Rigid Hierarchy Research Articles

Organizational structure of the state civil service of Russia in Russia during the XVI – XVII centuries

This article examines the organizational structure of the state civil service during institutionalization of the system of public administration in the XVI – XVII centuries. The author describes the characteristic traits of this stage of development of the civil service system as a whole, including the highly personalized nature of carrying service, narrow separation between civil and military service, as well as the presence of rank system that was applicable to both the government apparatus and the society. In this context, the author explores the key misinterpretations of the term “rank”, its partial conflation with the concept of “post”, and the absence of universal definition. Research is also conducted on correlation between the organizational structure of the civil service and the class composition of the Tsardom of Russia, which has proven the possibility of separating the system of ranks of public servants from the unified social hierarchy. Special attention is given to the clerical service and its organizational structure: comparison of the status of clerical servants with the elements of the legal status of modern civil servant considering this type of service as the closest prototype of the state civil service. The basic traits of the clerical service include professional character, rigid hierarchy, stability, enforcement nature of activity, additional rights and responsibilities. The author highlights the key role of the concept of “rank” as the characteristic of the position of am individual within service hierarchy, used to for creating a prototype of the organizational structure of the state civil service. The scientific novelty consist in determination of the characteristic features of the organizational structure of civil service as whole, and state civil service in particular, which prove the existence of the developed, although non-unified hierarchy that later provided the framework for the reforms of Peter the Great. This confirms the gradual and consistent, rather than revolutionary nature of the transformations introduced by the Table of Ranks. Such approach gives a more comprehensive perspective upon the evolution of the institution of organizational structure of the state civil service.

Improving team learning in military teams: learning-oriented leadership and psychological equality

PurposeThe study aims to propose and test how leadership styles (learning-oriented, transformational and transactional leadership) and a new construct, psychological equality, help overcome the typically negative effect of rank disparity on team learning.Design/methodology/approachMilitaries have a rigid hierarchy, and rank disparity (hierarchy) inhibits team learning. However, little (quantitative) attention has been paid to understanding the factors that might help overcome the inhibiting effect of hierarchy on military team learning. This study evaluates how learning-oriented leadership helps military teams to learn by improving a sense of psychological equality.FindingsLearning-oriented leadership supported greater psychological equality and team learning than either transformational or transactional leadership. Additionally, psychological equality significantly improved team learning. Together, learning-oriented leadership and psychological equality were found to support team learning within hierarchical teams. The findings show that team rank disparity does not inevitably stifle team learning.Research limitations/implicationsCross-sectional archival and self-report data limits drawing causal conclusions; further, longitudinal studies should be undertaken to extend and test the proposed causal relationship modeled in this study.Practical implicationsGenerating team learning within the military does not require dismantling traditional military command, communication and control structures; instead, specific leadership behaviors (e.g., sharing information, coaching and avoiding blame or shame) can support psychological equality and increased team learning within military’s established command and control structures.Originality/valueThis study answered recent calls to identify the contingencies shaping team learning; improving psychological equality enhances team learning while maintaining the benefits of a clear hierarchical structure (e.g. military command and control).

Fields of Revision: Adaptations ofWren’s Elegyby Mo Yun-suk and Kim Ki-young

AbstractThis essay investigates the ‘field of revision’, in which multiple texts permeate each other to question and transform a given story. To do so, it examines the adaptations of Wren’s Elegy, a South Korean epistolary poem that narrates the story of its titular character’s love for a married man named Simon. The decades-long development of its story—from Mo Yun-suk’s initial publication in 1937 as a revisionist project based on Yi Kwang-su’s Heartless, to three revisions made by the author herself, to its film adaptation by Kim Ki-young—shows how adaptation involves multiple texts, authors, and historical and cultural conditions that create broader networks of elements for stories. By identifying and exploring the blind spots of previous versions, each revision updates the story of Wren and Simon to introduce a different vision. Through our analysis of Mo and Kim’s works, we argue that revision is not just about newly introduced ideas and perspectives, but also about critiques of a story’s previous forms. By viewing revision as such a method, the study of adaptation can become more than an inspection of the difference between texts based on a rigid hierarchy of originals and adaptations.

THE DUTCH SCHOOL OF THOUGHT ON SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FOR TRANSITIONING TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL VIEWS

The authors identify the theoretical and methodological foundations of the Dutch approach to sustainable development based on the analysis of the Dutch research centers for sustainable development and the publications of Dutch scientists. Theories of complex social systems, the coevolutionary paradigm, social change theories, and management theories, the development of which began in the 1960s, form the basis of this approach. The article discusses such features of the Dutch approach as recognition of the non-linearity of development and the need for adaptive and reflexive management of transition; recognition of heterarchy, panarchy during the transition, the impossibility of transition to sustainable development under severe authoritarian management and rigid hierarchy, as well as the need for coordination of social interactions at the functional, hierarchical, geographical levels; the coevolutionary influence of the state, private, and public groups and institutions on the transition to sustainable development and the need for governmental control of the context and conditions for mutual decisions and actions.

Цивилизационное развитие России и «женский вопрос» (XV – начало XX века)

The purpose of the article is to present a general picture of how the idea of normative femininity was formed in the process of the historical development of Russian civiliza­tion from the 15th to the beginning of the 20th centuries. The empirical base of the analy­sis consists of research materials on social and gender history, ethnography, and social philosophy. The main role in the formation of gender norms was played by the Orthodox Church, the autocratic state, the class social structure, and the agrarian type of produc­tion. Thus, the establishment of monotheism in Russia contributed to the formation of a patriarchal social order, which is characterized by the primacy of men and the subor­dination of women. This, together with changes in socio-economic conditions, the forma­tion of privileged estates and the influence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, led to the depriva­tion of women of the rights that they had in Ancient Russia. A few centuries later, the reforms of Peter I dealt a significant blow to the archaic traditions. His innovations marked the beginning of the formation of secular legislation in the field of marriage and family relations, which reduced the role of canon law, prohibited some particularly fanati­cal domestic norms against women, and limited the power of the husband in the family. Europeanization contributed to the secularization of the social consciousness of the upper strata of society and the introduction of Western norms of social and cultural life. Later, the modernization of Russia, the abolition of serfdom, the development of industry and the wider involvement of women in it required an increase in their level of education. Beginning in the middle of the XIX century discussions about women’s right to univer­sity and vocational education, and to the right to vote, contributed to the awakening of women’s social activism. The author analyzes the specifics of the three main directions in the discussion of the “women’s issue”. One of them – the so-called theology of sex -was in line with the Russian philosophical tradition. The other two approaches drew on the socialist and liberal ideas of Western thinkers. The author comes to the conclusion that, in general, the formation of the normative gender structure in Russia proceeded in the same way as it did in European civilization: from the initial rigid gender hierarchy to the gradual empowerment of women until women received voting rights in April 1917. The article shows that the development of Russian civilization in the gender aspect went from patriarchal traditions to the provision of greater rights and opportunities to women. These trends were continued in Soviet times. The article provides convincing material to refute the claims of Russian conservative ideologists about the inviolability of patriar­chal gender norms in Russia.

The Role of Power in Health Care Conflict: Recommendations for Shifting Toward Constructive Approaches.

The combination of power and conflict is frequently reported to have a detrimental impact on communication and on patient care, and it is avoided and perceived negatively by health care professionals. In view of recent recommendations to explicitly address power and conflict in health professions education, adopting more constructive approaches toward power and conflict may be helpful. This study examined the role of power in conflicts between health care professionals in different cultural contexts to make recommendations for promoting more constructive approaches. The authors used social bases of power (positional, expert, informational, reward, coercive, referent) identified in the literature to examine the role of power in conflicts between health care professionals in different cultural settings. They drew upon semistructured interviews conducted from 2013 to 2016 with 249 health care professionals working at health centers in the United States, Switzerland, and Hungary, in which participants shared stories of conflict they had experienced with coworkers. The authors used a directed approach to content analysis to analyze the data. The social bases of power tended to be comparable across sites and included positional, expert, and coercive power. The rigid hierarchies that divide health care professionals, their professions, and their specialties contributed to negative experiences in conflicts. In addition, the presence of an audience, such as supervisors, coworkers, patients, and patients' families, prevented health care professionals from addressing conflicts when they occurred, resulting in conflict escalation. These findings suggest that fostering more positive approaches toward power and conflict could be achieved by using social bases of power such as referent power and by addressing conflicts in a more private, backstage, manner.

Understanding Experiences of Moral Distress in End-of-Life Care Among US and UK Physician Trainees: a Comparative Qualitative Study.

BackgroundMoral distress is a state in which a clinician cannot act in accordance with their ethical beliefs because of external constraints. Physician trainees, who work within rigid hierarchies and who lack clinical experience, are particularly vulnerable to moral distress. We examined the dynamics of physician trainee moral distress in end-of-life care by comparing experiences in two different national cultures and healthcare systems.ObjectiveWe investigated cultural factors in the US and the UK that may produce moral distress within their respective healthcare systems, as well as how these factors shape experiences of moral distress among physician trainees.DesignSemi-structured in-depth qualitative interviews about experiences of end-of-life care and moral distress.ParticipantsSixteen internal medicine residents in the US and fourteen junior doctors in the UK.ApproachThe work was analyzed using thematic analysis.Key ResultsSome drivers of moral distress were similar among US and UK trainees, including delivery of potentially inappropriate treatments, a poorly defined care trajectory, and involvement of multiple teams creating different care expectations. For UK trainees, healthcare team hierarchy was common, whereas for US trainees, pressure from families, a lack of guidelines for withholding inappropriate treatments, and distress around physically harming patients were frequently cited. US trainees described how patient autonomy and a fear of lawsuits contributed to moral distress, whereas UK trainees described how societal expectations around resource allocation mitigated it.ConclusionThis research highlights how the differing experiences of moral distress among US and UK physician trainees are influenced by their countries’ healthcare cultures. This research illustrates how experiences of moral distress reflect the broader culture in which it occurs and suggests how trainees may be particularly vulnerable to it. Clinicians and healthcare leaders in both countries can learn from each other about policies and practices that might decrease the moral distress trainees experience.

Evolution characteristics of the spatial network structure of tourism efficiency in China: A province-level analysis

The optimization of spatial network connections for tourism efficiency is a prerequisite for the high-quality development of the tourism economy. There is limited understanding, however, of the evolution characteristics of the spatial network structure of tourism efficiency in the extant literature. In this study, super data envelopment analysis (DEA) and social network analysis (SNA) were employed to explore the evolution characteristics of the spatial network structure of tourism efficiency in China at the provincial level from the years 2011– to 2016. The results show that overall tourism efficiency in China exhibited a slight decline. The order of the spatial distribution features by region was eastern, central, northeastern and western. This study demonstrates that the network density of tourism efficiency decreased during the sample period . Additionally, the results indicate that there was a rigid network hierarchy structure, and the core-periphery structure of the tourism efficiency network exhibited clusters. • The network structure of tourism efficiency has become loosely linked in China. • Province-level tourism efficiency in China shows the ‘core-edge’ structure. • Tourism cooperation mechanism should be promoted and strengthened in China.

Diffusion in Information-Seeking Networks: Testing the Interaction of Network Hierarchy and Fluidity with Agent-Based Modeling

ABSTRACT People need information to cope with the demands of life, yet, questions remain about the way social structures facilitate the spread of new information. This study applies agent-based modeling (ABM) to information-seeking behavior. The primary focus is the role of network structure in shaping the spread of information. The present study confirms and extends existing diffusion research by showing that in-degree hierarchy influences multiple diffusion outcomes; hierarchy determines the likely targets of information requests, but its effects are contingent on structural fluidity, the extent that information-seekers may deviate from typical network behavior. Consistent with prior research, more rigid hierarchies increase the potential for rapid diffusion but dramatically increase the risk of diffusion failure. However, the effects of hierarchy that enable rapid diffusion do not require extreme rigidity, but rather are enhanced by a moderately fluid network in which information requests deviate to an extent from the structurally defined channels. This study also analyzes the effects of initial conditions, and the distribution of information itself within networks. Methodological, theoretical, and pragmatic implications are discussed.

Interrupting the Middle: Shifting Everyday Practices of Female Nepalese Students in Australia

ABSTRACT Everyday activities and routines, such as, cooking, cleaning, and shopping, draw attention to the changes, contrasts, and adaptive processes that migrants undertake when settling into new living arrangements and relationships. For those coming from countries with rigid gender hierarchies, such as Nepal, these changes and necessary adaptations to the new socio-cultural practices and more flexible gender roles, often magnify the emotional and relational experiences of migration. This paper explores how female Nepalese students living in Brisbane, Australia experience shifting gender roles and expectations. It expands on the scarce literature on female Nepalese migration, in contrast to the recent growth in females as primary visa holders. Drawing on a series of qualitative interviews and ethnographic reflections, we examine how the more mundane roles and duties of a household are negotiated by these students and their partners. We suggest that attention to the mundane, everyday negotiations of gender between partners and in shared households sheds light on the complexity of migration experiences for Nepalese students living in Australia.

"Quod licet Chefarzt …": The Impact of Perceived Hierarchy on Working Atmosphere and Quality of Work in Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. Results of a Survey Among 799 Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgeons in Germany.

Surgical departments are discredited as guardians of traditional structures of hierarchy. Hierarchy and working climate have a large share in human factor, being made responsible for 70% of avoidable errors in medicine. Aim of this study was the assessment of these topics amongst physicians in the field of orthopedics and traumatology. A questionnaire of 10 questions was digitally handed to DGOU members. 799 questionnaires were answered. We found significant differences in the assessment of hierarchy and working atmosphere amongst the physician groups. Working atmosphere was perceived as not appreciative by registrars only. All groups were in favor of a hierarchy rather close to, but nut absolutely on equal terms. All groups attach high influence of working atmosphere on quality of daily work. Literature shows that hierarchic differentiation can increase performance of a team, while rigid hierarchy structures can lead to mistakes. Although hierarchy in orthopedics and traumatology seems to be less pronounced than assumed, hierarchy has great influence on daily work. In order to achieve a safety oriented medical environment, it will be of great importance to define hierarchy structures in clinics and to utilize them efficiently as a part of safety culture.

Experimental evidence, scaling and public policy: a perspective from developing countries

AbstractI highlight two important factors particular to less-developed countries that can bias evidence generation and contribute to the ‘voltage drop’ in programme benefits, moving from field research experiments to policy implementation at scale. The first is the non-linear increase in information processing and coordination costs associated with upscaling in less-developed countries, given limited state capacity and rigid organizational hierarchies. The second is political bias in the choice of programmes considered for rigorous evaluation itself, resulting in distorted evidence and policy choice. These two factors raise considerations that complement the economics-based approach outlined by Al-Ubaydli et al. in the quest for more rigorous, evidence-based policy.

ОБЗОР РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ ПРЕМИИ «WOW! HR» ЗА 2016 – 2019 ГОДЫ

The transition to “smart manufacturing”, the formation of a new consumer ethics, the development of a network society, the entry into the generation Z market, the “era” of the silver economy and, finally, force majeure circumstances (the declared pandemic) are external factors that pose a serious challenge to HR management of companies. Changes are also taking place in the change of managerial paradigms – from classical management with a rigid hierarchy to partnership and cross – functional interaction.In the Vuca world, the transformation of HR management is taking place: from a transactional function to a business support function.Benchmarking is an excellent tool for studying experience and generating ideas in the field of HR technologies. Openness of companies – the presentation of their unique projects to a wide audience is a great opportunity for small companies to learn from experience and adapt HR solutions to their tasks. Project Overview of the «WOW! HR» is represented by 9 unique nominations: Action! Digital Solutions, HR Hero, Play Hard, Save, Work Place, Level Up, Make Team, Be Cool. The statistics of projects from 2016 to 2019 allows you to track trends in HR solutions, deeply study projects and use the ideas of experts to adapt in your company.

Unrooted responses: Addressing violence against environmental and land defenders

This study considers how participants in community forestry and development organizations respond to forest-related violence. The literature suggests that responses should seek to address the underlying causes of violence, enforce the rule of law, and promote human rights and political empowerment. Yet, these responses are often obstructed and neutralized by power relations and governance challenges, including pervasive corruption and patrimonialism. In Cambodia, the combination of distrust towards corrupt and abusive authorities, rigid legal-rational hierarchies and social conventions, as well as the belief that patrimonialism serves wealthy individuals and lack of awareness of rights makes it difficult to seek, and even less obtain justice for forest-related violence. Few communities, supporting NGOs and foreign donors appear willing and capable of addressing the roots of forest violence, leading to compromises undermining conservation objectives, systemic injustice, and continued exposure to violence for environmental and land defenders. The study points at four areas for further research to reduce the risks of physical harm for defenders, sustain community conservation objectives, and strengthen accountability for forest violence.

AGILE-МЕТОДОЛОГІЯ В УПРАВЛІННІ ТРУДОВИМИ РЕСУРСАМИ ІНДУСТРІЇ ГОСТИННОСТІ

The article deals with the topic of human resource management in general and thehospitality industry in particular. Labor management is one of the basic components ofmanaging a modern organization, whether it is a government entity or a commerce one. Thismanagement function is constantly expanding, making the best use of human resources.In times of scarcity of skilled workers and ever-increasing development at shorter andshorter intervals, the proper and controlled use of human resources becomes increasinglyimportant.Recently, there has been seen a negative tendency to perceive organizational staff asjust workforce. This reduces the individual to its economic value. Managers and HRmanagers can only partially understand the aspect of the issue. After all, it is aboutencouraging and motivating employees, which often go hand in hand with personaldevelopment.Inflexible plans and a rigid hierarchy can work when the society moves slowly andpredictably, but in the modern fast-changing world it blocks the implementation of allpossible innovations, wastes valuable time and prevents organizations from seizing newopportunities.The article discusses the Agile method of workflow improvement and one of its mostpopular instruments, Kanban. Skillful use of them can greatly improve labor efficiency. Thetraditional type of management is focused on linearity and control, and the Agile method is oncustomers and speed of business processes. Human resources are no longer limited toimplementing controls and standards for performance management, but rather promotingprograms and strategies that improve organizational agility, innovation, collaboration, anddecision-making.Success of the Agile method in promoting faster, customer-centric and cost-effectivesoftware development has forced to pay attention and implement this methodology acrossorganizations in other industries, including the hospitality industry.

Millennial Leaders: Ready or Not, Here They Come

Millennial Leaders: Ready or Not, Here They Come

The Syntax of Adverbials

After explicit phrase structure rules were abandoned in government–binding theory, some account of the distribution of adverbials became necessary. This review surveys two current theories. The first, often called the scopal theory, posits that the main factor is semantics: In general, adverbials can appear wherever they cause no violation of semantic well-formedness. Purely syntactic and morphological factors play a role, but it is a relatively minor one. Though the scopal theory predicts a significant range of adverbial distribution correctly, much of its underlying semantic analysis remains to be developed in explicit terms. The second theory discussed in this review, the cartographic theory, takes syntax as central, proposing that adverbials are individually licensed by dedicated functional heads, arranged in a rigid hierarchy by Universal Grammar. This approach has some empirical successes but also a number of problems; thus, the scopal theory is more likely to represent the right direction.

‘All spirited likely young lads’: free men of colour, the defence of Jamaica, and subjecthood during the American War for Independence

ABSTRACTThe American War for Independence increased opportunities across the British Americas for people of African descent to embrace military service as a means of enhancing their rights. In Jamaica, a colony more vulnerable than ever before to enemy invasion, wartime disagreements between imperial officials and the planter elite gave free men of colour an opportunity to lay claim to fairer treatment and the rights of subjecthood through military service. By examining a series of unique and unprecedented petitions and recruiting proclamations, this article reconstructs the creation of the Jamaica Rangers in 1782 and reveals how free men challenged the increasingly rigid racial hierarchies of the island and coalesced politically a decade before scholars have previously recognised the emergence of community mobilisation.

City of the Uncommon Thief by Lynne Bertrand

Reviewed by: City of the Uncommon Thief by Lynne Bertrand April Spisak Bertrand, Lynne City of the Uncommon Thief. Dutton, 2021 [400p] Trade ed. ISBN 9780525555322 $19.99 E-book ed. ISBN 9780525555339 $10.99 Reviewed from digital galleys R* Gr. 9-12 This grim, haunting fantasy novel explores life inside a strictly quarantined world made up of 1,000 inhabited towers and a horrifying city underneath. Indeed, the core protagonist here is the setting itself: it offers endless secrets, each worse than the next, an entire mythology and elaborate history, and fascinating details that slowly coalesce into an entirely realized world that could be any time or any place, though not somewhere or sometime anyone would ever choose to be. As for the humans, Odd Thebes is a bard, brilliant but insecure enough that his cleverness with words is used more often to close others off than to create community. He is inextricably bound to Errol, who is as quintessential a hero as Odd may be villain, though neither is so easily boxed, and he believes himself to be madly in love with someone below him in status within a rigid hierarchy, the gorgeous and clever Jamila. The three are even more closely drawn together by a mysterious pair of iron needles that wind up being two of the most destructive, world-changing pieces of metal that ever existed. Bertrand is wildly ambitious, and she's masterful in her success, trusting readers to be patient and thoughtful enough to tackle shifting locations, characters, perspectives, and plots. It all comes together into a conclusion that drags wildly disparate parts together, howling for their independence but finally yielding to become part of a (begrudgingly) tamed and comprehensive whole that is worth every word. Copyright © 2021 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Channel Your Inner Kindergartner: Fostering a Culture Conducive to Creativity in Legal Practice

The COVID-19 pandemic requires lawyers to address a myriad of unique problems—and highlights the need for lawyers to engage as creative problem solvers. Lawyers are faced with determining how best to deliver legal services while contending with travel restrictions, social distancing, stay-in-place measures, and business and court closures. Furthermore, questions arise as to how to tackle the access to justice gap in the midst of the largest global recession since the Great Depression.Although lawyers need to work collaboratively to come up with creative solutions to these unprecedented problems, a challenge administered to groups of business students, lawyers, CEOs, engineers, and kindergartners revealed that lawyers do not work efficiently and effectively to creatively solve problems. In dozens of challenges, kindergartners outperformed all of the other groups. Instead of collaborating and focusing on completing the task, the lawyers were engaged in status management—trying to determine how they fit into the group and who was in charge. While not smarter than the lawyers, the kindergarteners solved the problem best because they were smarter in the way that they worked with each other. The rigid hierarchy that tends to exist in the practice of law lends itself to increased status management. Moreover, the legal profession in the United States frequently discourages collaboration and suppresses creativity. To combat the barriers to collaboration and creativity in practice, lawyers need to “work together in a smarter way” to generate creative solutions to problems. They need to learn to behave like kindergartners. This article argues that in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, the unprecedented rate of change, and the growing access to justice gap, lawyers need to develop high performing groups where creativity and innovation flourish. To that end, the article introduces three skill sets of highly performing groups that lawyers can use to create a group that can perform far beyond the sum of the team members where they are working collaboratively to creatively solve problems.