Rice Research Research Articles

NUTRITIONAL PROFILING OF INDONESIAN SUPERIOR HYBRID AND BIOFORTIFICATION RICE VARIETIES: MACRONUTRIENT AND MICRONUTRIENT CHANGES UNDER DIFFERENT HEAT TEMPERATURES

Indonesia has developed rice varieties which are superior in cultivation yield. However, lack of information about the nutritional value and optimal temperature to preserve the nutrient content. This study was purposed to determine the nutritional values and micronutrient changes in different heat temperatures. Three varieties of rice namely Jeliteng black rice (JT), Inpari Arumba red rice (AR), and Inpari IR Nutri Zinc white rice (NZ) were analysed during September-October of 2021. Rice was provided from Indonesian Rice Research Centre, East Java, Indonesia. Macronutrient, lipid analysis, dietary fibre, sugar, salt, and micronutrient (vitamin and mineral) were analysed by proximate analysis, gas chromatography, enzymatic gravimetry, luff schoorl method, titrimetric, ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) respectively. All analyses were performed in duplicate. Rice of NZ had the highest protein and dietary fibre content with lowest moisture level. Kalium, magnesium, manganese, and zinc were mainly found in AR rice. However, vitamins were generally found in JT rice. Heating mostly diminished the vitamin B3, B7 and E in all rice, vitamin C in NZ rice as well as iron in colored rice. This study provided fundamental nutritional data for Indonesian rice superior variety. Future explorations are necessary for optimizing the process of milling, cooking, and fortification to maintain micronutrient values in these potential varieties.

Evaluation of the Effects of Different Sowing and Weed Control Methods on the Physiological Performance of NERICA 4 Rice Variety in Upland Ecology of Japan

The experiment was established to determine the most yield enhancing combination of sowing method and weed control measure for the selected rice variety- NERICA 4. The experiment was conducted from March to November 2023, at the upland research field of JICA’s Tsukuba International Center (TBIC), Japan. The experiment forms part of the fulfilment for the completion of a rice research technique fellowship in the Knowledge Co-Creation Program (KCCP) organized and funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). It consists of two sowing methods; Drilling (S1) and Dibling (S2)) as well as three methods of weed control; Chemical Weeding only at Sowing (CW), Chemical Weeding at sowing with once Hand Weeding at 60 DAS (CWHW) and Chemical Weeding at Sowing with Twice Hand Weeding at 60 and 90 DAS (CW2HW) which were combined to form six treatments. Treatments were laid in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications of eighteen (18) plots. 8.9 g/plot of pendimethalin 2% (G0-G0-SAN) was used. Amaranthaceae, Cyperaceae and Poaceae were the prevalence weeds family identified. The treatment assigned to drilling and twice hand weeding in addition to chemical weeding at sowing (S1CW2HW) had the highest yield (3.95 tons/ha) while the treatment assigned to dibbling with the weeding control plot of only chemical weeding at sowing (S2CW) gave the lowest yield (2.5 tons/ha). There was significant difference at (P<0.05) amongst the mean yield values of all treatment combinations. However, the treatment assigned to same drilling but with once hand weeding (S1CWHW) had the highest profitability rank. This study concludes that sowing with drilling and weed management by pendimethalin and once hand weeding may be productively viable for the variety. This outcome may serve as a benchmark for further research within same thematic framework for increased productivity of rice farmers in the west African sub-region from where the first two authors were sent for the experiment in Japan.

Performance of UAV-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for Early Estimation of Rice Yield

Traditionally, the rice yield is measured after the harvest, which is too late then to revert any agronomic practices to improve yield. The aerial spectral reflectance images of crops captured by a multispectral camera mounted in an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) are capable of quantitatively measuring the internal physiological condition of crops directly associated with their health status. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of UAV-multispectral image derived-NDVI as a method for estimating rice yield. Multispectral drone images including single band images were acquired from a controlled rice field at Rice Research and Development Institute (RRDI), Sri Lanka. Rice variety Bg 300 was cultivated in the Yala season under four levels of Nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatment plots. According to the regression co-relation analysis the derived NDVI values at 15 and 25 m flying heights from the rice crops at the booting stage were moderately (R2=0.65 and R2=0.67, p<0.05, respectively) associated with the actual yield. The derived NDVI values indicated the rice crop vigor at the booting stage is a useful indicator for early estimation of the rice yield prior to actual harvest.

Effect of Organic Nutrient Management Practices on Growth, Yield and Pests Incidence of Scented Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Rainfed Situation of Assam

The field experiment was conducted in organic block on experimental farm of AAU-Assam Rice Research Institute, Assam Agricultural University, Titabar, Assam during kharif season of 2019 and 2020 to study the effect of organic nutrient management practices on growth, yield and pests incidence of scented rice (Oryza sativa L.) in rainfed situation of Assam. Eight treatment combinations of organic inputs were laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications including one control where no organic nutrients were added. The study revealed that combined application of different proportion of green manure, enriched compost, azolla, vermicompost, neem cake with bio fertilizer consortium and rock phosphate as different treatment significantly improved the growth behavior, yield and also reduced pests incidence of scented rice. Among the organic nutrient management treatments, combination of Green manure (2.5 t/ha)+ Vermicompost (2.5 t/ha)+ Biofertilizer consortium (4 kg/ha seedling) as root dip +Rock phosphate (17 kg/ha)+Azolla (20 kg/ha) recorded the highest yield (3.80 t/ha) by improving yield attributing parameters, viz., Panicles (276.3 /m2), Spikelet /panicle (25.50 number) and Panicle weight (3.37g). The organic treatments also significantly enhanced the growth physiology viz., leaf area index (4.32), and specific leaf weight (8.56 mg/cm2) at panicle initiation stage (90 DAT). In organic management treatments, pests and disease incidence significantly reduced compared to control plot. Highest reduction of dead heart (DH%) and white ear head (WEH%) infestation due to stem borer, gall midge (silver shoot) and leaf folder damage was noticed in the treatment combination of Green manure (2.5 t/ha) + Vermicompost ( 2.5 t/ha)+ Biofertilizer consortium (4 kg/ha seedling) as root dip+Rock phosphate (17 kg/ha)+Azolla (20 kg/ha).

“A bloodless social revolution”: Land reform and multiple cropping in Cold War Taiwan, 1950–1979

Societal Impact StatementMultiple cropping, the cultivation of several crops on the same land in a year, occupied an important part of Taiwan's agricultural research from 1950 to 1970. This research originated in the context of Taiwan's land reform and diversification programs and their connections to the government's political ambition to maximize food production. The study of how multiple cropping was politicized and depoliticized by different actors helps to expand the narratives of the Green Revolution in Asia, analyze their legacies, and highlight Taiwan's role in the international exchange of visions of agricultural development during the Cold War.Summary Scholars have recently expanded the history of the Green Revolution to move beyond the narrative of North–South technological diffusion. This article enriches the scholarship with the case of multiple cropping in Taiwan and its connection to Cold War geopolitics. Rice productivity in postwar Taiwan was boosted through a land reform launched by the Sino‐American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction (JCRR) in the 1950s. Backed by American aid and staffed by scientists from the Republic of China (ROC) government, the JCRR envisioned to turn tenant farmers into landowners so as to encourage labor input and adoption of seeds and fertilizers. By 1960, the JCRR presented its reform as a “bloodless social revolution” and extended its focus to multiple cropping through a diversification program. The JCRR further created the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) in 1971 to spread Taiwan's breeding and cropping techniques. The ROC's diplomatic isolation in the 1970s, however, prompted the center to reinterpret Taiwan's success in multiple cropping from a political achievement to a technological triumph, thus reinforcing the technology‐driven narrative used by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Through Taiwan's influences on IRRI's rice breeding and multiple cropping research, this paper illustrates that the history of the Green Revolution requires more complex narratives. In addition, with Taiwan's political and economic transition since the 1980s, farmers began to reclaim their voice and influence agricultural policies. The case thus highlights the need of democratic participation in agricultural research, a concern that remains relevant today.

DISSECTING THE ROLE OF MAJOR YIELD CONTRIBUTING TRAITS IN FINAL YIELD POTENTIAL IN RICE HYBRID

Rice is the second most important crop which feeds almost half of the population on this globe. It is widely cultivated in all parts of the world and has special importance in Asia and Africa. Currently, all agronomic crops including rice are being affected adversely by changes induced by global warming in almost all parts of the world. There is a need to find new ways to tackle these door-threatening issues which will complex the situation further soon. Genetic improvements in plants with better trait profiles for high yields and resilience towards climatic conditions offer a flexible and permanent solution in such situations. This study was carried out at Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku to dissect the contributing role of some major plant traits like no of tillers per plant, no of grains per panicle, and grain weight in rice hybrid plant yield. Results showed that all these traits add their part positively to the final yield potential in such a way that no of tillers per plant comes at 1st with an optimum value of 15 tillers per plant. It has its yield-enhancing role individually as well as collectively with two other traits. Grain number per panicle boosted yield in rice hybrids when fixed at 186 while thousand-grain weight with a value of 30 g was the best option to increase yield and productivity in rice. Negative individual coefficients of all these traits were estimated while positive coefficients with a high contribution towards yield were observed for combined effects of tillers per plant along with no of grains per panicle and grain weight. These findings will assist the researcher in the selection of criteria crops especially improvements in rice hybrids.

Evaluasi Mutu Fisikokimia Beras Hasil Persilangan antara Empat Padi Varietas Unggul dan Padi Liar (Oryza glaberrima dan O. rufipogon)

The physicochemical quality of rice is evaluated to ensure that it is fit for consumption and meets established quality standards. This study aims to analyze the physicochemical properties of rice strains resulting from crosses between four high-yielding varieties of rice and two wild rices so that the appropriate genotype is obtained for the development of quality rice. The research was conducted from November 2019 to March 2020 at the Quality Laboratory, Muara Experimental Garden, Rice Research Center, Bogor. The rice genotypes used were 22 strains resulting from crosses between high-yielding varieties of rice (Ciherang, Inpari 13, Inpari 10, and Situ Bagendit), and wild rice (Oryza glaberrima and O. rufipogon), 4 comparison varieties of crossbred elders, and two comparison varieties of organoleptic tests (Memberamo and IR42). Physical and chemical qualities were observed in terms of grain moisture content, grain density, broken skin rice yield, milled rice yield, head rice yield, rice length, rice shape, and rice liming, amylose content, gelatinization temperature, and organoleptic. The results showed that the strains 44-F-C21, 58-F-C21, and 59-F-C21 provided fairly good rice quality with head rice yields above 80% and higher than their respective elders (Situ Bagendit and Ciherang), and water content below 14%. These strains had characteristic characteristics, namely medium rice form, amylose content of 26.38%, and alkali score of 2-3. Most of these genotypes also exhibited high gelatinization temperatures, medium rice texture, and savory rice flavors. The genotype selected from the results of crosses between high-yielding varieties of rice and wild rice has the potential to be developed because there are genetic improvements from its elders on several physicochemical characteristics of rice. Keywords: amylose content; gelatinization temperature; physicochemical properties; rice lines; wild rice

Fractionation of stable carbon isotopes during formate consumption in anoxic rice paddy soils and lake sediments

Abstract. Formate is energetically equivalent to hydrogen and thus is an important intermediate during the breakdown of organic matter in anoxic rice paddy soils and lake sediments. Formate is a common substrate for methanogenesis, homoacetogenesis and sulfate reduction. However, how much these processes contribute to formate degradation and fractionate carbon stable isotopes is largely unknown. Therefore, we measured the conversion of formate to acetate, CH4 and CO2 and the δ13C of these compounds in samples of paddy soils from Vercelli, Italy, and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines and of sediments from the NE and SW basins of Lake Fuchskuhle, Germany. The samples were suspended in a phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) in both the absence and presence of sulfate (gypsum) and of methyl fluoride (CH3F), an inhibitor of aceticlastic methanogenesis. In the paddy soils, formate was mainly converted to acetate under both methanogenic and sulfidogenic conditions. Methane was only a minor product and was mainly formed from the acetate. In the lake sediments, the product spectrum was similar but only under methanogenic conditions. In the presence of sulfate, however, acetate and CH4 were only minor products. The isotopic enrichment factors (εform) of formate consumption, determined by Mariotti plots, were in the low range of −8 ‰ to −2.5 ‰ when sulfate was absent, and formate was mainly converted to acetate and CH4. However, no enrichment factor was detectable when formate was degraded with sulfate to mainly CO2. The δ13C of acetate was by about 25 ‰–50 ‰ more negative than that of formate, indicating acetate production by chemolithotrophic homoacetogenesis. Hence, formate seems to be an excellent substrate for homoacetogenesis in anoxic soils and sediments, so that this process is competing well with methanogenesis and sulfate reduction.

Water productivity and yield characteristics of transplanted rice in puddled soil under drip tape irrigation

Lowland rice flooding, while consuming considerable water, has adverse environmental effects, including releasing methane into the atmosphere, aggravating climate change. Several drawbacks can be attributed to water-saving alternatives, such as aerobic rice, whereas rice drip irrigation techniques have been evaluated primarily under aerobic conditions. This study investigated drip tape irrigation technique with different lateral spacings for transplanted rice in puddled paddy soil at the Rice Research Institute of Iran in Rasht over two years (2020 and 2021), compared to intermittent irrigation. In twelve isolated concrete basins, three treatments with lateral spacings of 40 (T40), 60 (T60), and 80 cm (T80), were compared with a fixed five-day period intermittent irrigation (INT). In 2020 and 2021, the INT treatment produced the highest grain yield (3814 and 4758 kg ha−1, respectively) and among drip tape treatments, T40 demonstrated the highest grain yield (3613 and 4020 kg ha−1, respectively), comparable with INT’s yield but with the highest sterile spikelets ratio. In contrast, T80 resulted in the lowest grain weight (2892 and 3653 kg ha−1, respectively) and yield characteristics values, while producing the highest weeds population. Drip tape irrigation significantly reduced water application by 27% and 36% in 2020 and 2021, respectively and T40 achieved the highest water productivity, at 0.68 kg m−3. The economic water productivity estimation of drip tape irrigation can range from 0.11 to 0.51 US$ m−3 in various scenarios, while that of intermittent irrigation remains at 0.25 US$ m−3.

A Systematic Review of Rice Husk Gasifiers: Technology, Performance, and Sustainability

Pursuing sustainable energy solutions has increased interest in utilizing agricultural waste for energy generation. Among these waste materials, rice husk stands out due to its abundance and potential as a renewable energy source. Gasification, a thermochemical process converting biomass into valuable synthesis gas (syngas), offers a promising pathway for harnessing the energy content of rice husk. This systematic review presents a comprehensive analysis of rice husk gasification, focusing on technology, performance, and sustainability aspects. Drawing from a wide range of literature sources, including research studies, technical reports, and advancements in gasification techniques, the review aims to provide a holistic understanding of the field. The review elucidates the different gasifier technologies used for rice husk gasification, discusses performance metrics evaluating gasification efficiency, gas composition, and energy yield, and examines the sustainability implications of the technology. It also analyzes the influence of rice husk characteristics on gasification outcomes and identifies trends, innovations, and persistent challenges within the domain. This review improves rice husk gasification research by categorizing and synthesizing. Researchers, politicians, and industry stakeholders looking to understand the technology's potential and limitations might benefit from its findings. This evaluation helps guide decision-making and promote rice husk gasification innovations as the globe transitions to sustainable energy.

Productivity of Dry Direct Seeded Rice as Influenced by Herbicide Combinations

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif, 2022, in Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad in Telangana state, India. Fourteen weed management practices were evaluated in a randomized complete block design, replicated thrice. Weed management in Dry DSR can be done by adopting mechanical/ Hand weeding at 20, 40, 60 DAS under labour available conditions. Under labour scarcity conditions PE application of Pendimethalin 38.4% + Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 0.85% ZC 900 + 20 g/ha (Ready mix) followed by Metsulfuron Methyl 10% + Chlorimuron ethyl 10% WP 4 g/ha + Cyhalofop Butyl 10% EC 75g/ha (Tank mix) PoE weed followed by mechanical weeding at 40-45 DAS is the best option. Other suitable Pre emergence herbicides that can be used are Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP 20 g/ha, Pendimethalin 38.4% + Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 0.85% ZC 900 + 20 g/ha (Ready mix) and Pendimethalin 38.7 % CS 677.25 g/ha. Post emergence application of Triafamone 20% + Ethoxysulfuron l0% WG 44+22.5 g/ha (Ready mix) and Penoxsulam 1.02 % + Cyhalofop-butyl 5.1% OD 135 g/ha (Ready mix) at 2-4 weed leaf stage.

Path Coefficient Analysis and Selection Index in Different Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes

Improving the grain yield in rice can be done more efficiently by selecting the yield components than selecting the grain yield itself, provided that these traits have a desirable genetic correlation with the grain yield trait. A field experiment was carried out in the rice research station in Al-Mashkhab/ Najaf/ IRAQ to determine the traits correlated with grain yield and to select the superior genotypes with their selection index among the sixteen genotypes planted during the growing season of 2021. During the 2022 season six genotypes were selected to evaluate the path coefficient analysis for the grain yield and its components according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results showed that the mean squares of the genotypes were significant for all studied traits(P<0.1). The superiority of the genotypes Furat1, Jasmine and K2 over the rest of six genotypes that were selected for having a high selection index, especially in the trait of grain yield, number of tillers.m-2 and number of grains.panicle-1. The genetic and phenotypic path coefficient analysis revealed that there was a high direct effect of the yield components on the grain yield due to the high positive and desirable values of the genetic and phenotypic correlation between the grain yield and its components including the number of tillers.m-2, the number of grains.panicle-1 and the panicle length, which are selective indicators for improving grain yield. Furthermore, the aforementioned traits showed high values of heritability in the broad sense and good stability during the two study seasons. Thus, the characteristics of the number of tillers.m-2 and the number of grains per panicle can be considered as one of the best criteria to be adopted as a selection index in the breeding programs for the rice crop. Moreover, further investigations are required for these criteria at different experimental conditions in other to testing their efficiency.

Selenium in rice: Impact on protein content and distribution for enhanced food and feed security in agroclimatic challenges

Countries face exasperating and inclement climate worldwide. Food and feed security could be their paramount life objective. The study aimed to investigate the impact of selenium on the protein content and distribution in different parts of rice. For this purpose, advanced selenium biofortified breeding material developed after generations of breeding efforts was investigated at the field area, rice research institute, Chengdu, China during cropping season 2021–22. The accumulation and distribution of selenium and protein contents were observed in various fractions of selenium-enriched rice (Z3057B) and positive control (727). The correlation studies for selenium and protein quantification leads to the optimization of the breeding material and relevance in virtue. The rice fractions indicated rice embryo retains highest selenium contents, which gradually decreases in succession (other rice parts). The difference in protein content between the embryo and endosperm of Se-enriched rice is significant, while that between embryo and aleurone layer is not obvious. The selenium protein was found with molecular weight of 13.6–122.6 kDa. The protein of each molecular weight is found to bind with selenium, but the binding strength of selenium is negatively correlated with the molecular weight of protein. The 67.5% of the total selenium sticks with protein having molecular weight less than 38.8 kDa. In summary, protein with low molecular weight (13.4 kDa) binds maximum selenium and accounts for highest total protein content (40.76%).

E2ETCA: End-to-end training of CNN and attention ensembles for rice disease diagnosis1

Rice is one of the most important crops worldwide. Diseases of the rice plant can drastically reduce crop yield and even lead to complete loss of production. Early diagnosis can reduce the severity and help efforts to establish effective treatment and reduce the usage of pesticides. Traditional machine learning approaches have already been employed for automatic diagnosis. However, they heavily rely on manual preprocessing of images and handcrafted features, which is challenging, time-consuming, and may require domain expertise. Recently, a single end-to-end deep learning (DL)-based approach was employed to diagnose rice diseases. However, it is not highly robust, nor is it generalizable to every dataset. Hence, we propose a novel end-to-end training of convolutional neural network (CNN) and attention (E2ETCA) ensemble framework that fuses the features of two CNN-based state-of-the-art (SOTA) models along with those of an attention-based vision transformer model. These fused features are utilized for diagnosis by the addition of an extra fully connected layer with softmax. The whole procedure is performed end-to-end, which is very important for real-world applications. Additionally, we feed the extracted features into a traditional machine learning approach support vector machine for classification and further analysis. To verify the effectiveness of our proposed E2ETCA framework, we demonstrate it on three publicly available datasets: the Mendeley Rice Leaf Disease Image Samples dataset, the Kaggle Rice Diseases Image dataset, the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute dataset, and a combination of these three datasets. On the basis of various evaluation metrics (accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score), our proposed E2ETCA framework exhibits superior performance to existing SOTA approaches for rice disease diagnosis, which can also be generalizable in similar other domains.

The Effect of Nitrogen-Enriched Partially Burnt Paddy Husk on Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza Sativa)

Paddy husk can be defined as a material that can be easily accessed by small-scale, resource-poor farmers in Sri Lanka. It is being produced in large quantities during the production of milled rice as by-products. Currently, most paddy husk is underutilized or left unused due to their intrinsic properties. Partially burnt paddy husk (PBPH) is an organic material that is prepared by incomplete combustion of paddy husk. The use of PBPH as a soil amendment to fix soil fertility problems has been well recognized. It contains a higher porous structure and an enhanced adsorption capacity, therefore, has the ability to slow down nutrient leaching by capturing nutrients in its porous structure. In the present study, a farmer-friendly, biochar-based organic nitrogen fertilizer was developed by nitrogen-enriching PBPH using nitrogen-rich liquid fertilizers in order to determine its effect on the growth and yield of rice. A pot experiment was conducted at the Rice Research and Development Institute, Bathalagoda based on a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with eight treatments and five replicates.The treatments included T1 (Gliricidia extract+PBPH), T2 (cow urine+PBPH), T3 (poultry manure+PBPH), T4 (fish tonic+PBPH), T5 (compost tea+PBPH), T6 (urea+PBPH), T7 (PBPH only) and T8 (no treatment). Nitrogen (N) content of raw materials, liquid fertilizers, N-enriched PBPH, and N uptake of plants were determined using Kjeldahl method. Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents of PBPH were determined by using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer and Flame Photometer, respectively. Plant height and greenness (SPAD results) were recorded as growth parameters and finally, number of tillers, panicles, grains per pot and grain weight per pot were obtained as the yield parameters. Significantly, the highest N content was found in urea liquid fertilizer (3.42%) whereas the lowest was found in Gliricidia extract (0.35%). Significantly, the highest N content (1.735%) of N-enriched PBPHs was found in T6 (urea+PBPH), while the lowest (0.058%) was found in T7 (PBPH only). Significantly, the highest N uptakes (1.98% and 1.86%) of rice plants were found in T6 (urea+PBPH) and T4 (fish tonic+PBPH) respectively while the lowest (0.56%) was found in the T8 (no treatment). SPAD readings, the number of panicles, tillers and grain yield, and biomass were significantly increased in all treatments over T7 (PBPH only) and T8 (no treatment) treatments. The overall study concluded that the application of N-enriched PBPH has improved the growth and yield of rice, therefore it can be used as a farmer-friendly, sustainable, and organic nitrogen source in paddy cultivation in Sri Lanka.
 Keywords: Nitrogen, Partially burnt paddy husk, Nitrogen enrichment

RiceProteomeDB (RPDB): a user-friendly database for proteomics data storage, retrieval, and analysis

Rice, feeding a significant portion of the world, poses unique proteomic challenges critical to agricultural research and global food security. The complexity of the rice proteome, influenced by various genetic and environmental factors, demands specialized analytical approaches for effective study. The central challenges in rice proteomics lie in developing custom methods suited to the unique aspects of rice biology. These include data preprocessing, method selection, and result validation, all of which are essential for advancing rice research. Our aim is to decode these proteomic intricacies to facilitate breakthroughs in strain improvement, disease resistance, and yield optimization, all vital for combating global food insecurity. To achieve this, we have created the RiceProteomeDB (RPDB), a React + Django database, offering a streamlined and comprehensive platform for the analysis of rice proteomics data. RiceProteomeDB (RPDB) simplifies proteomics data management and analysis. It offers features for data organization, preprocessing, method selection, result validation, and data sharing. Researchers can access processed rice proteomics data, conduct analyses, and explore experimental conditions. The user-friendly web interface enhances navigation and interaction. RPDB fosters collaboration by enabling data sharing and proper acknowledgment of sources, contributing to proteomics research and knowledge dissemination. Availability and implementation: Web application: http://riceproteome.plantprofile.net/. The web application’s source code, user’s manual, and sample data: https://github.com/dongu7610/Riceproteome.

RESPONSE OF RICE (ORYZA SATIVAL.) GENOTYPES UNDER TO DIFFERENT PLANTING DATES

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a vital food crop that holds a significant position in the world's economy. It ranks third globally in terms of production, following wheat and maize. Moreover, rice serves as the staple food crop for approximately two-thirds of the world's population. The planting date has a significant impact on rice productivity. When rice is sown under optimal conditions, including favorable air and soil temperatures and adequate soil moisture, the crop's performance shows a notable improvement. Nonetheless, planting rice too early can expose the crop to cold temperatures, which may result in poor germination, low seedling vigor, and seedling mortality. Conversely, planting too late can lead to reduced yields and grain quality since the critical reproductive phase coincides with the peak of summer heat, negatively affecting rice grain yield and quality. During the Khaif season of 2022, the field experiment was conducted at the Rice Research Center (RRC) Dokri. The experiment was laid out in split plot design containing three sowing dates’ viz. 30thJune, 15thJuly and 30thJuly in main plots and four rice genotypes viz. NUYT-M-11, NUYT-M-8, NUYT-M-10 and Latify (check) as sub plot treatments. Nevertheless, rice crops sown on June 30th demonstrated markedly superior performance compared to other sowing dates. These crops exhibited a plant height of 97.27 cm, 19.18 tillers per plant, a panicle length of 20.11 cm, a seed index of 29.82 g, a biological yield of 8964 kg/ha, a grain yield of 5330 kg/ha, and a harvest index of 84.11%. The interaction between genotypes and sowing dates significantly influenced the observed plant height, tillers per plant, panicle length, seed index, biological yield, grain yield, and harvest index. Among the genotypes, NUYT-M-11 sown on June 30th displayed the highest values for these parameters.

AGRO-MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND GENETIC DIVERSITY ASSESSMENT OF NINETEEN BRRI-RELEASED RICE VARIETIES

Knowledge on genetically determined several growth parameters including morpho- physiological and developmental parameters are essential for rice breeding programs. Genetic divergence helps in the development of superior recombinants, which is prerequisite in any crop improvement program. The aim of the present study was to characterize 19 rice varieties based on agro-morphological descriptors and genetic diversity. The experiment was conducted at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute farm, Gopalganj, using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Both the qualitative and quantitative agro-morphological traits were diversified. The observed variations in the qualitative data were primarily accounted for by the blade pubescence, anthocyanin color of the leaf sheath, lemma-palea color, grain tip color, and awning. The top five axes of PCA contributed 81.04% of the total variation. The varieties were divided into five groups based on the cluster. With six genotypes, Cluster IV was the largest group, whereas Cluster I was the lowest with just one genotype. Cluster IV had the greatest intra-cluster distance, whereas clusters IV and I had the greatest inter-cluster distances. Contrarily, cluster IV had the highest cluster means for most of the quantitative characteristics noticed. Once more, grain length was the trait that contributed most to divergence. While considering results from genetic distance, the varieties under cluster IV (BRRI dhan29, BRRI dhan89, BRRI dhan92 BRRI dhan97, BRRI hybrid dhan3, BRRI hybrid dhan5) might be selected for additional breeding after taking the results of the genetic distance into consideration.

Morpho-agronomic performance M5 mutant generation of aceh rice (Oryza sativa L.) of different organic fertilizer treatment

The use of organic fertilizers is one of the efforts made to increase the levels of organic matter in the soil, especially paddy soil. This study aims to determine the effect of organic fertilizer of different treatments on the morpho-agronomic performance of the M5 mutant generation of Aceh rice (Oryza sativa L ). This research was conducted in ARRI, Aceh Rice Research Institute Banda Aceh, from April to July 2023. In this study, the experimental design used was a split-plot design with three replications where the subplots were nested in the main plot. The factors studied included the dose of organic fertilizer, which consisted of three levels: 0 ton ha-1, 5 ton ha-1, and 10 ton ha-1. The rice lines consisted of 5 groups: Mustajab Varieties, UM 14, UM 69, UM 8, and UM 89. The research results show that best of organic fertilizer was found with doses 10 tonnes ha-1 provides a significant effecton the number of tillers in harvest time 12,34 tillers. The best line/variety was found in the UM-89 treatment line with number of panicles 9,79 which was significantly different from the Mustajab variety which had a 7,88 panicles.

Effect of Drought Periods on Rice Lines Growth and Yield

Numerous variables, such as drought period, growth stage, and varieties, influence rice growth and yield in response to drought. This study was conducted to determine the effect of drought periods on the growth and yields of several rice lines and varieties as well as to select drought-tolerant lines. Using a split-plot design with three replications, the pot experiment was carried out in the greenhouse from December 2015 to April 2016 at the Sukamandi Experimental Site of Indonesian Center for Rice Research (BB Padi). Drought periods were treated as the main-plot, while the rice lines/varieties were treated as sub-plots. The main-plot consists of four levels: control, drought at the maximum tillering stage, drought at the primordia stage, and drought at the grain filling stage. The rice lines used are expand lines of rainfed lowland rice and upland rice from the BB Padi breeding program. The results showed that of the 36 rice lines and 6 varieties tested, drought periods during maximum tillering and primordia affected plant height, while the tiller number was not affected by all drought periods. From the yield characters, drought periods increased unfilled grain percentage and decreased 1000 grains weight and also grain weight per plant. Jatiluhur is consistently tolerant and has the highest yield. There are 8 rice lines with consistent tolerance and not significantly different yields with Jatiluhur: B13650E-TB-80-2, B14168E-MR-6, B14168E-MR-10, B14168E-MR-11, B14168E-MR-12, B14168E-MR-13, B12480D-MR-7-1-1, and B12056F-TB-1-29-1. Keywords: Drought periods, Rice lines, Growth, Yield