Rice Imports Research Articles

PENGARUH RASIO BAHAN BAKU TEPUNG KOMPOSIT (UBI KAYU, JAGUNG DAN KEDELAI HITAM) PADA KUALITAS PEMBUATAN BERAS ANALOG

The increase population affects an increase in total of consumption of Indonesian people towards rice, which encourages Indonesia to import rice. One of the alternatives that can be done is by using potential non-rice raw materials such as tubers. In this study, the raw materials for composite flour from cassava (Manihot esculenta), corn (Zea mays) and black soybeans (Glycine Sojo) were used, which are the basic ingredient for analog rice. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of raw material composition on nutritional value (carbohydrate, protein, fat, water and ash content) analog rice compared to ordinary rice, examine the physico-chemistry (kamba density, water absorption and cooking time) of analog rice compare to paddy rice and also to define raw material composition and best temperature, organoleptic test covering color, aroma, texture and taste. The process of making analog rice consists of several stages of research, such as the stage of making composite flour, cooking the composite flour dough, making analog rice, drying analog rice and analyzing the results. The variables used were the ratio of flour composition and the effect of extrusion temperature. Based on proximate analysis on various compositions, obtained sample 5 (60% cassava flour, 15% corn flour and 25% black soybean flour) as analog rice with the best formulation. Based on the proximate analysis of the effect of temperature, the temperature was 75 °C as the optimum temperature for the extraction process. The results of the physical analysis of the best analog rice in this study showed that analog rice from a composite of cassava flour, corn flour and black soybean flour had a kamba density of 0.46 g / mL, a water absorption capacity of 60.52% and a cooking time of 46 minutes. In this sample, analog rice has a texture, aroma and appearance similar to rice in general, although analog rice from composite flour tends to have a savory taste arising from black soybeans.

The Influence of Economic Development on the Wetland Conversion in Java-Bali

While there have been evidences of successful economic development, certain Agriculture Industry show declining contributions to economy over recent years. There is a need for control of and policy on conversion of land status from agriculture to non-agriculture as a result of expanding economy. This research aims to analyse: (1) the impact of real GRDP, the number of households, the number of non-classified hotels and other types of accommodation businesses, and farmers’ terms of trade (FToT) on wetland conversion; (2) annual rate of wetland conversion; and (3) sustainability of food security after implementation of wetland conversion control. The data being analysed is pooled-data series 2014-2018 and cross sectional which is taken (provinces in Java-Bali). The result shows that the factors influencing wetland conversion negatively and significantly is real GRDP, the number of households and the number of non-classified hotels and other types of accommodation businesses are positively and significantly, whilst those affecting insignificantly is FToT. There is an upwards trend in wetland expansion, which indicates that agricultural land–instead of shrinking in area–is expanding at the rate of 40,574 hectares/year. It’s estimated that there will be 3,712,382 hectares of wetland by 2025. The tendency is followed by the growing number of rice surplus that reaches 909,922 tons/year. It’s projected that surplus in rice production by 2025 will be 17,404,632 tons. Consequently, management of renewable resources, prevention of wetland conversion, and prudent decision in rice import are as important as economic development. Keywords: wetland conversion, economic development, pooled-data

The genetics underlying metabolic signatures in a brown rice diversity panel and their vital role in human nutrition.

Brown rice (Oryza sativa) possesses various nutritionally dense bioactive phytochemicals exhibiting a wide range of antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic properties known to promote various human health benefits. However, despite the wide claims made about the importance of brown rice for human nutrition the underlying metabolic diversity has not been systematically explored. Non-targeted metabolite profiling of developing and mature seeds of a diverse genetic panel of 320 rice cultivars allowed quantification of 117 metabolites. The metabolite genome-wide association study (mGWAS) detected genetic variants influencing diverse metabolic targets in developing and mature seeds. We further interlinked genetic variants on chromosome 7 (6.06-6.43Mb region) with complex epistatic genetic interactions impacting multi-dimensional nutritional targets, including complex carbohydrate starch quality, the glycemic index, antioxidant catechin, and rice grain color. Through this nutrigenomics approach rare gene bank accessions possessing genetic variants in bHLH and IPT5 genes were identified through haplotype enrichment. These variants were associated with a low glycemic index, higher catechin levels, elevated total flavonoid contents, and heightened antioxidant activity in the whole grain with elevated anti-cancer properties being confirmed in cancer cell lines. This multi-disciplinary nutrigenomics approach thus allowed us to discover the genetic basis of human health-conferring diversity in the metabolome of brown rice.

Collaborative Strategy for the Supply Chain of Rice: A Case Study on Demak and Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java, Indonesia

The problems associated with rice production in Indonesia appear very complicated, due to poor management of the sufficient national rice stock and various unfavorable public policies. Recently, government’s directives on rice importation instigated polemics from several interests, as a result of inappropriate decisions on general rice production, with possible yearly increment. Therefore, there is need to embrace strategy development to balance demand and supply. The purpose of this study was to analyze the rice supply chain in Demak and Sukoharjo, Central Java Province, in an effort to provide effective and collaborative distribution policies at individual levels. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted for 98 respondents in a bid to acquire relevant and current information for the conceptual framework development. Furthermore, sampling methodologies, termed purposive and snowballing, were applied, followed by the preparation of interview guidelines. The results showed the farmers obtained the lowest revenue margin among other tiers, while several technical challenges were also identified. Consequently, the activities of middlemen with excessive dominant roles in market price determination, were overemphasized, leading to an inefficient supply chain. Meanwhile, government’s position through the Indonesia Logistics Bureau (BULOG) is assumed to be vulnerable in the control of direct supply from farmers or collectors. Based on this study, intense comprehension of rice supply chain was achieved, with further provision of collaborative strategies towards promoting the balance of demand and supply.

Optimizing rice distribution routes in Indonesia using a two-step linear programming considering logistics costs

The increase in rice consumption should be balanced with an increase in rice production. However, although the national rice production was declared a surplus, the volume of national rice imports also increased. The imports in 2018 were 2.2 million tons and showed that surplus rice production is not effectively taken as an advantage in overcoming the deficit in some provinces in Indonesia. Some provinces that experiencing surplus should be able to fill the shortage in the other provinces. This paper contributes to determine distribution routes and help the government to fulfill the shortage demand. This study uses the two-steps linear programming method. The first step is performed by the transportation model and followed by the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) model in sequence. This two-step linear programming reaches an optimal global solution in distributing goods from oversupply provinces to the over-demand one. The results show cost savings are gained if this strategy is performed to meet the demand, rather than importing the rice.

Identifikasi Citra Beras Menggunakan Algoritma Multi-SVM Dan Neural Network Pada Segmentasi K-Means

Indonesia is a country with high rice needs because it is a staple food for more than 90% of populations. High demand requires high stock so imports are carried out in accordance with Permendagri Number 19/M-DAG/PER/3/2014 which explains rice import standards. There are many types of rice imported into Indonesia with various quality, color and import requirements such as for health or price stabilization. In terms of colors, imported white rice is the most consumed rice by Indonesians. One example is jasmine rice from Thailand. Meanwhile, in terms of imports, both for health and stabilizing the price of japonica rice (Japan) and Basmati (Pakistan) are the most imported to Indonesia. But there are still many who are not familiar with those three rices. In this research, the three types of rice were identified by comparing the Multi-SVM algorithm and Neural Network algorithm. Image acquisition is done using a flatbed scanner which produces 90 images divided into 63 training images and 27 testing images. K-Means becomes an image segmentation method and image binary converts. Feature extraction using morphological features with the regionprop method combined with the Gray Level Co-Occence Matrix (GLCM) produces 9 features that can produce 96.296% accuracy for Multi-SVM and 88.89% Neural Network

Co-integration analysis between rice production and exchange reserves with rice consumption in Indonesia

Rice production is increasing every year but Indonesia still to import rice which is directly related to the use of foreign exchange reserves. Volume of rice import is caused by the small amount of rice production. If the volume of rice import is only a small amount means the amount of rice production is large. Large volume of imports will may have impact on foreign exchange reserves and constraints the ability to import raw materials and capital goods needed for development. The purpose of this study is to determine the co- integration between foreign exchange reserves and rice imports in Indonesia. The method used in this study is the Error Correction Model (ECM) analysis. The results of the study showed that there was co-integration of rice production and rice import while there was no co-integration of foreign exchange reserves and rice import that is the variables did not have a long-term relationship.

Design of a Monitoring System for Hydroganics based on Arduino Uno R3 to Realize Sustainable Development Goal`s number 2 Zero Hunger

In 2019 Indonesia is able to support its nation and does not need rice imports from abroad. This situation is called rice self-sufficiency. Then in order to maintain rice self-sufficiency from year to year, it is necessary to apply technology to increase the quality of rice production. Therefore, a Hydroganic Monitoring System Design was created which is used to monitor plant watering automatically using the YL-69 soil moisture sensor controlled by Arduino Uno and instructed to the LCD to display the soil moisture value according to soil pH in real time. The watering system that has been created can automatically drain water to the plants. The water that is flowed automatically by this system comes from the fish pond that is right below it, where the water from fish excrement will produce organic nutrients for rice plants. With this research, rice production will grow more effectively to improve rice quality. With this research, it is expected that Indonesian rice production will increase effectively and in line with the improvement of rice quality. From the research that has been conducted, it is found that from the experimental data above, it can be calculated that the average water discharge in one irrigation is 2.37 m/s.

Rice Production Analysis in Reflecting Rice Self-sufficiency in Indonesia

Indonesia was the third rank after China and India as the largest rice-producing country in the world in 2020. However, data on the Indonesian import of rice shows fluctuation in recent years. Food security and self-sufficiency have been a problem faced by many countries before COVID-19 came in. Hence, this observation aims to analyze the influence of land area, labor, and farmers’ capitals on rice production in reflecting rice self-sufficiency in Indonesia. This research applied panel data methodology with land area, farm laborers, and farmers' capitals as the independent variables while rice production as the dependent variable, recorded in 2018 to 2020 in 34 provinces in Indonesia. The most appropriate model for this research was the random effect model. The results confirmed that land area had a positive and significant impact while the other two variables showed no significant effects on rice production in Indonesia.

Ghana's rice value chain resilience in the context of COVID-19.

The 2020 State of the Food Security and Nutrition World report suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic may render 83 to 132 million people food insecure. The global south has been projected to be adversely affected by COVID-19 in terms of food and nutritional security. This potentially renders Africa off track in achieving SDG -2 of zero hunger by 2030. Ghana is a net importer of rice and how the sector responded to the global pandemic has received less traction in the agri-food system literature. There is skewed literature that concentrates on the global north. The paper employed a qualitative approach involving key informant interviews across 6 regions in Ghana. The study covered 48 Agricultural Extension Agents (AEAs) and Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) officers, 80 farmers, and 48 market leaders. We use one of the country's main food staple - rice to show the food (in)-security situation during the pandemic. We articulate that using the right food security conceptual and theoretical framing remains imperative in understanding food (in)-security. The findings showed price hikes during the imposition of lockdown affected access (physical and effective demand). Rice however remained available during and after the lockdown imposition. Ghana's rice production output was affected during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The ramification of COVID-19 on Ghana's rice sector was not dire but points to the vulnerability of the rice value chain to future pandemics. Important policy actions are needed to consolidate particular gains made in Ghana's planting for food and jobs to minimize rice imports.

A Comparative Study of Indonesian Estimated Rice Production and Consumption

The permit of two million tons of rice import in 2018 has tickled Indonesia's ability to fulfill its own rice needs. Farmers' anxiety that rice import can affect rice prices proved by its declining. The distribution of imported rice indeed has not been optimal. People say that imports are carried out without proper planning. This study aims to estimate the rice production and consumption data of Indonesia in 2014 to 2019, compare those data, and conclude whether Indonesia needs to import the rice at those years based on the comparison result. Estimating rice production and consumption were carried out using secondary data consisted of paddy production data, per capita rice consumption data, and population projection data which obtained from the website of the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and/or the Ministry of Agriculture. Based on the comparison result between rice production and consumption data from 2014 to 2019, it can be concluded that from 7 islands in Indonesia, only 2 islands have the estimated rice consumption which always more than the estimated production, namely Maluku and Papua. The total estimated rice consumption in Indonesia is always lower than the estimated production. A rice surplus on a nearby island, Sulawesi, should be able to cover shortages in Maluku and Papua. If the estimated rice consumption in these three islands is totaled, the amount is always smaller than the estimated rice production in these three islands. This is because the production of rice on the island of Sulawesi is very large. The estimated total consumption of rice in 2019 is only 60% of production.

A Comparative Study of Indonesian Estimated Rice Production and Consumption

The permit of two million tons of rice import in 2018 has tickled Indonesia's ability to fulfill its own rice needs. Farmers' anxiety that rice import can affect rice prices proved by its declining. The distribution of imported rice indeed has not been optimal. People say that imports are carried out without proper planning. This study aims to estimate the rice production and consumption data of Indonesia in 2014 to 2019, compare those data, and conclude whether Indonesia needs to import the rice at those years based on the comparison result. Estimating rice production and consumption were carried out using secondary data consisted of paddy production data, per capita rice consumption data, and population projection data which obtained from the website of the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and/or the Ministry of Agriculture. Based on the comparison result between rice production and consumption data from 2014 to 2019, it can be concluded that from 7 islands in Indonesia, only 2 islands have the estimated rice consumption which always more than the estimated production, namely Maluku and Papua. The total estimated rice consumption in Indonesia is always lower than the estimated production. A rice surplus on a nearby island, Sulawesi, should be able to cover shortages in Maluku and Papua. If the estimated rice consumption in these three islands is totaled, the amount is always smaller than the estimated rice production in these three islands. This is because the production of rice on the island of Sulawesi is very large. The estimated total consumption of rice in 2019 is only 60% of production.

Mycotoxin Contamination of Consumed Rice in Iran: A Review

: Mycotoxin contamination of rice has been introduced as a big challenge for public health in developing countries in numerous studies. Rice consumption is also considered the main source of secondary metabolites in Iran. Given the diversity of climatic conditions in this region as well as unsuitable storage conditions, including high temperature and humidity, rice can be extremely contaminated via various fungi. The current study is a review of the occurrence of mycotoxins in rice in Iran. In this regard, some investigations had revealed that rice could be contaminated by mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFTs) (B1, B2, G1, and G2), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin (FM) (B1 and B2), ochratoxin A (OTA), T-2 toxin, and zearalenone (ZEN). Moreover, the amount of mycotoxins in rice was reported in varying ranges in different provinces and regions and normally less than Iranian maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Given the importance of rice in the Iranian diet, it was finally recommended to screen consumed rice to find about fungal contaminations and mycotoxins.

Trade Restriction and its Implications on Domestic Production of Rice in Nigeria

This study ascertained whether rice trade restriction policies embarked upon by Nigerian government between 2007 and 2019 as a way of boosting domestic rice production has any empirical justification. To achieve this objective, the study utilised time series data on domestic rice production (DP), border closure (BC), Rice import tariff (Tariff), Volume of rice imported (Imp) and Food price deflator for crop production sub-sector (Def). These data were analysed using descriptive and bivariate tools as well as the OLS regression models. The study found that trade restriction (proxied rice import tariff and border closure) alone was not effective in stimulating domestic rice production. A combination of other non-trade factors (e.g. measures to enhance local productive) also matter.

Analogue Rice Formulation from Tapioca, Soybean Flour, Natural Dyes (Amaranthus tricolor L. and Alternanthera amoena V.)

The diversification of food is the solution of rice imports elevation, rice consumption dependence, as well as lack of protein calories for baby in Indonesia. Analogue rice from local resources such as various starches, both from tubers and nuts. Analogue rice is produced from flour with the addition of water or other nutritional components. To improve consumer appeal, the natural dyes addition also can increase nutrition product. This research aimed to analyze the effect of pigment sources and formulation of tapioca and soybean. Nested design was applied with 1st factor was sources of pigment (control, extracted green spinach, and red spinach). The second factor was the proportion of tapioca and soybean flour. The result showed that protein increased from 4.54% to 5.30% and iron (Fe) increased from 2.58 to 14.54 ppm. The best analog rice was produced from T1B2 (85% tapioca : 15% soybean flour x red spinach) which had moisture content (4.96%), fat (3.23%), protein (5.70%), absorption capacity (175.89%), color intensity (L = 52.40; a+ = 1.50; b+ = 10.10), antioxidant activity (88.55%), total pigment (4.86 mg L-1), and iron (20.11%). The organoleptic score was taste (3.17 = quite like), texture (3.30 = quite like), shape (3.03 = quite like), and preference (3.23 = quite like).

Remote sensing versus the area sampling frame method in paddy rice acreage estimation in Indramayu regency, West Java province, Indonesia

ABSTRACT With a population of 267 million, Indonesia faces the significant challenge of inaccurate rice production data leading to a flawed national rice import policy and supply problems. Its 2018 rice production and harvest area data were generated through the Area Sampling Frame (ASF) method which incurred high labour and financial costs as well as failing to optimize accuracy; hence, an alternative method needs exploration. This study compares ASF and remote sensing Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) methods to calculate rice growth stages (RGS) using Indramayu Regency, the highest rice producer in West Java Province, as the study area. The SAR-based method used time-series of Vertical Horizontal (VH) polarization of Sentinel-1A data that employed a combination of k-means clustering, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), a visual interpretation and support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Both SAR and ASF methods can generate results on a monthly basis, although remote sensing satellite time revisits can be shortened (every 12 days). Whilst the ASF, a basic technique for collecting agricultural statistics, was easy to implement in large-scale areas its accuracy depended on the quantity and representativeness of the samples. This study applied the ASF by simulating a sample size of 1.7%, 3.3% and 5% of a rice field area with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) data as a reference. Whilst remote sensing SAR methods involve complex data processing the image classification process can be conducted automatically and cost-effectively (data and its software are free of charge). Moreover, it yields not only statistical data on RGS but also determines the spatial planting patterns and the RGS distribution at 10 m pixel resolution. This method showed more accurate results with overall accuracy of image classification of 81.89% and a kappa coefficient (κ) of 0.73. The comparative result was relatively small, i.e., 4,094.89 ha more than the ASF results (3.5% difference), since this study covered a limited research area. Nonetheless, with evidence of more accurate results remote sensing holds the potential for replication across the country’s 416 regencies, so enabling government to develop more appropriate policies that minimize the risks of either a surplus or shortage in the nation’s most important food supply.

Analisis determinan impor beras di Indonesia

This study aims to determine and analyze the development of a gross domestic product, population, rupiah exchange rate, inflation, and rice imports. In addition, to choose and investigate the effect of gross domestic product, people, rupiah exchange rate, inflation, and rice imports. The method used to analyze this research is descriptive quantitative. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis based on Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Based on the results of this study, the development of rice imports fluctuates every year. It tends to increase rice imports, gross domestic product fluctuates and tends to grow, the population increases every year, the rupiah exchange rate fluctuates, and inflation fluctuates every year and tends to decrease. The results of multiple linear regression show that the variables of gross domestic product, population, and exchange rate significantly affect rice imports in Indonesia. In contrast, the inflation variable is not substantial on rice imports in Indonesia. Keywords: Import rice, GDP, Total population, Exchange rate, Inflation.

Impact of Government Expenditure on Agricultural Value Chain in Nigeria

This research examined the impact of government expenditure on agricultural value chain in Nigeria. It uses annual time series data for the period 1998-2018. Statistical Techniques, survey, simple percentages and the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) methods were adopted. The OLS result using Multiple Regression analysis revealed an insignificant positive relationship between government expenditure and Agricultural value chain, proxy by Aggregate importation of rice (AMR). Imports had a negative sign; it is a leakage on the economy. It however, showed that agricultural gross domestic product (ADP) has a positive relationship with government expenditure, at 5 percent level. The pair-wise Granger causality tests showed that government expenditure on agriculture (GEA) granger causes aggregate importation of rice (AMR), this was indicated by their respective F-statistics and probability values which stood at 0.39420(0.6815).. In conclusion, government expenditure, with supportive policies, would have huge impact on agricultural value chain in Nigeria. The agricultural sector is the engine of economic recovery, growth and development, therefore an improvement in government spending to the sector is recommended. This study contributes to the downstream linkages in the agricultural sector.

Upland Rice: Cultural Keystone Species in a Philippine Traditional Agroecosystem

This paper examines rice biocultural diversity in Sarangani province, southern Philippines through a socio-anthropological lens. Participatory rural appraisal highlighted the cultural importance of upland rice and the entire suite of farming rituals practiced by ethnic communities in the area. Further unveiled by the study were concomitant rice varietal losses, a highly eroded indigenous knowledge system, or IKS, as well as major driving forces that have significantly impacted biocultural diversity on-farm. Sociological analysis of Sarangani tribal community and resources identified upland rice as a potential cultural keystone species (CKS) whose loss can severely compromise cultural integrity and food security. However, halting biocultural erosion while ensuring human wellbeing can become complicated and constrain conservation initiatives. The CKS model, albeit potentially subjective and controversial, can provide valuable insights for the development of sustainable conservation strategies specifically suited to the Sarangani upland situation. Strengthening of awareness among stakeholders about the link between traditional culture, conservation, and food security is necessary if significant results are to be achieved.

Upland Rice: Cultural Keystone Species in a Philippine Traditional Agroecosystem

This paper examines rice biocultural diversity in Sarangani Province, Southern Philippines through a socio-anthropological lens. Participatory rural appraisal highlighted the cultural importance of upland rice and the entire suite of farming rituals practiced by ethnic communities in the area. Further unveiled by the study were concomitant rice varietal losses, a highly eroded indigenous knowledge system, or IKS, as well as major driving forces that have significantly impacted biocultural diversity on-farm. Sociological analysis of Sarangani tribal community and resources identified upland rice as a potential cultural keystone species (CKS) whose loss can severely compromise cultural integrity and food security. However, halting biocultural erosion while ensuring human wellbeing can become complicated and constrain conservation initiatives. The CKS model, albeit potentially subjective and controversial, can provide valuable insights for the development of sustainable conservation strategies specifically suited to the Sarangani upland situation. Strengthening of awareness among stakeholders about the link between traditional culture, conservation, and food security is necessary if significant results are to be achieved.