Ridge Type Research Articles

Simulation of Soil Water and Heat Flow under Plastic Mulching and Different Ridge Patterns

The ridge–furrow mulching system with plastic film (RFMS) has been widely used in semi-arid areas in order to improve soil water and heat conditions, crop yields and water use efficiency. It is of practical significance to study the effect of mulching and ridge types on soil water and heat in order to optimize mulching measures and improve the effectiveness of the ridge and furrow system. To clarify the combined effect of soil water and heat beneath the system and the influence of ridge morphology on it, field experiments were conducted with three treatments, including conventional planting in bare land (CK), a ridge–furrow (wide ridge with 70 cm width and 10 cm height, narrow ridge with 40 cm width and 15 cm height) mulching system with complete plastic film (RFWN) and a ridge–furrow (equal ridge with 55 cm width and 15 cm height) mulching system with complete plastic film (RFE). An insufficient irrigation system was adopted and the two-dimensional numerical software HYDRUS-2D was used to simulate the soil water and heat flow under the experimental conditions. The model was calibrated and verified according to test data for the period of 2018 to 2019, which showed good agreement between the simulated and measured values. The simulation results revealed that the ground temperatures of RFWN and RFE were much higher than that of CK, and the average value of 0–25 cm during the growth period could increase by 2.29–4.61%. Compared with CK, RFWN and RFE reduced soil evaporation (84.71–93.73%) and field evapotranspiration (12.02–21.75%), while they increased root water uptake (25.87–40.98%) and T/ET (48.85–80.15%). Plastic film mulching and ridge morphologies affected the infiltration range and the direction of soil water movement, increased soil moisture when there was no rainfall or irrigation and reduced soil water and heat fluctuations, which was more conducive to crop growth, especially under the RFWN system. The simulation method proposed in this paper is an effective technique for calculating the soil water and heat dynamics under different ridge and furrow sections under the condition of film mulching, and it can be used for the optimal management of soil water and heat in this area.

A Review of Regression Models in Machine Learning

Machine learning is one of the active fields and technologies to realize artificial intelligence (AI). The complexity of machine learning algorithms creates problems to predict the best algorithm. There are many complex algorithms in machine learning (ML) to determine the appropriate method for finding regression trends, thereby establishing the correlation association in the middle of variables is very difficult, we are going to review different types of regressions used in Machine Learning. There are mainly six types of regression model Linear, Logistic, Polynomial, Ridge, Bayesian Linear and Lasso. This paper overview the above-mentioned regression model and will try to find the comparison and suitability for Machine Learning. A data analysis prerequisite to launch an association amongst the innumerable considerations in a data set, association is essential for forecast and exploration of data. Regression Analysis is such a procedure to establish association among the datasets. The effort on this paper predominantly emphases on the diverse regression analysis model, how they binning to custom in context of different data sets in machine learning. Selection the accurate model for exploration is the most challenging assignment and hence, these models considered thoroughly in this study. In machine learning by these models in the perfect way and thru accurate data set, data exploration and forecast can provide the maximum exact outcomes.

Investigation of design parameters on self-floating water wheel for micro-hydropower generation

ABSTRACT Nowadays, the exploitation of renewable hydropower energy sources promotes the research about water wheel as a significant source of hydropower. However, the performance characteristics of floating water wheel are still appeared to be largely unknown. This research aims to investigate the design parameters of self-floating water wheel (wheel with floating ability) to generate the maximum power output. Various parameters including ridge’s profile, blade number and immersed radius ratio were studied throughout the research. Different types of ridge’s profile (flat, curve) with various blades number (4, 6, 8) and different immersed radius ratio (0.6, 0.7, 0.8) were investigated. The output parameters for this research are rotational speed and maximum torque measured by tachometer and load cells, respectively. The performance of self-floating water wheel depending on the maximum power output which derived from rpm and maximum torque loads. The results show that the performance of curve blade self-floating water wheel is higher than the flat blade self-floating water wheel. The highest performance of self-floating water wheel is curve profile with blade number of 6 at immersed radius ratio of 0.8, which is higher than the performance of flat blade self-floating water wheel. The highest maximum mechanical power output regarding to these parameters is 0.254 W.

Inverted channel variations identified on a distal portion of a bajada in the central Atacama Desert, Chile

In deserts, the interplay between occasional fluvial events and persistent aeolian erosion can form composite modern and relict surfaces, especially on the distal portion of alluvial fans. There, relief inversion of alluvial deposits by differential erosion can form longitudinal ridges. We identified two distinct ridge types formed by relief inversion on converging alluvial fans in the hyperarid Chilean Atacama Desert. Although they are co-located and similar in scale, the ridge types have different ages and formation histories that apparently correspond to minor paleoclimate variations. Gravel-armored ridges are remnants of deflated alluvial deposits with a bimodal sediment distribution (gravel and sand) dated to a minor pluvial phase at the end of the Late Pleistocene (~12 kyr). In contrast, younger (~9 kyr) sulfate-capped ridges formed during a minor arid phase with evaporite deposition in a pre-existing channel that armored the underlying deposits. Collectively, inverted channels at Salar de Llamara resulted from multiple episodes of surface overland flow and standing water spanning several thousand years. Based on ridge relief and age, the minimum long-term deflation rate is 0.1–0.2 m/kyr, driven primarily by wind erosion. This case study is an example of the equifinality concept whereby different processes lead to similar landforms. The complex history of the two ridge types can only be generally constrained in remotely sensed data. In situ observations are required to discern the specifics of the aqueous history, including the flow type, magnitude, sequence, and paleoenvironment. These findings have relevance for interpreting similar landforms on Mars.

Potential geoheritage assessment; Dereiçi travertines, Başkale, Van (east anatolian Turkey)

Dereiçi travertines famous for their Pamukkale-like conveyors are located to the south of the Başkale district of Van. The travertines are located after the 30th km of Başkale - Hakkâri highway and after 12 km by the road separating to the west. In this study, the morphological analyzes of travertines bearing geological heritages and their evaluation as "geo-tourism" were investigated. The oldest travertines in the region are the Layer-Type Traverteners at the base. On the Layer Type Travertines are the shear cracks developed in the K 10 B and K 40 D directions due to regional compressions and the Ridge Type Travertines formed by the waters from this crack. Finally, the waters draining down the slope from the cracks opening in the northeastern slope of the Ridge Type Travertines form the old and current Terrace Type Travertines.There are also small-sized Cave Type Travertines in the void spaces of various sizes developed in back-type travertines. When considered in potential of geoheritage, the region draws attention with two Ridge Type Travertines, a traverten bridge, some non-active terraced travertine, and a waterfall along a shear crack.In addition, the appearance of the natural walls formed by the downwind water due to the inclination of the Ridge Type Travertines along the northeast patch is also worth seeing. Dereiçi Travertines is one of the most important regions to be evaluated and protected from the perspective of geoheritage. However, these geological assets have not been found to be interesting, but at the same time, they have recently become the targets of the managerships looking for marble industry. Moreover, because of the increasingly decreasing hydrothermal waters coming out of the cracks, some of these terraces are dried up and some of them are coming to the stage of drying.The measures to be taken in order to continue natural formation are discussed in this article.

Bridging microstructure and crystallography with the micromechanics of cleavage fracture in a lamellar pearlitic steel

The present paper focuses on the microstructure-based cleavage crack propagation in a Charpy impact tested fully pearlitic steel by correlating microstructure and crystallography with the overall fracture behavior. The importance of pearlite lamellae orientation in providing preferred fracture paths is discussed, encompassing the mechanism of interface decohesion and stepwise crack propagation through a mathematical model simulation. While the {100} cleavage cracking is well familiar in pearlitic steels, crack propagation along the {110} crystallographic planes can also prevail in some pearlite colonies or nodules. This is related to suppressing the crack tip dislocation emissions due to restricted slip transferability across the lamellae interfaces. Besides, the strain incompatibility due to large elastic modulus or Schmid factor mismatch across the pearlite nodule boundaries is responsible for triggering internodular cracking in the steel. Connecting the framework of fracture mechanics with the experimental observations, the mechanisms pertaining to different types of tear ridges formed within a pearlite colony are proposed. This certainly illuminates the role of lamellae orientation in the process of crystal bending and shearing at the tear ridges formed within the colonies or at the twist nodule boundaries.

Ultramafic mantle xenoliths in the Late Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the Antarctic Peninsula and Jones Mountains, West Antarctica

Abstract Abundant mantle-derived ultramafic xenoliths occur in Cenozoic (7.7–1.5 Ma) mafic alkaline volcanic rocks along the former active margin of West Antarctica, that extends from the northern Antarctic Peninsula to Jones Mountains. The xenoliths are restricted to post-subduction volcanic rocks that were emplaced in fore-arc or back-arc positions relative to the Mesozoic–Cenozoic Antarctic Peninsula volcanic arc. The xenoliths are spinel-bearing, include harzburgites, lherzolites, wehrlites and pyroxenites, and provide the only direct evidence of the composition of the lithospheric mantle underlying most of the margin. The harzburgites may be residues of melt extraction from the upper mantle (in a mid-ocean ridge type setting), that accreted to form oceanic lithosphere, which was then subsequently tectonically emplaced along the active Gondwana margin. An exposed highly depleted dunite–serpentinite upper mantle complex on Gibbs Island, South Shetland Islands, supports this interpretation. In contrast, pyroxenites, wehrlites and lherzolites reflect percolation of mafic alkaline melts through the lithospheric mantle. Volatile and incompatible trace element compositions imply that these interacting melts were related to the post-subduction magmatism which hosts the xenoliths. The scattered distribution of such magmatism and the history of accretion suggest that the dominant composition of sub-Antarctic Peninsula lithospheric mantle is likely to be harzburgitic.

Evaluation of anatomic variations of mandibular lingual concavities from cone beam computed tomography scans in a Malaysian population

Statement of problemLingual plate perforation can be life-threatening when vital structures are damaged during implant placement. Knowledge of the anatomy of lingual concavities is imperative for safe implant surgery. PurposeThe purpose of this clinical study was to determine the prevalence of type of posterior mandibular ridge morphology in a Malaysian population and to evaluate the buccolingual width of the alveolar ridge (Wb and Wc); alveolar ridge height (Vcb); and concavity angle, length, and depth for both left and right first and second molars in different age groups and sexes by using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Material and methodsBilateral posterior mandibular lingual concavities at the first and second molars were retrospectively studied in cross-sectional views of 150 CBCT scans (n=600 sites evaluated). The sample size was calculated at a power of 80%, confidence interval of 95%, and margin of error of .05. The buccolingual width from the base and crest of the ridge and the ridge height were measured to determine the type of ridge. For the U-shaped ridge, the concavity angle, length, and depth were assessed. The independent t test was used to compare mean values of CBCT measurements between sexes and tooth type, while the ANOVA and Pearson chi-squared test were used to determine the correlations with age groups and types of ridge morphology, respectively. To compare the left and right readings for first and second molars in the same patient, the paired t test was performed (α=.05 for all tests). ResultsThe Pearson correlation showed a strong agreement between the 2 examiners with an interobserver reliability of 87.3%. Significant difference was noted in all dimensional measurements when comparing right and left first and second molars (P<.001). The degree of concavity was significantly different (P<.05), except for the depth of the concavity at the left molars (P=.075). The type C ridge (51.7%) was the most prevalent ridge among a Malaysian population. Only dimensional measurements were significantly different when compared among age groups (P<.05). Ridge width and height were significantly greater in men (P<.05). Men exhibited greater concavity depth than women in the left second molar region (P=.03). ConclusionsLingual concavity was found in the mandible in 32.8% of a Malaysian population. Significant differences were found in dimensional measurements and degree of concavity between left and right first and second molars, with deeper concavity depth found in second molars. Significant age and sex-related variations were found in the dimensional measurements of the mandible between left and right sides with no significant difference in degree of concavity.

Analytical and numerical investigation of trapped ocean waves along a submerged ridge

Abstract

Machine learning to predict refractory corrosion during nuclear waste vitrification

The goal of this study was to determine the effects of model nuclear waste glass composition on the corrosion of Monofrax® K-3 refractory, using machine learning (ML) methods for data investigation and modeling of published borosilicate glass composition data and refractory corrosion performance. First, statistical methods were used for exploration of the data, and the list of features (model terms) was determined. Several model types were explored, and the Bayesian Ridge type was the most promising due to low mean average error and mean standard error as well as high R2 value. Parameters and model results using previously identified model features and those from this study are compared. ML methods appear to give results at least as good as previously available models for describing the effects of glass composition on refractory corrosion.

Dactylographic and dermatoglyphic characteristic of papillary fingerprint ridge patterns of serial killers who committed acquisitive crime

In order to verify the conclusions made by other scholars that based on the traces of papillary ridges of fingers and hands using dermatoglyphic methods in forensics allow composing portrait of a suspect, the authors of the articled analyzed the dactylographic and dermatoglyphic characteristics contained in the accurate dactylographic profiles of the known serial killers who committed acquisitive crimes. Choice of this motive is explained by the fact that both males and females were driven by it. The subject of this research is the types of papillary fingerprint ridges, dactylographic formulas, pattern of ridges, presence or absence of symmetry of the same type of ridge on the same fingers of both hands, and delta index. Research methodology is based on the analysis of modern scientific provisions of dactyloscopy and dermatoglyphics. Considerable attention is given to the use of private scientific methods of cognition: description, comparison of characteristics of papillary fingerprint ridge patterns of serial killers. The application of these methods of cognition allowed concluding on the absence of undisputed evidence of papillary fingerprint ridge patterns of criminal nature, namely an increase in the number of arched ridges in calculating the frequency of ridges on separate fingers. This article is first to analyze not only the accumulated unique empirical material, but also presents the images for getting a fuller representation on the known serial criminals.

3D CFD Analysis of Natural Ventilation in Reduced Scale Model of Compost Bedded Pack Barn for Dairy Cows

Compost bedded pack (CBP) barns have been receiving increased attention as an alternative housing system for dairy cattle. To create a satisfactory environment within CBP barns that promotes a good composting process, an adequate air movement and minimal temperature fluctuations throughout the building are required. Therefore, a study based on compost barn structure model employing techniques of dimensional analysis for naturally ventilated buildings was developed. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of compost barns with different ridge designs and wind direction, along with the visual demonstration of the impact on airflow through structure were performed. The results showed that the barn ventilation CFD model and simulations were in good agreement with the experimental measurements, predicting the airflow through the CBP barns structure for alternative roof ridge types adequately. The results also indicate that the best roof configuration in the winter was the open ridge with chimney for a west to east wind direction.

Optimum shrinkage parameter selection for ridge type estimator of Tobit model

This paper presents different ridge type estimators based on maximum likelihood () for parameters of a Tobit model. In this context, an algorithm is introduced to get the estimators based on . The most important issue in implementing these estimators is the selection of the optimum shrinkage parameter. Here attention is focused on the way in which the shrinkage parameter can be selected by six selection methods, including improved Akaike information criterion (), Bayesian information criterion (), generalized cross-validation (), risk estimation using classical pilots (), Mallows’ () and proposed by Kibria [Performance of some new ridge regression estimators. Commun Stat Simul Comput. 2003;32:419–435]. Monte Carlo simulation experiments are performed and a real data example is presented to illustrate the ideas in the paper. Hence, an appropriate selection criterion or criteria are provided for optimum shrinkage parameter.

Duodenal major papilla morphology can affect biliary cannulation and complications during ERCP, an observational study

BackgroundWe investigated whether duodenal major papilla morphology could be a risk factor for failure of selective biliary cannulation (SBC) and post endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and pancreatography (ERCP) complications.MethodsA prospectively recorded database was reviewed retrospectively. Patients were included if they received therapeutic ERCP and had naïve major duodenal papilla. We used Haraldsson’s classification for papilla morphology, as follows: Regular (Type 1), Small (Type 2), Protruding or Pendulous (Type 3) and Creased or Ridged (Type 4). Risk factors for failing SBC and post-ERCP complications were analyzed by multivariate analysis.ResultsA total of 286 cases were included. Age, gender, indications and therapeutic procedures were not different among the four types of papillae. The failure rates of SBC with Type 3 papilla and Type 4 papilla were 11.11% and 6.25%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, Type 2 papilla (odd ratio 7.18, p = 0.045) and Type 3 papilla (odd ratio 7.44, p = 0.016) were associated with greater SBC failure compared with Type 1 papilla. Malignant obstruction compared to stone (odds ratio 4.45, p = 0.014) and age (odd ratio = 1.06, p = 0.010) were also risk factors for cannulation failure. Type 2 papilla was correlated with a higher rate of post-ERCP pancreatitis (20%, p = 0.020) compared to the other types of papilla However, papilla morphology was not a significant risk factor for any complications in the multivariate analysis.ConclusionSmall papilla and protruding or pendulous papilla are more difficult to cannulate compared to regular papilla. Small papilla is associated with a higher rate of post-ERCP pancreatitis.

Age and gender based distribution of Edentulous Ridges based on Siebert’s Classification among FPD patients - A retrospective study

The long term edentulous space among the patients can lead to the alveolar ridge defect that mainly occurs due to the injury, trauma, denture wears and the periodontitis. Based on the seibert's classification they are classified into 4 classes ; Class I (buccolingual loss of the tissue),class II (apicoronal loss of the tissue), Class III (Both loss of the tissue), Class IV (Normal). According to the classification, a proper treatment plan and alternative can be determined for the successful outcomes. The main aim of this study is to determine the age and gender based distribution of the edentulous patients according to seibert’s classification. The study was conducted in Saveetha Dental College. The data collection has been done from the department of Prosthodontics for patients undergoing fixed partial denture treatment. A total sample data of 479 patients were obtained for a period of nine months ( June 2019 – April 2020.). Statistical analysis was done by using chi-square test with SPSS software version 23. Based on the results , the age group distribution was about 18-35 years(43%), 36-54 years (42%) and 55-83 years (15%), the distribution of the Seibert’s classification of class I (78%), Class II (6%), Class III (6%) and Class IV (10%), the gender distribution was about males (58%) and females (42%). The most prevalent type of edentulous ridge type is Class I among the age group of 36-54 years which has the higher male predilection. They are statistically significant (p=&amp;lt;0.05). The prevalence of Siebert’s Classification of the edentulous ridges helps in the suggestion of the various management techniques and the treatment planning to the patient to ensure the prognosis and the treatment outcomes to be successful.

Stability evaluation of soil sites based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process

In order to accurately evaluate the stability of the present situation of the soil site, considering that the stability of the soil site is affected by its own structural characteristics and the external environment, the multiple factors affecting the stability of the soil site are determined, and the stability evaluation system of the soil site is constructed. The evaluation system is divided into three levels: target level, three primary levels and fifteen secondary levels, and four evaluation levels. Firstly, the weight value of the soil site stability evaluation index was determined by AHP, and the rationality of the evaluation index was verified by consistency test. Based on the expert experience and two kinds of ridge type membership functions, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of soil site stability at three levels and two stages was established. Finally, combined with the analysis of engineering examples, it is shown that the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process is an effective method for the stability evaluation of soil sites, which can not only achieve the dual goals of safety, reliability and economic rationality, but also provide a basis for the selection of soil site disease control schemes.

The Application and Performance Evaluation of Condensing Dust Removal and Demisting Device Apply in Desnifurization System

In order to realize the ultra-low emission of flue gas in a 600 MW coal-fired unit, the original demister of desulfurization tower (two-stage ridge demister + one-stage tube demister) was transformed into a Condensing dust removal and demisting device. The Condensing dust removal and demisting device is composed of a three-stage ridge type high-efficiency mist eliminator and a condensing wet film layer. In addition, it is equipped with a cooling station outside the tower composed of a spray cooling water pump and a closed cooling equipment under 100% and 50% working conditions, by adjusting the operation mode of the cooling station and controlling the operation. The slurry droplet emission of the desulfurization system under different working conditions, the overall collaborative dust cleaning efficiency and the SO3 removal rate were tested on site. The test results show that the heat exchange of the cooling station has a great influence on the operation effect of the Condensing dust removal and demisting device, and improving the heat exchange of the cooling station is helpful to improve the removal effect of slurry drop, dust and SO3.

The tectonic architecture of wrinkle ridges on Mars

The geodynamic history of Mars is written largely in the form of its tectonic structures. A global population of compressional structures records a history of interior cooling and contraction, in combination with volcanic loading and flexure of the lithosphere. The most common of these structures are wrinkle ridges, interpreted as having formed by folding of near-surface layered volcanic materials above blind thrust faults. Topographic profiles of wrinkle ridges are found to dominantly fall into three classes: symmetric ridges, arch-style ridges characterized by broad convex upward backlimbs, and double ridges characterized by a broad arch and narrow ridge. A Monte Carlo boundary element model was used to constrain the underlying geometry of faults associated with the different ridge types. Symmetric ridges are pop-up structures formed between quasi-symmetric thrust and backthrust faults, in some cases above a horizontal décollement or low angle fault at depth. Arch-style ridges formed above a dominant primary thrust fault of near constant dip, with a secondary backthrust playing a lesser role in generating subtle inflections in the backlimb. Double ridges require two backthrust faults to localize strain within the narrow ridge at the ridge crest and to generate the secondary antiform on the backlimb. In these ridges, both the upper primary thrust and backthrust are contained within the layered volcanic materials, while the lower portions of the primary thrust can extend deep into the crust or upper mantle. A shallower depth of fault penetration in areas of thicker crust is consistent with the depth of faulting being limited by the brittle-ductile transition. Dips vary widely, but are typically steep in the upper faults and quite gentle in the lower faults. Thus, while wrinkle ridges do provide important records of tectonic and geodynamic processes on Mars as well as other bodies, the associated tectonic structures are more complex and varied than previously considered.

Ridge Type Shrinkage Estimation of Seemingly Unrelated Regressions And Analytics of Economic and Financial Data from “Fragile Five” Countries

In this paper, we suggest improved estimation strategies based on preliminarily test and shrinkage principles in a seemingly unrelated regression model when explanatory variables are affected by multicollinearity. To that end, we split the vector regression coefficient of each equation into two parts: one includes the coefficient vector for the main effects, and the other is a vector for nuisance effects, which could be close to zero. Therefore, two competing models per equation of the system regression model are obtained: one includes all the regression of coefficients (full model); the other (sub model) includes only the coefficients of the main effects based on the auxiliary information. The preliminarily test estimation improves the estimation procedure if there is evidence that the vector of nuisance parameters does not provide a useful contribution to the model. The shrinkage estimation method shrinks the full model estimator in the direction of the sub-model estimator. We conduct a Monte Carlo simulation study in order to examine the relative performance of the suggested estimation strategies. More importantly, we apply our methodology based on the preliminarily test and the shrinkage estimations to analyse economic data by investigating the relationship between foreign direct investment and several economic variables in the “Fragile Five” countries between 1983 and 2018.

Microbially induced pseudotraces from a Pantanal soda lake, Brazil: Alternative interpretations for Ediacaran simple trails and their limits

Abstract Despite the absence of metazoans, structures resembling animal traces are common in a soda lake from the western Brazil Pantanal wetland. Pantanal soda lakes are ecologically extreme environments that preclude complex life, allowing extremophiles to flourish. Direct observation indicates that these structures are pseudotraces, representing groove marks that result from the interaction of wave-transported floating rafts of epibenthic microbial mat fragments with the substrate. Variations in wind/wave direction and intensity result in marks of different size and morphology. The most common pseudotraces are simple and slightly curved, narrow grooves (type 1), whereas others are straight and present raised lateral ridges (type 2). Both are V-shaped in cross section. Type 3 comprises long, sinuous, shallow grooves, displaying internal crescentic laminated infill and U-shaped cross section. The similarity of these pseudotraces to Ediacaran structures usually interpreted as animal trace fossils suggests that care should be exercised in their analysis. A set of criteria is proposed to differentiate microbially induced pseudotraces from trace fossils. Analysis of Ediacaran structures needs to be performed on a case-by-case basis, taking into account morphology, orientation, and preservation style of the structure, sedimentary environment, and presence or absence of microbial mats.