Rice Imports Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF TOTAL PRODUCTION, PRICE, AND COMSUMPTION ON RICE IMPORTS IN INDONESIA IN 2010-2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Jumlah Produksi, Harga, Dan Konsumsi Terhadap Impor Beras Di Indonesia Tahun 2010-2019. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder. Metode ini yang digunakan dalam penelitian skripsi ini adalah metode analisis data. Penelitian ini menggunakan aplikasi Eviews 9 dalam menentukan hipotesisnya. Variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu produksi beras, harga beras, dan konsumsi beras. Jenis data yang digunakan data time series dengan antara tahun 2010-2019. Dan sumber data berasal dari sumber Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tentang analisis pengaruh jumlah produksi, harga, dan konsumsi terhadap impor beras di Indonesia 2010-2019 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa produksi beras, harga beras, konsumsi beras di Indonesia berpengaruh signifikan terhadap impor beras di Indonesia tahun 2010-2019, dimana produksi beras berpengaruh positif (+) dan signifikan terhadap impor beras di Indonesia, dan dimana harga beras berpengaruh positif (+) dan signifikan terhadap impor beras di Indonesia, sedangkan konsumsi beras berpengaruh negatif (-) dan signifikan terhadap impor beras di Indonesia.

Effect of unseasonal rainfall on rice production in Nepal during the year 2021: A case study

Our study explicit the information regarding the status losses and the compensation amount We browsed the website of Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development (MoALD) and visited Agriculture Knowledge Centre to obtain the information. Rice is a major cereal crop, contributing around 25% of GDP and majority of working population are engaged in rice production for at least half year. Increasing population and pernicious natural hazards had declined the rice production leading to increment in import of rice from neighboring countries. Nepal received 15% more rain than average monsoon in year 2021. Flooding in various areas of Nepal occurred, causing huge loss of rice production along with destruction of lives and property indirectly leading to food insecurity. The onset of heavy unseasonal monsoon, occurred at the period when rice crops were ready to harvest or ready to thresh, undermined the labor, time and money invested by the farmers. The total rice production has been reduced to 5.13 million tons in 2021 from 5.55 million tons in 2020 at the rate of 8.74%. Lumbini Province faced the highest loss, followed by Sudarpaschim Province of Nepal. Climate change was the major factor responsible for this, hampering the agricultural productivity. Government of Nepal had decided to provide compensation to them based on three categories: small farmers having holdings of up to 10 katthas received compensation of 65% of their cost of production , medium farmers having land holdings from 11 to 40 katthas received 30% of their cost of production ,the large farmers having land holdings more than 40 katthas received compensation 20% of their cost of production. Also, the partially affected farmers received compensation 20% of their cost of production.

Forecasting agricultural commodity price using different models: a case study of widely consumed grains in Nigeria

Purpose. This study highlights the specific and accurate methods for forecasting prices of commonly consumed grains or legumes in Nigeria based on data from January 2017 to June 2020.
 Methodology / approach. Different models that include autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), artificial neural networks (ANN), seasonal decomposition of time series by loess method (STLM), and a combination of these three models (hybrid model) were proposed to forecast the sample grain price data. This study uses price data on widely consumed grains, such as white maize, local rice, imported rice, and white beans, in Nigeria from January 2017 to June 2020.
 Results. Our result indicates that ARIMA is the best applicable model for white maize and imported rice because it is well fitted to stationary data, as demonstrated in the sample period. The STLM is more appropriate in forecasting white beans. As white beans are highly seasonal in Nigeria, it further explains why the STLM model fits better in forecasting prices. The production of local rice is inconsistent in Nigeria because of erratic rainfall and stiff competition from the importation of rice from other countries. Therefore, and consistent with the analysis, the hybrid model is the best model applicable to local rice because it captures varying trends exhibited in the data.
 Originality / scientific novelty. This study suggests most accurate forecasting techniques for specific agricultural commodities in sub-Saharan African countries. It considers forecasting prices of commonly consumed grains and legumes in Nigeria and traded worldwide, such as imported rice, local rice, beans, and maize.
 Practical value / implications. The study highlights the importance of appropriate forecasts for policymakers, producers, and consumers to enhance better decision making and serve as an underlying incentive to guide the allocation of financial resources to the agricultural sector, which determines the structure and degree of sectoral growth.

Forecasting agricultural commodity price using different models: a case study of widely consumed grains in Nigeria

Purpose. This study highlights the specific and accurate methods for forecasting prices of commonly consumed grains or legumes in Nigeria based on data from January 2017 to June 2020.
 Methodology / approach. Different models that include autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), artificial neural networks (ANN), seasonal decomposition of time series by loess method (STLM), and a combination of these three models (hybrid model) were proposed to forecast the sample grain price data. This study uses price data on widely consumed grains, such as white maize, local rice, imported rice, and white beans, in Nigeria from January 2017 to June 2020.
 Results. Our result indicates that ARIMA is the best applicable model for white maize and imported rice because it is well fitted to stationary data, as demonstrated in the sample period. The STLM is more appropriate in forecasting white beans. As white beans are highly seasonal in Nigeria, it further explains why the STLM model fits better in forecasting prices. The production of local rice is inconsistent in Nigeria because of erratic rainfall and stiff competition from the importation of rice from other countries. Therefore, and consistent with the analysis, the hybrid model is the best model applicable to local rice because it captures varying trends exhibited in the data.
 Originality / scientific novelty. This study suggests most accurate forecasting techniques for specific agricultural commodities in sub-Saharan African countries. It considers forecasting prices of commonly consumed grains and legumes in Nigeria and traded worldwide, such as imported rice, local rice, beans, and maize.
 Practical value / implications. The study highlights the importance of appropriate forecasts for policymakers, producers, and consumers to enhance better decision making and serve as an underlying incentive to guide the allocation of financial resources to the agricultural sector, which determines the structure and degree of sectoral growth.

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI IMPOR BERAS DI INDONESIA

Import activities that are carried out when a country is unable to provide for its needs occur because the country cannot produce efficiently. One of the commodities imported by Indonesia is rice. The objectives of this study are (1) to determine and analyze the effect of simultaneous consumption, rice production, population, and foreign exchange reserves on rice imports in Indonesia. (2) to determine and analyze the effect of consumption, rice production, population, and foreign exchange reserves, partially on rice imports in Indonesia. This study uses a quantitative approach method using secondary data, as many as 21 years and using a double log multiple linear analysis technique. The results showed that (1) consumption, rice production, population and foreign exchange reserves simultaneously had a significant effect on rice imports in Indonesia. (2) Consumption partially has a positive and insignificant effect on rice imports in Indonesia. Rice production partially has a negative and significant effect on rice imports in Indonesia. The total population partially has a positive and significant effect on rice imports in Indonesia. Partial foreign exchange reserves have a positive and significant effect on rice imports in Indonesia.
 Keywords: Consumption, Rice Production, Population, Foreign Exchange Reserves, Rice Imports in Indonesia.

Analysis of rice supply determinants in North Sumatera

The problem of rice supply is a continuous problem that continues to affect food security in North Sumatra every year. This study aims to find out the factors related to the problem of rice supply and what factors have a significant effect on rice supply. The study was conducted in North Sumatera with the consideration of a decrease in production that could interfere with food security. The results showed that several factors had a major influence on rice supply, including rice prices, rice production, rice consumption, rice imports, government rice reserves, land conversion, prices of production factors such as fertilizers, land conversion and food diversification. Some variables that have a significant effect on rice supply include North Sumatera Rice Price (NSRP), North Sumatera Harvest Area (NSHA) and North Sumatera Fertilizer Price (NSFP). Two variables that have a positive effect are NSHA and NSFP, while one variable has a negative effect, namely NSRP. Of the five variables, there are two variables that have no significant effect, namely North Sumatera Rice Consumption (NSRC), North Sumatera Cassava Price (NSCP).

Causal Loop Diagram approach of rice supply in anticipation of rice shortage in North Sumatera

Rice is a staple food that requires important management in anticipating food shortages. This study aims to design a Causal Loop Diagram on the condition of rice supply in North Sumatera. The research was conducted in North Sumatera with the consideration that this area is the center of rice production which has decreased. The results of the study show that there are 32 variables that explain the causal relationship in the form of a Causal Loop Diagram of rice supply. Rice supply in North Sumatera is an accumulation of production, government rice reserves and imports. Rice consumption is assumed to only take into account consumption in North Sumatera without any exports outside the region. Positive and negative production is obtained through a combination of several factors of production. The total number of rice imports will positively increase with rice imports imported from several countries. The government’s rice reserves in Bulog come from the initial stock plus rice intake. The consumption of rice by the community will reduce the supply of rice in North Sumatera. Rice consumption increases in line with the increase in population and per capita rice consumption

A broken market: can increased access to broken rice decrease food insecurity in Haiti?

Haiti is a unique rice market in the sense that, despite the high poverty rates and dependency on rice as a staple, it relies on imports (80% of total consumption) of high-quality milled rice for which it pays a premium price. Haiti requires that all imported rice have a maximum of 4% broken kernels, which results in Haiti importing one of the most expensive non-fragrant long grain rice in the world. This study implements a non-hypothetical field experiment (300 observations) to elicit which rice attributes Haitians valued as revealed by their purchasing behavior in an open-air market setting. Specifically, we set out to estimate if Haitians would discount broken rice in such a manner that strict import regulations, which keeps cheaper imported broken rice out of domestic markets, continue to be warranted. Our findings suggest consumers (across locations and income groups) were not found to pay more for a reduced amount of broken rice, with the exception of the highest income group. This should signal to policy makers in Haiti that consumers are willing to consume rice with a higher percentage of brokens than the 4% importation standard. This is important from a food security standpoint as rice with a higher broken percentage provides the same nutritional value as rice with a lower broken rate, and can be sourced globally at a discounted price. Allowing imports of rice with higher broken rate could help alleviate food insecurity in Haiti by providing a cheaper alternative to relatively expensive domestic rice and imported rice, which currently has an inflated price due to its high-quality standards imposed by Haitian importers.

Understanding the Dynamics of Blast Resistance in Rice-Magnaporthe oryzae Interactions.

Rice is a global food grain crop for more than one-third of the human population and a source for food and nutritional security. Rice production is subjected to various stresses; blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the major biotic stresses that has the potential to destroy total crop under severe conditions. In the present review, we discuss the importance of rice and blast disease in the present and future global context, genomics and molecular biology of blast pathogen and rice, and the molecular interplay between rice–M. oryzae interaction governed by different gene interaction models. We also elaborated in detail on M. oryzae effector and Avr genes, and the role of noncoding RNAs in disease development. Further, rice blast resistance QTLs; resistance (R) genes; and alleles identified, cloned, and characterized are discussed. We also discuss the utilization of QTLs and R genes for blast resistance through conventional breeding and transgenic approaches. Finally, we review the demonstrated examples and potential applications of the latest genome-editing tools in understanding and managing blast disease in rice.

Any alternatives to rice? Ethnobotanical insights into the dietary use of edible plants by the Higaonon tribe in Bukidnon Province, the Philippines

Though considered an agricultural country, the Philippines is the world’s largest importer of rice. The persistent problem of insufficient rice supply, however, has been exacerbated by economic crises and natural calamities. Yet, for the Higaonon tribe in Bukidnon Province, the Philippines, the rich agrobiodiversity and wild edible plants are vital for food security and resilience since the mountainous terrain in this province presents a challenge for rice cultivation. To gain insight from the indigenous edible plant knowledge of the Higaonon tribe, we conducted an ethnobotanical research to document the diversity, utilization, and biocultural refugia of both cultivated and wild edible plants. A total of 76 edible plant species belonging to 62 genera and 36 botanical families were documented. The most represented botanical families included the Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Zingiberaceae. In terms of dietary usage, 3 species were categorized as cereals; 8 species were white roots, tubers, and plantains; 3 species were vitamin A-rich vegetables and tubers; 16 species were green leafy vegetables; 12 species were categorized as other vegetables; 2 species were vitamin A-rich fruits; 27 species were classified as other fruits; 7 species were legumes, nuts, and seeds; and 8 species were used as spices, condiments, and beverages. Using the statistical software R with ethnobotanyR package, we further calculated the ethnobotanical indices (use-report (UR), use-value (UV), number of use (NU), and fidelity level (FL)) from 1254 URs in all 9 food use-categories. The species with the highest UV and UR were from a variety of nutrient-rich edible plants such as Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., Musa species, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, Zea mays L., and Manihot esculenta Crantz. The extensive utilization of root and tuber crops along with corn and plantain that contain a higher amount of energy and protein, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins were shown to be an important nutrient-rich alternatives to rice. Whilst males appeared to be more knowledgeable of edible plant species collected from the forests and communal areas, there were no significant differences between males and females in terms of knowledge of edible plants collected from homegardens, riverbanks, and farms. The various food collection sites of the Higaonon tribe may be considered as food biocultural refugia given their socio-ecological function in food security, biodiversity conservation, and preservation of indigenous knowledge.

Identify Lao farmers' goals and their ranking using best–worst scaling experiment and scale‐adjusted latent class models

AbstractIn order to better design more sustainable farming systems, and prepare for the development of multi‐criteria farm decision model, we investigate how farmers rank their main goals when making decisions. First, we identified the main goals used by farmers through in‐depth interviews with randomly selected farmers in which we used small games to elicit the main goals they are using to make farm‐level decisions. Then, we developed a best–worst scaling (BWS) experiment, in which farmers have to declare the “most” and the least “important” goals they use when making decisions. The experiment was conducted with 120 farmers. We first derive a ranking of the goals according to the population average, which showed the importance of rice self‐sufficiency and transmission of farm capital. We then use a scale‐adjusted latent class analysis. We identified four groups of homogenous preferences among farmers. The use of differentiated scale, a measure of choice inconsistencies, suggested different levels of certainty about the ranking, and the presence of more inconsistencies when asking the least important goal. While a large group focuses only on rice self‐sufficiency, and farm transmission, we also identified a group of optimizers, and risk‐averse farmers. Farmers of each group are likely to behave differently with regard to sustainable innovations. We also showed that some socio‐economic variables describing the farms and the households influenced the probabilities for farmers to belong to one of the four classes. Overall, we showed that BWS scaling experiments provide a rich set of information about the diversity of rankings. It also provides the set of tools to evaluate the consistency and quality of respondents' choices.

Akibat Hukum Mou Impor Beras Indonesia - Thailand Berdasarkan Hukum Perdagangan Internasional

Abstract --The MoU is often used as a prelude before an agreement is reached between the two countries. To date, there are no regulations that specifically require the MoU to be legally incorporated into law. The research method used is normative juridical, namely through literature studies by reviewing various legal theories and laws and regulations (law in books). It is then analyzed by prioritizing secondary data as primary and secondary laws. The results of this study show that, the Indonesian and Thai MoUs on rice imports in 2021 is an agreement, the MoU is based on the strength of an agreement and the fundamental principle of treaty law as set out in Vienna Convention of 1969. Any agreements made apply legally to their creators. The signing of the MoU on rice imports in 2021 has binding and coercive powers for both countries. If one of the countries violates the MoU, then the aggrieved country may refer to the choice of law.

An Identification of a Spatial Interaction Towards Rice Import in Selected ASEAN+3 Countries

Rice turns out as significant commodity in order to meet people’s needs of food on a half of the world's population. Rice is the most consumed commodity in Asia and wold, especially countries that are members of the ASEAN+3. The need for rice that is a basic necessity must be met, thus, the supply must be maintained as well to meet the needs of staple food, and every country conducts a trade through import activities. This study aims at examining whether there is a spatial interaction of rice import in the ASEAN+3. The results of the Moran I Test show that there is a spatial interaction on rice import in the ASEAN+3 towards 11 selected countries. Trade groupings (agglomeration) were also identified in the trade area. Identification of trade groupings occurs in several countries regarding countries that are in the low-high quadrant such as Vietnam, Thailand, Republic of Korea and Indonesia.

ANALISIS PENDEKATAN STATISTIK DAN FUZZY MAMDANI DALAM PREDIKSI PRODUKTIVITAS PADI

Indonesia has fertile soil, so it is suitable for agricultural land. However, Indonesia still needs to import rice from abroad because rice productivity in Indonesia is often inconsistent. Therefore, rice productivity in Indonesia needs to be estimated for the future. This study aimed to determine the amount of rice productivity from production factors and harvested area that occurred in Indonesia from September 2021 to June 2022. The data used were rice production and rice harvested from January 2019 to August 2021 sourced from the Central Statistics Agency, Indonesia. Data processing in this study uses the Polynomial Regression method to determine predictions of future rice production and harvest area and the Mamdani Fuzzy Logic method. Data processing in this study uses a prediction method, namely the Polynomial Regression method, to determine future production and harvested area predictions and the Mamdani method of Fuzzy Logic for decision making. The results obtained from the Mamdani polynomial and fuzzy regression methods, predictions of rice productivity in September 2021 to June 2022 have increased in the range of 23.33 to 27.91.Keywords: Fuzzy Mamdani, polynomial regression, prediction, rice productivityMSC2020: 62A86

Impact Fly Ash on Nutrient Status of Wetland Rice Cultivation

The phrase, “Rice is life” aptly describes the importance of rice in food as well in nutritional security, particularly in Asian countries. Soil nutrient management in case of rice cultivation mainly focus on the major nutrient application but rice plants require high quantity of silicate and micro nutrient but the cost is not affordable. Hence, Coal combustion fly ash has a high available Si content, alkaline pH as well as micronutrient was selected as a potential source in this study and the field experiment was conducted. Abundant supply of micronutrients like Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn along with P and K was recorded in the soil samples of plot treated with fly ash when compared with the plots with NPK alone. The availability of these nutrients has resulted in increased yield. Hence this would be scaled as an economically viable solution for hidden hunger in the areas in and around thermal power plants.

Water-Energy-Food Nexus Approach to Assess Crop Trading in Saudi Arabia

Water scarcity is a global challenge, especially in arid regions, including Middle Eastern and North African countries. The distribution of water around the earth is not even. Trading water in the form of an embedded commodity, known as the water footprint (WF), from water-abundant regions to water-scarce regions, is a viable solution to water scarcity problems. Agricultural products account for approximately 85% of the earth’s total WF, indicating that importing water-intense crops, such as cereal crops, can partially solve the local water scarcity problem. This study investigated water, energy, and food nexus dynamics for the trades of a few major crops, specifically considering Saudi Arabia. It analyzed the trade of crops and its impact on WF, energy, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission savings. The findings revealed that importing major cereal crops to Saudi Arabia could significantly reduce the local WF. The imports of wheat, maize, rice, and barley reduced approximately 24 billion m3 per year of consumable WF (i.e., blue and green water footprint) in the global scale. Similarly, the trade of major crops had a significant impact on energy and CO2 emission savings. The energy savings from the wheat, maize, and barley trades in Saudi Arabia was estimated to be approximately 9 billion kWh. It also saved about 7 million tons per year of CO2 emissions. The trades of cereal crops in Saudi Arabia reduced water consumption, energy usage, and CO2 emissions significantly.

Characterization of rice farming systems, production constraints and determinants of adoption of improved varieties by smallholder farmers of the Republic of Benin

The identification of technological and policy interventions allowing to improve the performance of Beninese rice systems is necessary to reduce the heavy dependence on rice imports. This study characterized the Beninese rice farming systems, identified the production constraints, and determinants of the adoption of improved varieties by farmers. Four hundred eighteen rice farm households were surveyed across 39 villages using participatory research tools and methods. Cluster analysis was used to classify the surveyed farm households and revealed four typologies of rice farming systems differentiated by 8 variables. These are, the intensive rice farming system (cluster 4; 33.7%), semi-intensive rice farming system (cluster 1; 31.8%), integrated rice–livestock farming system (cluster 3; 11.8%), and subsistence rice farming (cluster 2; 22.7%). The integrated rice–livestock farming system was the dominant type practiced in the northern Benin, while, it is the intensive rice farming system in the south. Fifteen production constraints across rice-growing areas were recorded. Our results suggest that to increase adoption of improved rice varieties, agricultural extension services should target landowners’ farmers practicing off-season rice production, and having other sources of income. Initiatives to boost rice production in Benin should prioritize the establishment of formal agricultural credit and mechanization option policies.

Southeast Asia must narrow down the yield gap to continue to be a major rice bowl

Southeast Asia is a major rice-producing region with a high level of internal consumption and accounting for 40% of global rice exports. Limited land resources, climate change and yield stagnation during recent years have once again raised concerns about the capacity of the region to remain as a large net exporter. Here we use a modelling approach to map rice yield gaps and assess production potential and net exports by 2040. We find that the average yield gap represents 48% of the yield potential estimate for the region, but there are substantial differences among countries. Exploitable yield gaps are relatively large in Cambodia, Myanmar, Philippines and Thailand but comparably smaller in Indonesia and Vietnam. Continuation of current yield trends will not allow Indonesia and Philippines to meet their domestic rice demand. In contrast, closing the exploitable yield gap by half would drastically reduce the need for rice imports with an aggregated annual rice surplus of 54 million tons available for export. Our study provides insights for increasing regional production on existing cropland by narrowing existing yield gaps.

The nitrate transporter OsNPF7.9 mediates nitrate allocation and the divergent nitrate use efficiency between indica and japonica rice.

Nitrate allocation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) represents an important mechanism for mediating plant environmental adaptation. However, whether this mechanism occurs or has any physiological/agronomic importance in the ammoniphilic plant rice (Oriza sativa L.) remains unknown. Here, we address this question through functional characterization of the Nitrate transporter 1/Peptide transporter Family (NPF) transporter gene OsNPF7.9. Ectopic expression of OsNPF7.9 in Xenopus oocytes revealed that the gene encodes a low-affinity nitrate transporter. Histochemical and in-situ hybridization assays showed that OsNPF7.9 expresses preferentially in xylem parenchyma cells of vasculature tissues. Transient expression assays indicated that OsNPF7.9 localizes to the plasma membrane. Nitrate allocation from roots to shoots was essentially decreased in osnpf7.9 mutants. Biomass, grain yield, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) decreased in the mutant dependent on nitrate availability. Further analysis demonstrated that nitrate allocation mediated by OsNPF7.9 is essential for balancing rice growth and stress tolerance. Moreover, our research identified an indica-japonica divergent single-nucleotide polymorphism occurring in the coding region of OsNPF7.9, which correlates with enhanced nitrate allocation to shoots of indica rice, revealing that divergent nitrate allocation might represent an important component contributing to the divergent NUE between indica and japonica subspecies and was likely selected as a favorable trait during rice breeding.

RICE PROCUREMENT POLICY DURING THE SBY-BOEDIONO ADMINISTRATION

This study is explored about rice procurement during the SBY-Boediono administration in Indonesia. The focus discusses what caused the SBY-Boediono government to issue a rice procurement policy. The findings of this study include, among other things, three important reasons for the government to issue this policy. First, the prevalence of land conversion in Indonesia; Second, the minimal role of Bulog in absorbing rice from peasants; Third, the phenomenon of rice imports every year. The method used is the descriptive method