Ridge Type Research Articles

Handling Multicollinearity and Outliers: A Comparative Study of Some One and Two–Parameter Estimators Using Real-Life Data

It is evident that when data suffers the problem of multicollinearity, the traditional least square is incapacitated and unreliable. Hence, needs to use bias estimator such as Ridge estimator, Liu estimator among others. Also, presence of outliers is another treat and to tackle this challenge is the use of robust regression estimators which include M, MM, LTS, LMS, LAD, LQS and S estimators. However, the presence of the two anomalies may be inevitable. Several estimators have been combined to handle the problems simultaneously. Therefore, this study compared and contrasted some robust one and two-parameter estimators using some real-life data sets. Mean Square Error (MSE) was used as criterion to select the best estimator. Some of the robust estimators were found to be inconsistent in addressing the twin problems. However, across all the data set employed in the study, the results revealed that robust Modified Ridge Type (MRT) in M, MM and LTS did well using minimum MSE

Testing the Significance of Regression Coefficients in Liu Type Estimators

In the linear regression model, the multicollinearity problem arises when there is a linear relationship between independent variables. This situation causes the variance of the estimations of the model parameters obtained by the Least Squares Estimator method to increase and move away from the true value, resulting in unstable and incorrect results. Biased Estimator methods are developed to eliminate the adverse effects caused by multicollinearity. In this study, a test statistic is obtained to test the significance of the model coefficients for the Liu-Type Estimator using the test statistic method suggested in the study of Halawa and El-Bassiouni (2000). With a simulation study, the significance of the model coefficients of the Ridge, Liu, and Liu type biased estimators in different situations is tested; the type I errors and power values of the estimators are calculated; the results are compared. In addition, a real data application is performed to better understand the test procedure.

Impact of Duodenal Papilla Morphology on the Success of Transpancreatic Precut Sphincterotomy.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate whether the morphology of the duodenal major papilla is linked to transpancreatic precut sphincterotomy (TPS) failure. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) at our institution. The inclusion criteria involved patients with a naïve major duodenal papilla who required TPS due to difficult biliary cannulation. Papilla morphology was classified using Haraldsson's system, as follows: regular (Type 1), small (Type 2), protruding or pendulous (Type 3), and creased or ridged (Type 4). The analysis focused on identifying risk factors for TPS failure and related complications. Results: A total of 103 cases were analyzed, with an overall TPS success rate of 85.44%. There were no significant differences in age, gender, ERCP indications, or the prevalence of juxtapupillary diverticula across the four papilla types. The TPS failure rates by papilla type were Type 1 (10.53%), Type 2 (0%), Type 3 (16.67%), and Type 4 (28%). Type 4 papilla had a significantly higher failure rate compared to Type 1 and Type 2 in the univariate analysis (p = 0.028), but this was not statistically significant in the multivariate analysis (p = 0.052). Age emerged as an independent risk factor for TPS failure. Conclusions: Duodenal papilla morphology may influence the success rate of TPS, with advanced age being a key risk factor for failure. Identifying high-risk factors such as Type 4 papilla and older age can help endoscopists adjust their techniques early, potentially improving outcomes and minimizing complications.

Comparison of masticatory performance and oral hygiene status using cream-type denture adhesives and home liners: A cross-sectional study using propensity-score matching.

Differences in the effects of cream-type denture adhesives and home liners remain unclear. This cross-sectional study aimed to clarify the differences in the oral-hygiene status and masticatory performance between participants using cream-type denture adhesives and those using home liners. Masticatory performance with and without cream-type denture adhesives and home liners was evaluated using colour-changeable chewing gum. Oral hygiene was assessed using the tongue coating index (TCI). Propensity-score matching was performed using oral moisture, presence of palatal or mandibular protuberances, type of residual ridge, denture type (complete or partial denture), and denture retention as background factors. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to examine the differences in masticatory performance with and without cream-type denture adhesives and home liners and differences in masticatory performance and TCI between the cream-type denture adhesive and home-liner groups. This study included 38 and 40 cream-type adhesive and home-liner users, respectively, and 17 pairs were obtained after propensity-score matching. The Wilcoxon signed-rank tests showed that masticatory performance was significantly different with and without the use of home liners, and higher values were obtained with the use of home-liners. However, the cream-type denture adhesive and home-liner groups showed no significant differences in terms of the change in masticatory performance with the use of them. Furthermore, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests showed that TCI values were significantly high in the cream-type adhesive group. The findings in this study suggest that home liners improve masticatory performance and that participants regularly using cream-type denture adhesives have poorer oral hygiene.

PENGARUH PERTUMBUHAN PEMUKIMAN TERHADAP AKTIVITAS PEREKONOMIAN DI KELURAHAN KOYA BARAT

This research aims to identify the factors influencing the growth of settlements and economic activities inKoya Barat Village, Muara Tami District, and the efforts made in the growth of settlements and economic activitiesin Koya Barat Village, Muara Tami District. The quantitative research method and data collection techniquesinvolve questionnaires and documentation. The data analysis uses simple linear regression. The results of theresearch indicate that the factors influencing the growth of settlements and economic activities in Koya BaratVillage, Muara Tami District, show that the level of settlement growth in Koya Barat Village, Muara Tami District,is categorized as high, with 65 respondents or 65%. This includes several factors such as the type of physicalbuilding, building/occupant type, wall type, roof type, ceiling, floor type, door, sanitation, window, ventilation,and ridge. The economic level of the community with a very high economic level is 33 respondents or 33%, anda high economic level is 31 respondents or 31%, which means that the economic level of the community in KoyaBarat Village, Muara Tami District is high, including education level, occupation/livelihood, and householdincome. The efforts made in the growth of settlements and economic activities in Koya Barat Village, Muara TamiDistrict, indicate a significant influence of settlement growth on the economy in Koya Barat Village, Muara TamiDistrict, which means that if settlement growth increases, economic activities will also experience a significantincrease.

Assessment of Residual Ridge Morphology among Edentulous Patients at A Tertiary Care Center of Nepal

Background The morphology of the residual ridge is one of the predominant factors influencing denture retention, stability, support and the masticatory function in edentulous patients thereby affecting both the planning and treatment prognosis. This study was aimed to assess the different types of maxillary and mandibular residual ridge in the group of edentulous population in Chitwan, Nepal. MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in total of 107 completely edentulous patients within the age of 55-85 years’ in Prosthodontic department of Chitwan Medical College. The type of maxillary and mandibular residual alveolar ridge in both male and female patients were noted in a predesigned proforma according to American College of Prosthodontists (ACP) classification system. The collected data was entered into Microsoft Excel and later transferred into SPSS version 26 and analyzed for descriptive statistics.ResultsIn this study, 107 completely edentulous patients both male 63 (58.9%) and female 44 (41.1%) participated in the study. In the maxillary arch, Type B was most prevalent residual ridge type 55 (51.4%) whereas Type C in mandibular arch around 35 (32.7%). In male patients, Type B was most common 36 (57.1%) whereas Type A in female 20 (45.5%). Conclusions From this study it can be concluded that there is variation in the residual ridge. In maxillary arch, type B residual ridge was most prevalent followed by type A while in the mandibular arch type C was prevalent followed by type B.

Multi-constraint improved RS path planning method for unmanned rice direct seeding machine

Path planning is one of the key technologies that determines the efficiency and quality of field operations using autonomous agricultural machinery. To date, there has been extensive research on global coverage path planning for unmanned agricultural machinery within the working area; however, the issue of “encircling and edging” left by the machinery during headland turns is often overlooked. This study focuses on the operational conditions of unmanned agricultural machinery in the rice fields of southern China. The path planning problem is abstracted under physical constraints, such as the space at the field headland, the agricultural environment (e.g., types of field ridges), the turning characteristics of the machinery, turning radius, working width, and minimum safety distance, into mathematical constraints. This yields an optimized path planning model and sequence combination. Based on the improved Reeds–Shepp curve, an en-circling and edging path planning algorithm is designed. The planned path for the unmanned agricultural machinery from start to finish consists only of arcs and straight lines, suitable for the right-angle turning, reversing, and 180° U-turn operations required for rice field machinery, thus significantly improving the coverage of field edges and missed areas at the headland. A rice direct-seeding machine was used as a test subject for encircling and edging field trials, with tests conducted in rectangular, trapezoidal, and irregular quadrilateral rice fields. The results show that, for rectangular plots, the full-field coverage rate of rice direct-seeding operations can reach 96.44%; for trapezoidal plots, the coverage rate is 95.47%; and for irregular quadrilateral fields, the coverage rate is 95.69%. These results are promising, indicating that the encircling and edging path planning based on the improved Reeds–Shepp curve can effectively increase the full-field coverage rate of unmanned agricultural machinery, improving work quality and meeting the needs of modernized, intelligent agricultural machinery operations.

A new ridge type estimator and its performance for the linear regression model: Simulation and application

Ridge regression is employed to address the issue of multicollinearity among independent variables. The shrinkage parameter (k) plays a key role in balancing the bias and variance tradeoff. This paper reviewed several promising existing ride regression estimators designed for estimating the ridge or shrinkage parameter k within the Gaussian linear regression model. In addition, we have proposed a new estimator (CK), which is a function of number of independent variables, sample size and standard error of regression model. The performance of our proposed estimator with OLS and existing shrinkage estimators, is compared using extensive Monte Carlo simulations in terms of minimum mean squared error (MSE). Simulation results demonstrated that the proposed CK estimator outperformed other in the majority of the considered simulation scenarios. A real-life data is analyzed to illustrate the findings of the paper.

On the estimation of ridge penalty in linear regression: Simulation and application

According to existing literature, the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimators are not the best in presence of multicollinearity. The inability of OLS estimators against multicollinearity has paved the way for the development of various ridge type estimators for circumventing the problem of multicollinearity. In this paper improved two-parameter ridge (ITPR) estimators are proposed. A simulation study is used to evaluate the performance of proposed estimators based on minimum mean squared error (MSE) criterion. The simulative results reveal that, based on minimum MSE, ITPR2 was the most efficient estimator compared to the considered estimators in the study. Finally, a real-life dataset is analyzed to demonstrate the applications of the proposed estimators and also checked their efficacy for mitigation of multicollinearity.

Depositional and diagenetic processes in travertines: A comprehensive examination of Tocomar basin lithotypes, Northwest Argentina

The use of travertines in active fault studies is known as travitonics. Their geobody shape, veins, faults and fractures, are commonly used as neotectonic proxies. The surficial travertines in the pull apart Tocomar Basin (Puna Plateau, Argentina) occur in the center of the Calama – Olacapato – El Toro (COT) transcurrent fault zone and have never been substantially buried. The Tocomar area exhibits complex tectonic with N–S thrust faults and NW-SE transfer faults, crucial in shaping its travertine deposits and geothermal activity. The travertine bodies are characterized in terms of geometry as a fissure ridge type, coexisting with ash tuff, siliciclastic sandstone, and conglomerate deposits. The travertines mainly consist of crystalline crusts, with occasional occurrences of granular, arborescent, and porous textures. Mineralogical analyses by X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveal the predominance of magnesian calcite, along with trace minerals identified as dolomite, anhydrite, gypsum, halite, fluorite, bassanite, and barite. Petrographic analyses, including cathodoluminerscence (CL), indicate intense diagenesis in the travertine samples. Isotopic signatures of C and O in these samples exhibit normally a negative trend, ranging from −6.38 to +2.45 ‰ VPDB for δ13C and from −20.48 to −11.21 ‰ VPDB for δ18O. Laboratory analysis and field observations allow to classify three distinct lithotypes in the Tocomar travertine: (1) crystalline crust, further divided into three sub-lithotypes: (1.1) laminated crystalline crust (LCC), (1.2) filamentous-like crystalline crust (FlCC) and (1.3) fiber-like crystalline crust (FbCC); (2) granular travertine (GT) and (3) porous travertine (PT). These different lithotypes likely reflect variations in fluid velocity during deposition, although some of them may result from diagenetic processes. The three lithotypes give rise to four facies association (steep slope, marshy/pools, drainage, and fracture-associated facies), forming two distinct depositional systems (slope and channel), which comprises the Tocomar travertine system.

Petrology and Geochemistry of the Ultramafic Rocks of Yerrabali Schist Belt, Eastern Dharwar Craton, Telangana, India

Abstract The Yerrabali schist Belt (YSB) is a NW–SE trending 10 km long and 4 km wide belt located at the north eastern corner of Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC) consisting of Banded Magnetite Quartzite (BMQ), ultramafic rocks, quartz–cordierite– gedrite ± garnet bearing schist, sillimanite–garnet–cordierite schist, metadolomite, amphibolite, ferruginous quartzite, tremolite schist and dolerite dyke. The ultramafic rocks consist of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel. The Fe content of olivine varies from 88-91 and consists of high amount of NiO (0.3-0.511%). Orthopyroxone are enstatitic and clinopyroxene are Mg-augite in nature. The spinel grains are rich in Al2O3 (48.32-59.09%) and show very low Cr# values (0.08-0.29). Thermo-barometric analyses show equilibrium condition of 700°-1100°C temperature and 19-21 kb pressure. Oxygen fugacity of the ultramafic rocks range from -0.035 to -1.356 log units below FMQ buffer. Low Cr# values of spinel along with low oxygen fugacity suggest their formation by low degrees of partial melting from a less refractory Mid Oceanic Ridge (MOR) type mantle.

Modeling of the daily dynamics in bike rental system using weather and calendar conditions: A semi-parametric approach

This study proposes a more robust methodological approach to modeling the effect of weather and calendar variables on the number of bike rentals. We employ penalized splines quasi-Poisson regression (a semi-parametric model), which involves some form of regularization, like those used in lasso, ridge, and other types of parametric regularization models. We demonstrate that this modeling approach reveals hidden relationships that a pure parametric model fails to identify.The findings show that visibility, windspeed, season, working day, and year all significantly impact bike rentals. Increased rentals are associated with increased visibility and lower wind speed. Rentals are negatively affected by the spring and winter seasons, while working days and the year show positive trends except in a few cases. The analysis of rentals by registered and casual users reveals similar patterns, though the magnitudes of the effects differ. These findings highlight the importance of considering weather and calendar variables when managing and promoting bike-sharing services. The study has implications for bike-sharing system operators and policymakers, suggesting strategies such as improving visibility and wind protection, seasonally tailoring promotional campaigns, targeting non-working days for casual users, and adapting to changing user demands. The study adds to our understanding of the factors that influence bike rentals and provides suggestions for improving the utilization and accessibility of bike-sharing systems.

Nature and Distribution of Beach Ridges on the Islands of the Greater Caribbean

Beach ridges originate from various depositional processes and occur in a variety of settings. This paper assesses their nature and distribution on the islands of the Greater Caribbean based on a literature review and the identification of sites using Google Earth© 7.3 imagery. The morphological and orientation parameters were measured for each site, and a measure of storm density was developed. These were statistically analysed to develop a classification of beach ridge types. The results show a diversity of beach ridge systems, in terms of setting, morphology, composition and preservation. The presence or absence of an adjacent coral reef is a major differentiating element at the regional level. A regional beach ridge plain classification is proposed, including two main classes, marine beach ridges and river-associated beach ridges, with further sub-divisions based on exposure to hurricanes or hurricanes plus swell waves.

Biogeochemical investigations of methane seepage at the ultraslow-spreading Arctic mid-ocean ridge: Svyatogor ridge, Fram Strait

The Arctic continental shelves are important reservoirs of methane stored in gas hydrates and deeper geological formations. However, little is known about methane dynamics in deeper oceanic settings such as mid-ocean ridges, mainly due to operational challenges related to their remoteness. This study investigates a recently discovered methane seepage environment at Svyatogor Ridge, a sediment-covered transform fault on the western flank of the Arctic mid-ocean ridge west of Svalbard. Svyatogor Ridge was previously hypothesized to host deep gas hydrates and active fluid flow systems, which is a unique combination for this setting and requires geochemical evidence. Based on sediment and foraminiferal geochemistry, we demonstrate that Svyatogor Ridge hosts a shallow methane cycle with anaerobic oxidation of microbial methane, sustaining chemosynthetic communities at the seafloor. Our geochemical datasets also suggest that methane fluxes were higher in the past than today and long-lasting, with episodes of intense methane oxidation recorded in pre-Holocene sediments. Methane seepage is still ongoing at this location, although no evidence exists that methane is reaching the sea surface. The results provide the first evidence of a methane seepage environment ever reported from the ultra-slow spreading Arctic mid-ocean ridge, thus calling for a reevaluation of the role of this type of ridge in the ocean methane cycle.

Coronary artery lesions are associated with adverse cardiac events in children undergoing supravalvular aortic stenosis repair.

The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence and anatomic characteristics of coronary artery lesions and their associated postoperative risk in patients undergoing supravalvular aortic stenosis repair. The association between structural risk factors, postoperative ST-segment changes, and major adverse cardiac events was explored using logistic regression and the Fisher's exact test. In 51 consecutive patients with supravalvular aortic stenosis treated between 2000 and 2017, a total of 48 coronary lesions were identified in 27 patients (53%). Prominent ostial ridge (type I) was the most common coronary lesion, followed by small ostium with (IIIb) or without (IIIa) diffuse long-segment coronary narrowing, and adhesion of the coronary cusp (type II). There were 54 concomitant coronary procedures, including 43 primary corrections and 11 revisions. Thirty-three patients underwent supravalvular aortic stenosis repair with a bifurcated patch, of which 13 (39.4%) had right coronary artery distortion/kinking requiring patch plication (n = 8) and reimplantation (n = 5). Postoperative major adverse cardiac events (MACE) occurred in 9 patients (17.6%), including 3 deaths, 4 needing mechanical circulatory support, and 6 experiencing ventricular arrhythmias. Twenty-two patients (43.1%) had postoperative ST-segment changes, including 13 early changes that resolved within 24 h and 9 persistent changes lasting >24 h. Patients with type III lesions were associated with postoperative persistent ST-segment change (P = 0.04) and these lesions independently predicted postoperative MACE (P = 0.02). Patients with pre-existing coronary lesions were at elevated risk of right coronary artery distortion/kinking (P = 0.045). The prevalence of ST-segment changes and MACE is high in patients undergoing supravalvular aortic stenosis repair. The preoperative presence of complex coronary lesions is the most important predictor for postoperative major adverse cardiac events.

Quantitative and qualitative 3D analysis of mandibular lingual concavities: Implications for dental implant planning in the posterior mandible.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the type of ridge (degree of angulation of the lingual concavity) and the buccolingual dimensions in the area of the first and second molars in both genders of different ages and how this will affect implant placement in the posterior mandible. This retrospective cross-sectional study comprised cone beam computed tomography images of 150 dental patients (75 males and 71 aged ≥30). The following were measured/reported: type (morphology) of the ridge (convex [C], parallel [P], or undercut [U]), buccolingual width at the base and the crest of the ridge, and ridge height. The concavity angle, depth, and length of the U-shaped ridge were measured too. The prevalence of type U ridge ranged from 32.7% in the first molar region to 62.7% in the second molar region. Almost all measurements and ridge type distributions were comparable amongst the age groups (p > .05). Very few significant differences were found when comparing #36 versus #37 and #46 versus #47 teeth, with no differences in the distribution of the ridge types (p > .05). Quite the inverse, all measurements were statistically different when comparing #36 versus #37 and #46 versus #47 teeth, and type U ridge was more frequent in second molar compared to the first molar regions, respectively (p < .05). Many measurements were statistically higher in females; the inverse was true for a few measurements (p < .05). Type U ridge in #36 and #37 was found more frequently among males (p < .001). In contrast, the ridge types in #37 and #47 were not statistically different gender-wise. The U type of ridge was more prevalent in the investigated population, encountered more frequently in the second molars generally and in the first molars of males than females. Most posterior mandibular measurements are similar age- and side-wise but seem different gender- and tooth-wise.

Linking drought indices to atmospheric circulation in Svalbard, in the Atlantic sector of the High Arctic

Based on long-term climatological data from Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard Airport—Longyearbyen and the Polish Polar Station at Hornsund, we undertook an analysis of drought indices on Spitsbergen Island, Svalbard, for the period 1979–2019. The features and causes of spatiotemporal variability of atmospheric drought in Svalbard were identified, as expressed by the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). There were several-year periods with SPEI indicating the dominance of drought or wet conditions. The long-term variability in the annual and half-year (May–October) SPEI values showed a prevalence of droughts in the 1980s and the first decade of the twenty-first century, while wet seasons were frequent in the 1990s and in the second decade of the twenty-first century. The seasonal SPEIs were characteristic of interannual variability. In MAM and JJA, droughts were more frequent after 2000; during SON and DJF of the same period, the frequency of wet seasons increased. The most remarkable changes in the scale of the entire research period occurred in autumn when negative values of SPEI occurred more often in the first part of the period, and positive values dominated in the last 20 years. The long-term pattern of the variables in consecutive seasons between 1979 and 2019 indicates relationships between the SPEI and anomalies of precipitable water and somewhat weaker relationships with anomalies of sea level pressure. The three stations are located at distances of more than 200 km from each other in the northern (Ny-Ålesund), central (Longyearbyen) and southern parts of Svalbard (Hornsund), and the most extreme values of drought conditions depended on the atmospheric circulation which could have been modified by local conditions thus droughts developed under various circulation types depending on the station. However, some similarities were identified in the atmospheric circulation patterns favouring drought conditions at Ny-Ålesund and Hornsund, both having more maritime climates than Longyearbyen. Extremely dry seasons were favoured by anticyclonic conditions, particularly a high-pressure ridge (type Ka) centred over Svalbard, air advection from the eastern sector under an influence of cyclone and negative precipitable water anomalies. During wet seasons anomalies of precipitable water were positive and cyclonic conditions dominated. These results were corroborated by the frequency of regional circulation types during JJA and DJF with the lowest and highest values of SPEI.

Transforming patterned defects into dynamic poly-regional topographies in liquid crystal oligomers.

We create high-aspect-ratio dynamic poly-regional surface topographies in a coating of a main-chain liquid crystal oligomer network (LCON). The topographies form at the topological defects in the director pattern organized in an array which are controlled by photopatterning of the alignment layer. The defect regions are activated by heat and/or light irradiation to form reversible topographic structures. Intrinsically, the LCON is rubbery and sensitive to temperature changes, resulting in shape transformations. We further advanced such system to make it light-responsive by incorporating azobenzene moieties. Actuation reduces the molecular order of the LCON coating that remains firmly adhered to the substrate which gives directional shear stresses around the topological defects. The stresses relax by deforming the surfaces by forming elevations or indents, depending on the type of defects. The formed topographies exhibit various features, including two types of protrusions, ridges and valleys. These poly-regional structures exhibit a large modulation amplitude of close to 60%, which is 6 times larger than the ones formed in liquid crystal networks (LCNs). After cooling or by blue light irradiation, the topographies are erased to the initial flat surface. A finite element method (FEM) model is adopted to simulate structures of surface topographies. These dynamic surface topographies with multilevel textures and large amplitude expand the application range, from haptics, controlled cell growth, to intelligent surfaces with adjustable adhesion and tribology.

DERIVATION OF BUILDING STRUCTURES FROM NOISY DIGITAL SURFACE MODELS

Abstract. In this work we present a novel approach for segementation of a noisy DSM to building structures and other non-building structures – normally trees – and the modeling of them. Mostly Digital Surface Models (DSMs) from only a few aerial images or only from one pair of satellite images tend to be very noisy and lack good quality especially in shadow areas. Since actual methods for deriving roofs rely on a valid height information by joining areas of same slope to a roof-plane these fail regularly with such noisy DSMs. In our presented approach we use a slope map of the DSM only to detect flat regions. Since those regions on top of roofs are mostly good illuminated we can derive the ridges of roofs and flat roofs and also ground areas. All narrow, flat, elevated areas are ridges and may occur on roofs or on trees. After connecting ridges in ridge-directions there remain two types of ridges: long, straight ridges of roofs and mixed short ridges in many directions for the trees. Fitting symmetric planes through the roof-ridge-lines gives finally the roof-planes reducing the effects of noise on shadowed parts of the roof. Taking the other tree-ridges as seeds for a watershed transformation will give the trees. Finally the proposed method is applied to a noisy DSM and the results will be discussed.

Source Attribution and Process Analysis of Summertime Ozone Pollution in Guanzhong Basin, Northwestern China

The adverse effects of the transportation of O3 and its precursors on local air quality under certain meteorological conditions has long been recognized. Previous studies covered the effects of their transport without distinguishing specific forms (direct transport, via air pollutants originating from emissions outside the target regions; indirect transport, via air pollutants generated from chemical reactions between local and outside precursors) and processes (chemical and physical). This study aimed to figure out the effects of different scales of emissions on O3 pollution in the Guanzhong basin (GZB) by quantifying the forms and processes of transport using the CAMx model. The results showed that the emissions on different scales had various pathways for influencing O3 formation under two polluted, synoptic circulation types (southeast high and northeast ridge). Under the southeast high type, the meteorological conditions favored the chemical production of O3, which led to the highest local O3 contributions from the GZB. The prominent cross-regional transport was positive for indirect transport from south Shaanxi, implying the synergistic impacts of biogenic VOCs and urban pollutants in the GZB. With the southerly winds in the GZB, the downwind cities of Xi’an were impacted by positive direct and indirect transport from the emissions of Xi’an. These impacts occurred through the processes of gas-phase chemistry (especially O3P + O2 and O3 + NO) and vertical advection. For the northeast ridge type, positive direct transport from the emissions of Henan Province was important for O3 pollution in the GZB, as there were remarkable easterly airflows. From the east to the west of the GZB, the impacts from the emissions from Henan Province on cities in the GZB were reduced, which occurred through the processes of horizontal advection and vertical dispersion. This work highlights significant differences in the forms and processes of O3 formation in downwind areas impacted by the emissions from different-scale emissions, and advances our knowledge of atmospheric pollutant transport and its impact on O3 pollution.