma maior concentração do escoamento superficial.Palavras-chave: Erosão, Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Vermelho, Declividade, Comprimento de Rampa, Sub-bacia do Córrego Grande. Susceptibility of the Red River Basin to Laminar and Linear Erosions and its Relationship to Land Use and Land Cover in 2012 A B S T R A C TLoss of soil by erosion leads to reduced agricultural productivity, and when at an advanced stage, it drives soil degradation, rendering it unfit for agricultural cultivation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the susceptibility of the Rio Vermelho Hydrographic Basin (BHRV) to laminar erosion and the susceptibility to linear erosion of the Córrego Grande sub-basin, located in the most susceptible compartment of the BHRV, in order to identify favorable areas to erosion. The high basin, which encompasses the municipalities of Goiás, Buriti de Goiás, Fazenda Nova, Novo Brasil and Mossamedes, was the compartment that presented the greatest susceptibility to laminar erosion, due to the presence of soils of high erodibility on a relief of high slope, favoring the superficial flow in detriment to the infiltration of water in the soil. In this compartment, pasture areas located in Serra de Santa Rita in Faina, and Serra Dourada in Goiás, had some terrain whose soil use was incompatible with the susceptibility to laminar erosion, presenting high potential for the occurrence of erosive foci of laminar origin. The lowest susceptibility to laminar erosion occurred in the low basin, particularly in the municipalities of Britania and Aruanã, because it is a flat relief area of low altitudes on recent sedimentary deposits. Comparing susceptibility to laminar erosion with linear erosion for the Córrego Grande sub-basin, differently from the former, susceptibility to linear erosion is higher in intermediate slopes (7-17%), which favors a higher concentration of surface runoff.Keywords: Erosion, Rio Vermelho Watershed, Slope, Ramp Length, Córrego Grande Sub-basin.

Cultural and technology elucidation of the Tupi-Guarani tradition through analysis of potsherds from Travessão do Rio Vermelho site (Santa Catarina - Brazil) by spectroscopy, SEM-EDS and chemometrics

Ceramic fragments can provide an insight into the ancient culture and practices of groups of humans and their way of life (technology, cultural identity, social organization, habitation and economy). Scientific analysis can be used to obtain information on the ceramic production process, as well as the specificities of the material employed. In this research, all samples of archaeological potsherd from the Tupi-Guarani tradition were analyzed in order to identify and to characterize the structures, morphologies and the elemental composition by using by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and multivariate statistical methods (PCA and HCA). FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of an organic residue in three samples along with carbonates, clay minerals, quartz and hematite. In addition, the presence of the stretching attributed to water molecules in crystalline systems was observed. Also, the presence of TiO2 in the anatase polymorphic form was detected using μ-Raman spectroscopy. These results indicate a firing temperature of between 800 and 1000°C. In relation to the morphology, all samples revealed amorphous structures presenting isolated and heterogenic particles of different forms and sizes, and the EDS spectrum confirmed the elements present in the molecular structures elucidated by vibrational spectroscopy. The multivariate analysis has confirmed the correlation between the elemental compositions of ceramics collected from two different sites: a mountain region and a coastal area in Santa Catarina State, Brazil.

MAMÍFEROS DE MÉDIO E GRANDE PORTE NA ÁREA DE PROTEÇÃO AMBIENTAL MUNICIPAL DO RIO VERMELHO EM SANTA CATARINA, SUL DO BRASIL

MEDIUM AND LARGE MAMMALS IN RIO VERMELHO MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AREA, SANTA CATARINA, SOUTHERN BRAZIL: Most studies on medium and large mammals in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest are carried out in areas under full protection (as parks and biological reserves). Considering the continuing threats that the forest remnants are suffering, it is essential to carry out mammal surveys in protected areas for sustainable use. In order to evaluate the species richness and the relative frequency of medium and large mammals in the área de proteção ambiental municipal do Rio Vermelho – APARV (northern Santa Catarina state), methodologies of direct visualization and camera traps were used. The study was conducted from the beginning of 2015 to the end of 2019. In Santa Catarina state, there is only one study which sampling effort is comparable to the present one (7300 night-trap). Thirty-three native mammal species and two alien species (Canis familiaris and Lepus europaeus) were found. The species accumulation curve tended to stabilize at the beginning of the third year. Three species were responsible for more than half of the photographic records (Cerdocyon thous, Eira barbara and Procyon cancrivorus). In total, 33.3% of the species are classified in some category of threat, and three of these species are among the less recorded in Santa Catarina state (Tayassu pecari, Tapirus terrestris and Mazama nana). Our survey added 18 new occurrences to the APARV management plan. Only two of the 18 mammal surveys carried out previously in the Santa Catarina state recorded more species than our study. This is the second survey which was carried out in protected areas for sustainable use in Santa Catarina state. Our study contributes to the important knowledge that can be used in conservation measures. In this way, the APARV plays a fundamental role for the conservation of the Atlantic Forest mammals, constituting an important area favoring the population movements of mammals.

GIS-Based Relief Compartment Mapping of Fluvio-Karst Landscape in Central Brazilian Highlands

The present study describes the preliminary findings of a research project aiming at creating a knowledge-base for the protection of caves heritage at Rio Vermelho preservation area in the central Brazilian highlands. A GIS-based relief compartment mapping was conducted using readily available data (e.g., satellite images, geological, and cave location maps). Four resultant geomorphological domains were identified, including (i) lowlands (282 km2) with a baselevel in silicates and carbonates, (ii) the karst terrains (994 km2) which were developed in carbonates trapped by siltstone lenses, (iii) the talus (1483 km2) having colluvial and alluvial units deposited by the escarpment retreat (Urucuia Formation) and (iv) the highlands (1143.7 km2) developed over the sandstone of the Urucuia Group. The intersection of landform and geological maps resulted in delineating two abrupt contacts, the first between lowland and karst terrains and the second between the talus and highlands that formed canyon escarpment. For sustainability perspective, this study proposed two types of cave systems in the region as superior/vadose (top-bottom) that collect floods from hillslopes and deep Epigene fluvial-karst (bottom-up).

Comércio e serviços de rua como manifestações do circuito inferior da economia em dois bairros de Salvador, Bahia

Neste artigo são apresentados os resultados de uma pesquisa conduzida junto aos comerciantes e prestadores de serviços de rua em dois bairros de Salvador no ano de 2019. Foram realizadas, a partir de uma amostragem não probabilística por cotas e com curva de saturação de respostas, 18 entrevistas no bairro do Rio Vermelho e 15 entrevistas no bairro da Graça. Objetivou-se caracterizar o perfil e as trajetórias dos comerciantes e prestadores de serviços de rua, assim como identificar as relações entre o circuito superior e o circuito inferior da economia (SANTOS, 2004), estabelecidas a partir da atuação dos empreendedores de rua alcançados pela pesquisa. Um critério fundamental para a escolha dos dois bairros foi a implementação de operações recentes de requalificação urbana em seus espaços públicos. São, ambos, bairros residenciais, com moradores de renda média a alta, que apresentam uma significativa presença de comércio e serviços de rua. Embora haja especificidades em cada um dos recortes analisados, percebe-se que em ambos há uma complementaridade entre os dois circuitos da economia, evidenciada, sobretudo, na localização do comércio e dos serviços de rua. Os comerciantes/prestadores de serviço apresentam, em geral, certa flexibilidade em sua jornada de trabalho, adaptando o período de trabalho às especificidades de quem trabalha na rua. Tanto no Rio Vermelho como na Graça, aqueles comerciantes/prestadores de serviço que dispõem de estruturas fixas (quiosques e barracas metálicas) são em geral cadastrados e recolhem taxas, além de ter uma jornada de trabalho melhor distribuída na semana e menos dificuldades no cotidiano.

ANÁLISE MORFOMÉTRICA E NEOTECTÔNICA DA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO RIO VERMELHO – SUDESTE DO PARÁ

Este trabalho apresenta a análise morfométrica e a aplicação de índices geomórficos visando avaliar a influência neotectônica na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Vermelho (BHRV), localizada no sudeste do Estado do Pará. A partir da análise do Modelo Digital de Elevação (MDE) foram definidas as características geométricas, de relevo e da rede de drenagem da referida bacia e, em seguida, empregado os índices: Relação Declividade-Extensão (RDE), Fator de Assimetria (FA), Integral Hipsométrica (IH) e Sinuosidade de Frente de Montanha (SMF) em vinte e sete sub-bacias. Esses quatro índices foram combinados para produzir o Índice de Atividade Tectônica Relativa (IAT), dividido em quatro classes de acordo com o coeficiente de intensidade da atividade tectônica. Como resultado, aproximadamente 44% da BHRV correspondeu à classe 1 (altíssima atividade tectônica), 37% correspondeu a classe 2 (com alta atividade tectônica) e apenas 18% correspondeu a classe 3 que indica uma moderada intensidade tectônica. Nenhuma sub-bacia apresentou a classe 4, o que indica que a BHRV possui alta atividade neotectônica.

A potencialidade da imagem fotográfica como mediadora

Este artigo discorre sobre as proposições do homem de ultrapassar o que lhe é visível, de apropriar-se da informação por meio da mediação de sujeitos e dispositivos, apontando para questões epistemológicas que nos séculos XX e XXI têm sido levantadas sobre a imagem fotográfica. Traz conceitos e teorias que, no campo da Ciência da Informação, voltadas para a mediação da informação e seus suportes, dentre eles a fotografia, são revistas por força de modalidades e novas práticas de comunicação possibilitadas pelas tecnologias. Aborda aspectos da relação mantida pela fotografia com a cultura, sua função e usos sociais. Apropriando-se do método heurístico, elege como objeto empírico imagens de objetos da casa do escritor Jorge Amado, registradas no livro Rua Alagoinhas 33, Rio Vermelho. As etapas de identificação, numeração e resumo possibilitaram a desmontagem visual das imagens, a criação de grupos temáticos e a sua remontagem verbal, comprovando que as imagens fotográficas, como dispositivo e fonte de informação, podem ser consideradas um elemento de mediação, cuja leitura e interpretação sinalizam para as relações socioculturais construídas pelos sujeitos e viabilizam a criação de novas narrativas.

Woody Aboveground Biomass Mapping of the Brazilian Savanna with a Multi-Sensor and Machine Learning Approach

The tropical savanna in Brazil known as the Cerrado covers circa 23% of the Brazilian territory, but only 3% of this area is protected. High rates of deforestation and degradation in the woodland and forest areas have made the Cerrado the second-largest source of carbon emissions in Brazil. However, data on these emissions are highly uncertain because of the spatial and temporal variability of the aboveground biomass (AGB) in this biome. Remote-sensing data combined with local vegetation inventories provide the means to quantify the AGB at large scales. Here, we quantify the spatial distribution of woody AGB in the Rio Vermelho watershed, located in the centre of the Cerrado, at a high spatial resolution of 30 metres, with a random forest (RF) machine-learning approach. We produced the first high-resolution map of the AGB for a region in the Brazilian Cerrado using a combination of vegetation inventory plots, airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data, and multispectral and radar satellite images (Landsat 8 and ALOS-2/PALSAR-2). A combination of random forest (RF) models and jackknife analyses enabled us to select the best remote-sensing variables to quantify the AGB on a large scale. Overall, the relationship between the ground data from vegetation inventories and remote-sensing variables was strong (R2 = 0.89), with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 7.58 Mg ha−1 and a bias of 0.43 Mg ha−1.

The Potential Use of Geophysical Methods to Identify Cavities, Sinkholes and Pathways for Water Infiltration

The use of geophysical characterization of karst systems can provide an economical and non-invasive alternative for extracting information about cavities, sinkholes, pathways for water infiltration as well as the degree of karstification of underlying carbonate rocks. In the present study, three geophysical techniques, namely, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLFEM) methods were applied at three different locations in relation to fluvial karst, which is listed as an environmentally sensitive area in Rio Vermelho, Mambaí, Goiás, Brazil. In the data acquisition phase, the GPR, direct-current (DC) resistivity and VLFEM profiles were obtained at the three locations in the area. Data were analyzed using commonly adopted processing workflows. The GPR results showed a well-defined lithology of the site based on the amplitude of the signal and radar typologies. On the other hand, the inverted resistivity cross-sections showed a three-layered stratigraphy, pathways of water infiltration and the weathered structures in carbonate (Bambui group). The interpretation of VLFEM as contours of current density resulted from Fraser and Karous–Hjelt filters, indicated the presence of conductive structures (high apparent current density) that might be linked to the weathered carbonate and other conductive and resistive anomalies associated with the water-filled and dry cavities (cave), respectively. The results encourage the integrated application of geophysical techniques such as the reconnaissance for further detailed characterization of the karst areas.

Cora em Cores

Esta pesquisa visa estabelecer relações entre os escopos técnicos e poéticos de intervenções realizadas no Museu Casa de Cora Coralina, na Cidade de Goiás, às margens do rio Vermelho, desvelando padrões tecnológicos, ressoados dos sentidos da poética da autora. Metaforicamente, os fluxos de consciência da escrita da autora soam como escapismo em suas memórias, em que o rio e a terra vermelha, elementos de sua casa, traduzem sua relação sanguínea, estritamente, visceral em sua essência. A terra, água e o ar, corados, representam, nessa interface, o triângulo da vida, sendo elementos centrais do ir-e-vir da poesia de Cora. Retratos da cor local, o percurso metodológico, de abordagem fenomenológica, transita por entre ruelas, becos e bicas, produzindo fervuras, murmúrios, ecoando e escoando poesias. A tecnologia, enquanto artefato cultural, se inscreve nessa retórica da poesia como simbiose entre as letras, versos, poesias e prosas da autora, além dos caminhantes que vislumbram um trajeto de vozes dissociantes na Cidade de Goiás.

Stratigraphic update, paleotectonic, paleogeographic, and depositional environments of the Crixás Greenstone Belt, Central Brazil

The Crixás Greenstone Belt is a supracrustal rock sequence of the allochthonous Archean-Paleoproterozoic Crixás-Goiás Terrane of the Neoproterozoic Tocantins Province of Central Brazil. The belt occurs between Mesoarchean (2.9-2.8 Ga) primitive orthogneiss complexes intruded by Siderian intracratonic mafic dikes and stocks. The rock succession of the greenstone belt consists of metakomatiites followed by metabasalts, both of greenschist to low amphibolite facies, underlying metasedimentary rocks of low greenschist facies. The greenstone belt is divided into the southern, central, and northwestern sectors, with different rock associations. The northwestern sector tectonically underlies a small exotic block known as the Mina Inglesa Sequence. The sequence consists of a low greenschist facies volcano-sedimentary package similar to a greenstone belt, but of unknown origin. The latest stratigraphic nomenclature for the belt labels its rock package as the Crixás Group. From base to top, the Group comprises the Córrego Alagadinho, Rio Vermelho, and Ribeirão das Antas Formations, made up of metakomatiites, metabasalts, and metasedimentary rock, respectively. The Mina Inglesa Sequence is an independent unit of the Crixás Group, in spite of the similar rock assemblage of both units. Protoliths of the Ribeirão das Antas Formation comprise shallow water black shales with dolomite lenses, laterally wedge-shaped with impure turbiditic sandstones (wakes). Published U/Pb and Sm/Nd whole-rock isotopic data indicate that the metakomatiites and metabasalts erupted during the Mesoarchean (3.0 Ga). Detrital zircon grains from the sedimentary protoliths suggest a mixed Mesoarchean and Rhyacian source-area (3.2 and 2.2 Ga). The U/Pb age from hydrothermal zircon grains of a gold-bearing quartz vein indicates that the sedimentation ended just before 2.1 Ga. Field, drilling, and the isotopic data led the authors to review the stratigraphic content of the Crixás Group by subdividing it into an Upper and Lower Subgroups. The Lower Subgroup comprises the Mesoarchean volcanic section subdivided, from base to top, into the currently adopted Córrego Alagadinho and Rio Vermelho Formations. The Upper Subgroup rests ubnconformable on the Lower Subgroup, and comprisess the Rhyacian metasedimentary section. The Upper Subgroup contains two rock units deposited in different environments. The currently used Ribeirão das Antas Formation is the lower unit, which is redefined as composed of carbonaceous phyllites with dolomite lenses. The upper unit comprises the new proposed Córrego Geral Formation, composed of metagraywackes. The wedge-shaped contact between both sedimentary units indicates that they were coevally deposited. The Paleoproterozoic sedimentary basin consisted of a small depression formed during the sagduction of the volcanic pile, triggered by the diapiric rise of the adjacent orthogneiss protoliths. The sediment deposition started with black shales in response to a slow rise of the seawater and paleoclimatic conditions. An increasing input of siliciclastic turbidites occurred in response to the uplift of a Rhyacian/Mesoarchean source-area that provided a mixed clastic load. Anomalous positive δ13C data from the dolomite lenses indicate that they deposited during the 2.2-2.1 Ga Lomagundi Event, which is compatible with the dominant Rhyacian zircon grains of the graywackes. The Crixás-Goiás Terrane lacks geologic evidence for the existence of an internal Rhyacian crustal block to justify the youngest detrital zircon grains of the graywackes. These observations render uncertainty about the geographic position of the rising crust. Paleoproterozoic crustal shortening of the belt resulted in stacked thin-skinned thrust-faults that host gold orebodies. An eastward age decrease of the crustal shortening from Crixás to an easterly belt leads the authors to propose that the clastic load source could occur to the West of the Terrane. The Mina Inglesa Sequence is an allochthonous block with lithologic and isotopic features that distinguish it from the greenstone belt. The authors also describe that there is no isotopic evidence for Meso- to Neoproterozoic source-areas, neither for the Córrego Geral Formation nor for the Mina Inglesa Sequence. These findings raise a suggestion that the granite-greenstone belt association of the Terrane may represent a craton border that remained stable before its amalgamation to the province during the Neoproterozoic.

Criação de áreas de risco: os problemas com alagamentos no distrito de Rio Vermelho, Florianópolis / SC

O presente trabalho trata da criação de áreas de risco a alagamentos no Distrito de Rio Vermelho/SC. Este Distrito possui diferentes tipos de áreas úmidas, porém aquelas localizadas no interior do terraço marinho foram urbanizadas porque nem sempre estão úmidas ao longo do tempo. Moradores antigos sabiam que estas áreas alagavam em episódios de chuvas excepcionais, contudo, são pessoas migrantes que compraram terrenos ali. O parcelamento do solo irregular, sem planejamento e fiscalização do poder público associado ao desconhecimento da dinâmica natural do lugar criaram áreas de risco a alagamento. Medidas estruturais de drenagem não conseguirão acabar com os alagamentos por completo, por isso devem ser implantadas também medidas não-estruturais que diminuam a vulnerabilidade dos moradores.

Effects of Ethephon Associated with the Position of Gems on the Plum of Sugar Cane in the Initial Development of Culture - Part II

The hormones are closely related to the emergence of gemstones contained seedlings of sugarcane, at the time of planting of the stems. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the ethephon associated to the position of gemstones in the cane of sugar cane in the initial development of the culture. In March 2014, at the Rio Vermelho Plant, located in Junqueirópolis, State of São Paulo, a cane plant with a sugar cane plant was selected for seedlings with an approximate age of 11 months. Two areas with dimensions of 20x20 meters were demarcated. In one of the areas ethephon was applied. At 15 days after application, the seedlings containing 1 and 2 buds were collected to compose two independent experiments. From the area where the product was not applied, seedlings were removed for the control and application treatments of ethephon in the planting groove in pots. The gems were sent to the Faculty of Agrarian and Technological Sciences of the Paulista State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - from Dracena, State of São Paulo. The seedlings came from the apex, middle and base of the canes of sugarcane. In this way, the experimental design was in a 3x3 factorial scheme, that is, the position of the seedlings in the canes of sugarcane and the modes of application of ethephon. The use of ethephon and positions of the seedlings in sugarcane stalks did not influence the Chlorophyll Index and Stomatal Conductance. The use of ethephon in the plant 15 days before planting, together with seedlings from the apex followed by the medium of the canes of sugarcane, presented better results for the ultrastructural characteristics of sugarcane foliage.

Effects of Ethephon Associated with the Position of Gems on the Aspect of Sugar Cane in the Initial Development of Culture - Part I

The hormones are closely related to the emergence of gemstones contained seedlings of sugarcane, at the time of planting of the stems. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the ethephon associated with the position of gemstones in the cane of sugar cane in the initial development of the culture. In March 2014, at the Rio Vermelho Plant, located in Junqueirópolis, State of São Paulo, a cane plant with a sugar cane plant was selected for seedlings with an approximate age of 11 months. Two areas with dimensions of 20x20 meters were demarcated. In one of the areas, ethephon was applied. At 15 days after application, the seedlings containing 1 and 2 buds were collected to compose two independent experiments. From the area where the product was not applied, seedlings were removed for the control and application treatments of Ethephon in the planting groove in pots. The gems were sent to the Faculty of Agrarian and Technological Sciences of the Paulista State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - from Dracena, State of São Paulo. The seedlings came from the apex, middle and base of the canes of sugarcane. In this way, the experimental design was in a 3x3 factorial scheme, that is, the position of the seedlings in the canes of sugarcane and the modes of application of ethephon. The use of ethephon in the plant 15 days before planting together with seedlings from the sugar cane culms showed the best results for the rate of emergence; a number of tillers; dry matter weight of stem and leaves and leaf area.

Ingleses e o Rio Capivari: forma urbana, espaços públicos, natureza e urbanidade

O trabalho faz uma breve análise morfológica do distrito de Ingleses do Rio Vermelho, em Florianópolis, com preocupações específicas no tocante à sua relação com o meio ambiente e à qualidade dos espaços públicos formados, em um ambiente urbano densamente utilizado. Rechaça o oximoro cidade-natureza e ressalta a importância dos espaços públicos na vida em sociedade. Em relação ao recorte de estudo, lança mão da Teoria da Sintaxe espacial enquanto ferramenta de leitura espacial, a qual proporcionou, ainda, um melhor entendimento da dinâmica urbana do distrito, constituindo-se como poderosa ferramenta ao vislumbre de soluções locais alinhadas ao ideal de urbanidade.

Characterization of the hydrothermal alteration and ore zones of The Rio Vermelho Prospect: A new iocg mineralization in The Carajás province

The Rio Vermelho prospect is located in the eastern sector of the Carajás Mineral Province, near to the contact with the metasediments of the Araguaia Fold Belt. The mineralization is located in a horse splay zone of the Carajás Fault, near to the Cristalino IOCG deposit. The ore is hosted by Archean deformed granitoids affected by multi-stages hydrothermal alteration controlled by NNW-SSE structures. Geological mapping and detailed drill core logging associated to petrographic studies allowed the identification of different hydrothermal stages. The hydrothermal alteration starts with a sodic system, preserved only in distal areas, in which albite replaces the original feldspars in regional deformed granites and fills a stockwork vein system in metadiorite/metagabbro rocks. The excess of silica after original feldspars transformation forms quartz in the sodic paragenesis. The presence of actinolite in metadiorite/metagabbro, although restricted to distal areas, might be suggestive of local coeval calcic alteration. Pervasive potassification, represented by the crystallization of microcline together with quartz, overprints the albite paragenesis and occurs proximal to the ore zone. Chloritization occurs in two different stages, pre- and syn-mineralization. The pre-mineralization is characterized by pervasive lamellar chlorite I associated with epidote and quartz. The syn-mineralization is marked by fibro-radial chlorite II, enriched in FeAl and Mn, and associated with iron oxide and copper sulfides filling veins and breccias. Before the mineralization stage, silicification marks the beginning of the brecciacion phase producing quartz veins. The copper mineralization stage, with ore filling breccias dominated by chalcopyrite with subordinate bornite, occurs associated with abundant hematite replacing early magnetite crystals. Sericitization is a continuous post-mineralization process producing pervasive finely scaled white mica that is followed by epidote and carbonate formation during the last hydrothermal alteration phase. The hydrothermalism starting with sodic-calcic phases and ending with low-k potassic phase suggests a temperature ranging from >500 to <300 °C. The transition from high temperature sodic and potassic alteration to low temperature in the ore zone in a ductil-brittle environment, suggest a possible input of externally-derived fluids. The abundant hematite derived from magnetite transformation indicates extremely oxidized fluids and suggests a depositional temperature <350° during the ore formation. The hydrothermal characteristics of the copper mineralization of the Rio Vermelho Prospect suggest a shallow IOCG type dominated by hematite. Its regional position at the borders of the Araguaia Fold Belt, possibly not affected by the Neoproterozoic processes, opens a new area for exploration in the easternmost part of the Carajás Domain.

Productive and Economic Viability of Raising Beef Cattle in the Savanna of the Brazilian State of Goiás

Abstract: The present study evaluates the economic viability of four different models of beef cattle production in the rio Vermelho hydrographic basin. The study focuses on the traditional extensive ranching system, which was compared to three intensive systems, one based on low levels of concentrated supplementation, a second with low levels of concentrated supplementation and confinement for fattening and an intensive grazing system, with supplementation during the dry and rainy seasons. The investments were estimated for the different levels of technical specifications of each system. The net present values and internal return rate were used for the assessment of the economic viability of the project, considering the minimum rate of attractiveness, equivalent to the inflation-adjusted savings interest rate (6.17%). The continuity of the sector was evaluated based on the gross and net margins, and profitability rates, where the system is already installed. All four systems had gross and net margins and profitability consistent with their economic sustainability over both the short and long terms. However, only two systems (reduced consumption of concentrated supplements and the intensive grazing system) were economically viable as start-ups.